Bharathidasan University Tiuchirappalli – 620 024

B.S., ( BIOTECHNOLOGY )

FOUR YEAR B.S. PROGRAMME

COURSE STRUCTURE & SYLLABUS

1

B.S., BIOTECHNOLOGY - COURSE STRUCTURE Semester I

S.No Course H

(T)

H

(P)

Credit

1 Language for Science - I 4 0 4

2 English for science – I 4 0 4

3 Basic Mathematics and Computer

Programming

4 0 4

4 Bioresources: Diversity and Applications 4 0 4

5 Cell Biology 4 0 4

6 Lab I: Bioresources and Cell Biology 0 6 3

20 hr 6hr 23

Semester II

S.No Course H

(T)

H

(P)

Credit

1 Language for Science – II 4 0 4

2 English for science - II 4 0 4

3 General Physics and Biophysics 4 0 4

4 General Chemistry 4 0 4

5 Biological Chemistry 4 0 4

6 Lab I : Biological Chemistry 0 6 3

20hr 6hr 23

Semester III

S.No Course H

(T)

H

(P)

Credit

1 Molecular Biology 4 0 4

2 Principles of Genetics 4 0 4

3 Biology of immune System 4 0 4

4 General Microbiology 4 0 4

5 Lab I : Molecular Biology and Genetics 0 6 3

6 Lab II: Immunology and General

Microbiology

0 6 3

16hr 12hr 22

2

Semester IV

S.No Course H

(T)

H

(P)

Credit

1 General Physiology 4 0 4

2 Cell & Tissue culture (Plant and Animal) 4 0 4

3 Environmental Science 4 0 4

4 r-DNA technology 4 0 4

5 Lab I:General Physiology & Cell and Tissue

culture

0 6 3

6 Lab II: r-DNA Technology 0 6 3

16hr 12hr 22

Semester V

S.No Course H

(T)

H

(P)

Credit

1 Plant Biotechnology 4 0 4

2 Animal Biotechnology 4 0 4

3 Immunotechnology 4 0 4

4 Lab I: Plant and Animal Biotechnology 0 6 3

5 Lab II: Immunotechnology 0 6 3

6 Elective I: NanoBiotechnology, Biophysical

processes and Biostatistics

4 0 4

16hr 12hr 22

Semester VI

S.No Course H

(T)

H

(P)

Credit

1 Molecular Diagnostics 4 0 4

2 Microbial Biotechnology 4 0 4

3 Bioprocess Technology 4 0 4

4 Lab I: Molecular Diagnostics 0 6 3

5 Lab II: Microbial Biotechnology and

Bioprocess Technology

0 6 3

6 Elective I: General Pharmacology 4 0 4

16hr 12hr 22

3

Semester VII

S.No Course H

(T)

H

(P)

Credit

1 Basic Bioinformatics 4 0 4

2 Genomics and Proteomics 4 0 4

3 Bioinstrumentation 4 0 4

4. Lab I: Bioinformatics (Genomics and

Proteomics)

0 6 3

4 Elective I: IPR, Biosafety and Bioethics 4 0 4

5 Elective II: Cancer Biology and Stem cells 4 0 4

20 hr 6 hr 23

Semester VIII

S.No Course credit

1 Project work 18

Total credits for the Entire course 175

4

B.S., BIOTECHNOLOGY SYLLABUS

LANGUAGE FOR SCIENCE - I

Kjyhk; Mz;L - Kjw;gUtk;. mwptpay; jkpo; I

xU thuj;jpw;Fupa gapw;W kzp Neuk; : 03 jhspd; jug;Gs;spfs; : 03 Nehf;fq;fs;:

1. mwptpay; jkpio khztUf;F mwpKfk; nra;jy;.

2. jha;nkhoptop mwptpay; nra;jpia ntspg;gLj;Jtjd; Njitia

khztUf;F mwpTWj;Jjy;.

3. mwptpay; fiyr;nrhy;yhf;fj;jpy; <LghL Vw;gLj;Jjy;.

4. mwptpay; fl;Liu vOJk; Mw;wiy toq;fy;.

myF: 1

mwptpay; jkpo; - tiuaiw> mwptpay; jkpopd; ,d;wpaikahik -

jha;nkhopf; fy;tpapd; rpwg;G - eilKiwr; rpf;fy;fs; - Nghjpa E}y;fs; ,d;ik -

rKjha kdg;ghq;F - Mrpupau;fs;> khztu;fs; - ngw;Nwhu;fs; - gapw;Wnkhopf;

Nfhl;ghLfs;.

myF: 2 mwptpay; jkpo; tuyhW - Njhw;wKk; tsu;r;rpAk; - mwptpay; jkpo; gw;wpa

fUj;Jf;fs; - mwptpay; jkpohf;f Kd; Kaw;rpfs; - mwptpay; ,af;fq;fs; - jkpo;

nkhoptopf; fy;tp - gad;fs; - jkpo;topf; fy;tp - mwptpay;> njhopy;El;gk;.

myF: 3 fiyr;nrhy; - tiuaiw> fiyr;nrhy;yhf;f newpKiwfs; - xypngau;g;G>

nkhopngau;g;G> GJr;nrhw; gilg;G - Ml;rpj;jkpo; - rl;lj;jkpo; - rl;lj;jkpo;f;

fiyr;nrhw;fs; - mwptpay; thf;fpa mikg;G Kiwfs; - fiyr;nrhy; jug;gLj;jk;

- mwptpay; fl;Liufs; vOJjy;.

myF: 4 mwptpay; nra;jpfisr; RitglTk; ftu;r;rpahfTk; juty;y topfs; -

mwptpay; ,jo;fs; - mwptpaiyg; gug;Gtjpy; ,jo;fspd; gq;F.

myF: 5 jkpopy; mwptpay; E}y;fs; - nkhopngau;g;G - newpKiwfs; - fiyr;nrhw;

fsQ;rpaq;fs;> mfuhjpfs;> fiyr;nrhy; njhFjpfs; - murpd; nghWg;Gfs; -

mwptpay; kdg;ghd;ik.

5

ghu;it E}y;fs; : myF 1. mwptpay; jkpo; tiuaiw: th.nr. Foe;ijrhkp> mwptpay; jkpo;> gf;.75-76.

,uhjh nry;yg;gd;> fiyr;nrhy;yhf;fk;> gf;.9-11.

mwptpay; jkpopd; ,d;wpaikahik: th.nr. Foe;ijrhkp> gf;.58-59. jha;nkhopf; fy;tpapd; rpwg;G: Nfh. Kj;Jg;gps;is> mupaizapy; moFjkpo;. myF 2.

mwptpay; jkpo; tuyhW - Njhw;wKk; tsu;r;rpAk; - mwptpay; jkpo; gw;wpa fUj;Jf;fs; - mwptpay; jkpohf;f Kd; Kaw;rpfs;. th.nr. Foe;ijrhkp> gf;.78-83: gf;.66-74: ,uhjh nry;yg;gd;> fiyr;nrhy;yhf;fk; 99-126.

myF 3

fiyr;nrhy; tiuaiw> fiyr;nrhy;yhf;f newpKiwfs; - xypngau;g;G - nkhopngau;g;G> GJr;nrhw; gilg;G: ,uhjh nry;yg;gd;> fiyr;nrhy;ypay; gf;.60-64. mwptpay; thf;fpa mikg;G Kiwfs; - fiyr;nrhy; jug;gLj;jk;> ,uhjh nry;yg;gd;> fiyr;nrhy;ypay;> gf;.146-169. ,uhjh nry;yg;gd;> fiyr;nrhy;yhf;fk;> gf;.45-52. rl;lj;jkpo;: Nfh. rz;KfRe;juk;> rl;lj;jkpo;. Ml;rpj;jkpo;: ,uhkypq;fdhu; & Kj;Jg;gps;is> Ml;rpj;jkpo;.

myF 4 ,uh. ghNte;jd;> jkpopy; mwptpay; ,jo;fs;. myF 5 ,uhk. Re;juk;> nghUs; GjpJ tsk; GjpJ> gf;.120-122.

R. yjh> jkpopy; mwptpay; E}y;fs;> murpd; nghWg;Gfs; - mwptpay; kdg;ghz;ik.

rpwg;Gg; ghu;it

1. www.tamilvu.org

6

LANGUAGE FOR SCIENCE - I

Kjyhk; Mz;L - Kjw;gUtk;. gpwnkhop gapYk; khzth;fSf;F chpaJ

mbg;gilj; jkpo; - I xU thuj;jpw;Fupa ghl kzp Neuk; : 03 jhspd; kjpg;G : 03 Nehf;fk;:

jkpo;nkhopapd; mbg;gilfis mwpe;Jnfhs;Sjy;. jkpo; nkhopia vOjTk;

gbf;fTk; fw;Wf;nfhs;Sjy;.

myF 1:

vOj;Jf;fs; mwpKfk; - vOj;Jf;fspd; tifg;ghL> vz;zpf;if -

capnuOj;Jf;fs; - nka;naOj;Jf;fs; - caph;nka;naOj;Jf;fs; - Ma;j vOj;J -

,dvOj;Jf;fs; - tlnkhop vOj;Jf;fs;.

myF 2:

vOJk; gapw;rp - jkpo; vOj;J tbtq;fisf; fhl;b mtw;iw ,dq;fhzTk;

NtWgLj;jp mwpaTk; gapw;rp jUjy; - xypg;G - nghUj;jkhd vOj;ijj;

Nju;e;njLf;fg; gupNrhjpj;jy; - vOj;Jf;fis vOjg; gapw;Wtpj;jy;.

myF 3:

nrhw;fs; fw;wy; - Nfhbl;l ,lq;fis epug;Gtjd; %yk; vOj;Jf;fisAk;

nrhw;fisAk; gapw;Wtpj;jy;. thrpj;jy; - glk;> xypngau;g;Gr;nrhy;> ,izahd

Mq;fpyr;nrhy; Kjypatw;iwj; je;J vOj;Jf;fisAk; nrhw;fisAk;

gapw;Wtpj;jy;.

myF 4:

rpWnjhlu; fw;wy;; - vspa njhlu;fis mwpKfg;gLj;Jjy; - rpW njhlupd;

cWg;Gf;fisf; fw;Wj;jUjy; - mt;TWg;Gf;fisj; njhlupy; ,dq;fhzr;nra;jy; -

rpW njhlu;fis vOJk; gapw;rp jUjy;.

myF 5:

koiyg; ghly;fs;> mwnewpf;fijfs; - ghly;fisAk; fijfisAk;

gpioapd;wp thrpf;fr; nra;jy; - gpioapd;wp vOjr;nra;jy;.

Fwpg;G: jkpo; ,izag; gy;fiyf;fofr; rhd;wpjo;f; fy;tp ghlj;jpl;lj;jpy; cs;s

Kjy; myfhd “mbg;gilepiy”iag; gpd;gw;wp ,g;ghlj;jpl;lk; mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

7

I YEAR – I SEMESTER

ENGLISH FOR SCIENCE - I

Core Phonetics and Educated Indian English(EIE) Speech

EIE is a close approximation to the speech of the native speakers of English of the socio-

economic middle class or upper class of Southern London and is represented in the Radio

and TV channels of the BBC. The Pronunciation and Speech of the Southern Londoners

and the channel representatives are known respectively as Received Pronunciation and

Southern Speech.

No teaching of a language is feasible if it is not grounded in a Normative Variety of the

Target Language. Also, there is a long-standing tradition of the Indian educational

institutions which from the primary through the secondary and the higher secondary to

the university level have been consciously or unconsciously teaching a more or less pure

or impure variety of the British Standard Speech in the wake of the pan-Indian experience

of the British colonial linguo-cultural heritage. Hence it is easier for the Indian teachers

to train and teach in EIE which is based on British Standard Speech rather than come up

with an approximation say to American, Canadian or Australian Standard.

Stage I

Recognition, Production, and Transcription ---

Segmental Phonemes: Vowels, Semi-vowels, and Consonants (Broad transcription

in terms of the notations and symbols of the International Phonetic Association as used in

Daniel Jones‟ Dictionary or Oxford/Cambridge Advanced Learners Dictionary).

Stage II

Words in isolation: Monosyllabic words and Polysyllabic words Word-stress: Primary,

Secondary, and Tertiary Derivational Changes in words and Stress-shift.

Stage III

Nuclear/Tonic syllable and Sentence Stress Sentence Types (Statement, Question,

Request, Order, and Exclamation) and Intonation Patterns (Rise, Fall, Rise-Fall and Fall-

Rise) Normal Sentence Stress and Rhetorical Sentence Stress

Remedial component vis-à-vis the difficulties and errors of Indian/Tamil learners:

Voiced Vs Voiceless consonants

Certain consonantal clusters like /kw/, /scr/, /skl/, /shl/ etc

Lip rounding for the production of the semi-vowel /w/

Distinction between /v/ and /w/

8

Musical quality and duration of the vowels

Ignorance of Stress-Shift rules which follow conversion noun

into verb, noun into adjective, adjective into noun etc

Inability to form an echo question by varying the intonation

pattern without varying the syntactical type

References:

1. T.Balasubramanian, A Textbook of English Phonetics and Speech for Indian Learners

2. J.D.O‟Connor, Better English Pronunciation

3. Daniel Jones, English Pronouncing Dictionary

Unit II

Vocabulary

Functors or Structural Words:

Pronouns, Proforms, Articles, Conjunctions

Auxiliaries: Modal and Non-Modal

Prepositions and Postpositions, Particles, Interjections

and Expletives,

Cardinals, Ordinals, Quantifiers, Degree words,

Frequency markers

Inflectional changes of number, gender, case, tense, and

degrees of comparison through suffixes

Prepositions and Cases

Lexemes or Full words:

Nouns and Adjectives, Verbs and Adverbs

Derivational changes through prefixes and suffixes

Hyphenated and Unhyphenated Compounds and

Plus juncture

Portmanteau forms and Reduplicatives

Synonym, Antonym and Homonym

Homograph and Homophone

Doublets and Bilingualisms

Material Nouns

Greek, Latin and Technonyms

Technonyms as common words

Loan words in common educated use from

9

other Foreign Languages

Toponym, Patronym, Acronym and Abbreviation

Hyponym and Hyperonym

Idioms and Phrases, Collocations, Dead Metaphor and Cliché

Basolect: Colloquialisms, Slang, Cant, Argot,

Acrolect: Coinages, Nonce formations, Poeticisms etc.

Passive Vocabulary for Recognition and Active Vocabulary for Production

Restricted Vocabulary of the psychologically and culturally less evolved learners and

extended vocabulary of the more advanced learners

Unit III

Syntax

Phrases/Groups/Clusters(strings without a finite verb):

Formal Types(based on parts of speech): Nominal, Verbal,

Adjectival, Adverbial, Prepositional, Infinitival, Participial.

Labels, Titles, Headings, Appositional Phrases, and

Bullet Points.

Clauses(strings with a finite verb):

Formal Types:

Noun Clauses, Complement Clauses,

Adverbial Clauses(time,place,

reason, manner,condition, contrast, concession)

Relative Clauses: Restrictive/Defining and

Non-restrictive and Non-defining

Functional Types: Structures of Subordination and Coordination

Qualification and Modification, Complementation

and Adjunction

Sentence Types:

Semantic Types – Statement, Request, Order,

Question and Exclamation

Structural Types - Basic patterns and variations

Constructionally Homonymous sentence

Sentence with introductory „there‟

Split sentence

Inverted Sentence beginning with the negative particle

10

or adverb

Logical Types – Propositional sentence and

Relational sentences

Rhetorical Types – Balanced, Loose, Suspended

and Mixed sentences

Transformations:

Phrases and Clauses into Sentences,

Sentences into Phrases and Clauses

Active Voice into Passive Voice and vice versa

Direct Speech into Indirect Speech and vice versa

Unit IV

Comprehension

Exercises are given with passages graded according to length and complexity are made

available in print or read out or played on the audio-cassette.

Types of Comprehension:

Local Comprehension and Global Comprehension

Listening Comprehension and Written Comprehension

Types of Reading: Vocal, Sub-vocal, Mental

Intensive Reading for Detail

Extensive Reading for Range

Scanning a paragraph or a cluster of sentences for

the central idea/gist/sum and substance/essence

Recovery of the explicitly given topic sentence or/and

Reconstruction of the implicit topic sentence

Progressive reading from facts through ideas

to arguments by the sifting of the linguistic

evidence in the text

At the initial stage of the teaching of this unit the teacher prepares and supports the

students for their exercise of written comprehension. He/She gives an exemplary oral

reading of the passage by paying attention to its Sense group, Tone group and Breath

group and leads the students to make sense of the passage not only with the text-specific

questions but also with the pre-reading and post-reading questions raised respectively

before and after the students go through the text. The teacher‟s role is expected to

decrease in proportion to the progress made by the students gradually.

11

The students must be required to bring Oxford ALD or Cambridge ALD for all classes

and particularly for those set apart for Comprehension. They may be permitted to use a

Dictionary even in the examinations.

Unit V

Composition

Stage I

Exercises which involve the filling in the blanks with the key words withheld from the

given exercise materials

Stage II

Exercises which involve reorganisation of the sentences jumbled up in the given passage

Stage III

Guided Paragraph Writing

Exercises which involve the students listening to a short presentation on a topic either by

the teacher or the super-brilliant students, and jotting down points and structuring them as

a paragraph to be evaluated by the teacher

Stage IV

Guided composition: The teacher gives the title, the sub-titles and the salient points

which the students are required to develop and organise into a short essay of 200 words

Stage V

Controlled composition: The teacher gives the title and briefly indicates the key idea for

the students to come up with the components of the key idea and the corresponding sub-

titles, and thus produce a short essay

Stage VI

Free Composition: The teacher leaves the students free to choose a topic and do their

thinking and writing entirely on their own. The topic may relate to any of the domains:

personal, social, technical, literary, aesthetic, philosophic etc.

Before the students are given the writing tasks enumerated above they have to be re-

trained and drilled in the correlations or convergences between Syntactical Structures and

Discourse Functions. Here a summative refreshing of the students‟ memory about Syntax

in Unit IV is in place. The Discourse functions of definition, description, classification,

comparison and contrast, argumentation, analysis, explanation, narration etc have to be

first shown and discussed by the teacher in regard to the select

memorable/classic/quotable passages or even sentences of famous writers. Subsequently

the students would be supplied with such additional passages for their own critical

12

appreciation and internalization. They may even be encouraged to imitate one or more

authors with whom they feel a certain affinity.

References:

1. Freedman, Sarah, Written Composition.

2. Greenbaum, Sidney. The Oxford English Grammar. New York : OUP, 1996.

3. Leech, Geoffrey and Svartvik, Jan. A Communicative Grammar of English.

Pearson-Education Asia Pte. Ltd. 2000.

4. MacCarthy, Michael, English Vocabulary in Use. CUP, 2002

5. Quirk, Randolf. A University Grammar of English, E.L.B.S.

6. Strumpf, Michael. The Complete Grammar. New Delhi : Goodwil Publishing

House (Rs.125 /-)

7. Webster‟s Reference Library. Students‟ Companion. Scottland : Geddes &

Grosset, 2002. (Rs.99/-)

13

I YEAR – I SEMESTER

BASIC MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTER PROGRAMMING

MATHEMATICS

UNIT I

Matrix – algebra of matrices, determinants – adjoint – inverse of matrix, system of

linear algebraic equations – Cramer‟s rule.

UNIT II

Sequence and series – limit – differentiation – L‟ Hospital rule, integration - some

methods.

UNIT III

Mathematical modeling – ordinary differential equations – first order linear

equations – methods of solving, second order differential equations with constant

coefficients – methods of solving.

PROGRAMMING IN C

UNIT IV

Constants – Variable – Data types – Operator and Expression – Managing I/O

operators – Decision making and branching.

UNIT V

Decision making and Looping – Arrays – Functions.

TUTORIAL:

Mean and Median - Standard deviation - Matrix multiplication - Quadratic

equations - Euler‟s method - Second order Runge-Kutta method - Simpson‟s 1/3 rule -

Trapezoidal rule

REFERENCES :

1. Introduction to Mathematics for Life Scientist, E. Batschelet, Springer. 2003

2. Mathematical Modeling, J.N. Kapur, Wiley Eastern Ltd., 1988.

3. Ordinary and Partial Differential Equations, M.D. Raisinghania, R.S.Aggarwal,

S.Chand & Company Ltd., 1981.

4. Programming in ANSI C, E. Balagruswamy, Tata Mc Graw-Hill publishing

company Ltd.2000.

14

I YEAR – I SEMESTER

BIORESOURCES: DIVERSITY & APPLICATIONS

UNIT I

BIORESOURSES

Characters, organization and diversity of living organisms – Microbes, Plants and

Animals – Levels and patterns of organization – Basic concepts: Organic evolution –

Developmental biology – Physiology and ecology.

UNIT II

MICROBIAL BIODIVERSITY

Diversity of prokaryotes, algae and fungi with emphasis on their evolution and symbiosis;

role of fungi in colonization of land by plants; anthropogenic impact on fungal and plant

diversity; role of soil microbiota in plant protection and ecosystem restoration.

Morphological, physiological and life-history diversity of protists, primary producers,

consumers and predators; microbial food webs and their interactions with metazoans;

mixotrophy and symbiosis with prokaryotes; spatial and temporal distribution of protists;

microecosystems in laboratory experimentation.

UNIT III

PLANT BIODIVERSITY

Major groups of algae, fungi, bryophytes, pteridophytes, angiosperm and gymnosperm;

modification of the plant form as adaptation to the environment. Ecology of pollination.

Sexual and apomictic reproduction in plants.

UNIT IV

ANIMAL BIODIVERSITY

Origin of major groups of invertebrate diversity in continental and marine habitats,

insects as the most successful group of land invertebrates, plant insect associations.

Major groups of Vertebrate, body plan, Cephalochordata – the sister group of vertebrates,

early Palaeozoic Agnathans, fish diversity, tetrapods – origin and colonization of land,

reptiles past glory, bird lords of the air, radiation of mammals.

15

UNIT V

APPLICATIONS

Medicinal plants & their bioactive potentials, Animals as a source for food & other

applications.

Hotspots in Biodiversity; Loss of Biodiversity and its causes threats to Biodiversity;

Biodiversity and its conservation – insitu and exsitu conservation.

REFERENCES:

1. Biology – Raven, Johnson, Losos, Singer, TATA Mc Graw-Hill publishing

company Limited, New Delhi

2. Integrated Principles of Zoology – 9th

edition – Hickmen, Roberts & larson, 1995

Wim C.Bnun Publishers, Oxford, England.

3. Invrtebrate Zoology. 7th

edition. E.E. Ruppert, R.S. Fox & R.D. Barnes. Thomson

Brook/Cole.U.K.

4. Vertebrate Life 4th

edition. Pough, F.H., Heiser, J.B. and Mc Farland, W.N

Prenitice – Hall of India Pvt ltd., New Delhi

5. Prasad B.N., “Biotechnology in Sustainable Biodiversity and Food Security”

(2003), Oxford & IBH, New Delhi.

6. Foster C.F. John Ware D.A. Environmental Biotechnology, Ellis Horwood Ltd.

1987.

7. Sasson A, " Biotechnologies in developing countries present and future",

UNESCO Publishers, 1993.

16

I YEAR - I SEMESTER

CELL BIOLOGY

UNIT I

Microscopy: Light, Compound, Electron, Phase-Contrast, Fluorescent - TEM, SEM:

Principle, description and applications – Study of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells -

Cytoplasm: Physical and biological properties – Plasma membrane: Structure,

modifications, permeability and other functions – Cell wall: Structure, chemistry and role.

UNIT II

Cell organelles – Mitochondria and chloroplasts – Morphology, ultra structure and

functions.

UNIT III

ER, Golgi complex – Morphology, ultra structure and functions - Ribosomes – Ultra-

structure, subunits – Role in protein synthesis - Introduction to transcriptional and post

translational modifications – Centrosomes – Morphology, ultra-structure and functions.

UNIT IV

Nucleus – Ultra-structure and organization - Chromosomes: Morphology, structure,

chemistry – Types: Giant chromosomes – polytene and lamp-brush chromosomes – Cell

division – Mitosis, meiosis, cell cycle and dynamics of cell division.

UNIT V

Cancer cell – Cytological characteristics – Carcinogens, concept of oncogenes –

Radiation and its effect – Introduction to apoptosis – Relevance of apoptosis in cancer

biology and therapy.

REFERENCES :

1. Cell Biology – De Roberties

2. Cell Biology – C.B. Powar

3. Cell & Molecular Biology – Sheeler P & Bianchi De

4. Biology of the Cell – Wolfe S L

5. Biology of the Cell – Bruce & Albert

17

I YEAR - I SEMESTER

LAB I: BIORESOURCES AND CELL BIOLOGY

BIORESOURCES:

Practicals

1. Bioresources – biodiversity, terrestrial, avian and marine–microbe, plants, animals

& Birds (Field visit)

2. Microscopy - bright field, phase contrast, florescent, electron microscopy &

confocal microscopy, micrometry.

3. Microscopic observation of bacteria, microalgae, fungi, lichen and protist

4. Shape and size of the cell – simple & differential staining.

5. Identification of Plants up to species level - algae, fungi, bryophytes,

pteridophytes, angiosperm and gymnosperm

6. Identification of animals – Vertebrates & Invertebrates.

7. Endangered / Rare plant, animal, fossile - observation (Field visit)

CELL BIOLOGY:

Practicals

1. Cell division- mitosis (Onion root tip) and Meiosis (Tradescantia)

2. Polytene chromosome (chironomous larvae)

3. Microscopy- bright field, phase contrast, fluorescent microscopy electron

microscopy and confocal microscopy

4. Estimation of chloroplast pigments by Arno‟s method from plant cells

5. Electrophoresis AGE and PAGE

6. Sucrose Density Fractionation

7. Determination of leaf water potential

8. Determination of osmotic potential

REFERENCES :

1. C.H. Collins, P.M. Lyne (1985) Microbiological

2. Collins and Lyne's microbiological methods. 7th ed. C.H. Collins. Butterworth-

Heinemann,1994.

3. Microbiology a laboratory manual, P. Gunasekaran

4. Microbiology, A Laboratory Manual, Cappuccino, J.G. & Sherman, N., Addison

Wesley.

18

LANGUAGE FOR SCIENCE - II

Kjyhk; Mz;L - ,uz;lhk; gUtk;

mwptpay; jkpo; II

xU thuj;jpw;Fupa ghl kzp Neuk; : 03

jhspd; kjpg;G : 03

Nehf;fq;fs;:

1. jkpo; ,yf;fpaj;jpy; fhzyhFk; mwptpay; nra;jpfis khztu; mwpar;

nra;jy;.

2. ,yf;fpaj;jpy; cs;s mwptpay; nra;jpfis ,dq;fhzr; nra;jy;.

myF: 1

,yf;fpak; - mwpKfk;> gz;ila jkpoupd; mwptpay; tuyhW - tpsf;fk; -

rq;f ,yf;fpaj;jpy; mwptpay; cz;ikfs;> ,aw;gpay;> Ntjpapay;> cstpay;>

capupay;> jhtutpay; nra;jpfs;.

myF: 2

,yf;fpaq;fspy; nghwpapay;> njhopy;El;g kUj;Jtr; nra;jpfs; -

njhy;fhg;gpak;> rq;f ,yf;fpak;> gjpndz;fPo;f;fzf;F> rpyg;gjpfhuk;> kzpNkfiy

Kjyhd fhg;gpaq;fs;> rpj;ju; ghly;fs; Kjyhdtw;wpy; ntspg;gLk; fl;blf;fiy>

efuikg;G> nghwpEl;g Ntshz;ik> cNyhftpay;> kUj;Jtr;nra;jpfs;.

myF: 3

rq;f ,yf;fpak;> rpyg;gjpfhuk;> kzpNkfiy Kjyhd ,yf;fpaq;fspy;

ntspg;gLk; ,ir> eldk;> Xtpak;> rpw;gk;> xg;gidf;fiy Nghd;w Ez;fiyfs;

gw;wpa nra;jpfs;.

myF: 4

rq;f,yf;fpak;> jpUf;Fws; Kjyhd gjpndz;fPo;f;fzf;F E}y;fspy;

Ml;rpapay;> murpay;> Nkyhz;ikapay; nra;jpfs;.

myF: 5

,izaKk; jkpOk; - fzpzpapy; jkpo; - jkpo; nkd;nghUs; - ,izaj;

jkpo; tuyhW> kpd;MSif> jkpo; tiykidfs;> kpd;FO - ,yf;fpa kpd;

gjpg;Gfs; - gy;Y}lfk; (Multimedia) - jkpo; top kpd;dQ;ry;fs; - jkpo;

kpd;dpjo;fs;.

ghh;it E}y;fs;:

1. R. jkpo;NtY> “rq;f ,yf;fpaq;fspy; mwptpay; Nfhl;ghLfs;”> r.,uhkehjd;>

,uhkRe;juk; (g.M)> mwptpay;jkpo;> fue;ijj; jkpo;r;rq;fk; kw;Wk; jkpo;g;

gy;fiyf;fof ntspaPL - 1995.

2. ney;iy R.Kj;J> “gz;ila mwptpay; tuyhW‟‟> mwptpay; jkpo;>

fue;ijj;jkpo;r;rq;fk; kw;Wk; jkpo;g; gy;fiyf;fof ntspaPL - 1995.

19

3. khj;jis NrhK> tpaf;f itf;Fk; jkpoh; mwptpay;> cjfk;> (cyfj;

jkpoha;Tf; fofk;)> jpUr;rp- rpl;dp - Nfhyhyk;G+h; - nfhOk;G - 2005.

4. eh. ,uhrNfhghyd;> “rq;f ,yf;fpaq;fspy; mwptpay;”, kh.,uhkypq;fk;(njh.M)>

Nts;tp> ghujpjhrd; gy;fiyf;fofj; jkpopay; Jiw ntspaPL.

5. tpf;lh; uh[khzpf;fk;> Nt.rh.mUs;uh[;> rq;f ,yf;fpaj;jpy; fhyq;fs;.

6. ney;iy. R.Kj;J> mwptpay; jkpopay;.

7. Kidth; tp.cz;zhkiy> fhye;NjhWk; mwptpay;.

8. v];.Mh; ghyRg;ukzpak;> Nrhoh; fiyg;ghzp.

9. Kidth; Nfh. nja;tehafk;> jkpou; fl;blf;fiy.

10. M.m. tuFzghz;bad;> aho; E}y;.

11. lhf;lh; ng. fpU\;zd;> Nehapd;wp tho rpj;j itj;jpak;.

12. Mjh; R[hjh> tPl;Lf;Fs; tUk; cyfk;.

13. fh. mgpuhkp> b\;ndl; ypkpndl;> 1998.

14. jfty; njhopy; El;gk;> jkpo; Gj;jfhyah> 2001.

15. gjhu;j;jFzrpe;jhkzp.

20

LANGUAGE FOR SCIENCE - II

Kjyhk; Mz;L - ,uz;lhk; gUtk;

gpwnkhop gapYk; khztu;fSf;F cupaJ

mbg;gilj; jkpo; - II

xU thuj;jpw;Fupa ghl kzp Neuk; :03

jhspd; kjpg;G :03

Nehf;fk;:

,g; ghlj;jpl;lj;jpy; fPNo jbj;j vOj;Jf;fspy; jug;gl;Ls;s ghlq;fspd;

topahfj; jkpo; nkhopia vOjTk;> thrpf;fTk; gof;Fjy;

myF: 1

re;ij - kyu;fs;> fha;fwpfs;> goq;fs; Kjypad Fwpj;j nrhw;fis mwpar;

nra;jy; - mit njhlu;ghd thf;fpak; mikf;fg; gof;Fjy;. vq;fs; FLk;gk; -

FLk;g cWg;gpdu;> FLk;g cwTKiwfs; gw;wp mwpar; nra;jy; - njhlh;ghd

nrhw;fs;> njhlu;fs; Kjypatw;iw thrpf;fTk; vOjTk; gof;Fjy;.

myF: 2

tpUe;Njhk;gy; - czT gupkhWk; Kiw - czT tiffs; Kjypad gw;wp

tpsf;fkhf mwpar; nra;jy; - kio - MW> Fsk;> fly;> thdk;> Nkfk;> kiy>

kio> Kjypad gw;wp mwpar; nra;jy;; ,it njhlu;ghd nrhw;fs;> njhlu;fs;

Kjypatw;iw thrpf;fTk; vOjTk; gof;Fjy;.

myF: 3

ghujpahu; - ghujpahu; gw;wpa tuyhW> mtuJ XupU ftpijfs; gw;wp mwpar;

nra;jy; - fizf;fhy; ,Uk;nghiw - ,k;kd;ddpd; jd;khd czu;tpid

ehlfj;jpd; topahf czu;j;Jjy; ,g;ghlq;fs; njhlu;ghd nrhw;fs;> njhlu;fis

thrpf;fTk; vOjTk; gof;Fjy;.

myF: 4

khky;yGuk; - khky;yGuk; mike;Js;s ,lk;> kw;Wk; fiyf;Nfhapy;fs;

gw;wp tpsf;Fjy; - gazk; - NgUe;jpy; gazk; nra;Ak; Kiwia tpsq;f

itj;jy;> thrpf;fTk; vOjTk; gof;Fjy;.

myF: 5

tho;j;Jg;ghly; - tho;j;J tpsf;fk; - tho;j;Jf;fspd; tiffs;:

,iwtho;j;J: jhAkhdtupd; guhguf;fz;zp (md;igg; ngUf;fp). nkhoptho;j;J:

ghujpahupd; jkpo;nkhop tho;j;J (tho;f epue;juk; tho;f jkpo;nkhop). ciuahly;:

Foe;ijfSk; fy;tpAk;: Foe;ijfSk; fy;tpAk; vd;w nghUspy; ciuahly;

epfo;j;jr; nra;jy;> ciuahlypy; rpwpa nrhw;nwhliuf; ifahSk; Kiwiaf;

fw;gpj;jy;. fbjk;: md;idf;Ff; fbjk; - mwpKfk;> Nfl;ly;> thrpj;jwpjy;> fbjk;

vOJjy; gapw;rp> nkhop mikg;Gf; $Wfisg; gapw;Wtpj;jy;. Neu;fhzy;: rJuq;fr;

rhjidahsu; tp[ayl;Rkpaplk; Neu;fhzy;. ehl;Lg;Gwg;ghly;: mwpKfk; -

jhyhl;Lg;ghly;> ehl;Ltsk; $Wk; ghly;.

21

Fwpg;G:

jkpo; ,izag; gy;fiyf;fofr; rhd;wpjo;f; fy;tp ghlj;jpl;lj;jpy; cs;s

,uz;lhk; myF kw;Wk; %d;whk; myFfshd KiwNa ,ilepiy> Nky;epiy

Mfpatw;iwg; gpd;gw;wp ,g;ghlj;jpl;lk; mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

22

I YEAR – II SEMESTER

ENGLISH FOR SCIENCE - II

Technical English for Power (TEP)

UNIT I

Language is an abstraction. It exists in and through its several varieties. One can

find a hundred and eight varieties in any Language. To know a language therefore means

to know its standard common or general variety which is more or less an abstraction and

along with it a special variety, that is a variety used for special purposes like technical

English, Business English, journalese, legalese, institutionalese, officialese etc.

Thus English may be found to be divisible into dialects, dialects found divisible

into idiolects, idiolects found divisible into registers, and registers found divisible into

actual uses. This phenomenon of the mega-system of Language splitting successfully into

finer and finer sub-systems and micro-systems may be diagrammatized as follows:

The English Language

Mega System

National Dialects

British American Canadian Australian Indian African Carribbean

23

National Dialect

Regional Dialect

Topolect

Social Dialect

Sociolect

Class Dialect

Ponolects

Ideolect

Mode Field Tenor

Phonic Graphic Informal

Quasi-

formal Formal Domestic Social

Technical

Register

24

Unit II

It is commonly assumed that technical English or technolect is exclusively

objective. It is further assumed that the intelligibility of technical English is restricted to

its initiates who are most probably technicians or scientists. The first assumption is called

objectivism and the latter assumption may be called esotericism. And neither assumption

is completely true.

As any variety or use of a language necessarily involves the exercise of

formal and functional rules and thereby stylization, even technolect is not free from such

stylization. Once language is stylized it cannot but function rhetorically. In so far as the

rhetorical effects resulting from the structural and functional requirements of the

technolect are directed and controlled intentionally by the speaker or the writer technolect

either spoken or written is effective. But the control of rhetoricity is accompanied with

the infusion of the subjective elements, however minimal into the so called objective

technical language.

Apart from the in-built stylization and rhetoricity of all language including

technical language the speaker or writer‟s communicational activity itself will intensify

the rhetoricity as the activity cannot be purely or exclusively a transmission of facts or

information. The act of speech or writing would in almost all cases marshal facts and

information so as to construct arguments or express views which would be aimed either at

persuading or at dissuading an individual or a group respectively to or from a course of

action. In short, facts are almost never conveyed except with an admixture of subjective

reactions so that corresponding subjective reactions are called forth on the part of the

listener or the reader. Finally even if a particular speaker or writer could achieve technical

communication in a zero degree of dependence on or complicity with factual error and

emotional bias, the listener or the reader might be prone to interpret the marvel of total

objectivity in an idiosyncratic if not subjective manner.

As for the second assumption that technolect is esoteric or of restricted

intelligibility the tendency of the present-day technolectal practice is to strive towards

the middle style which is a compromise between non-technical or public communication

and technical communication. Examples of this kind of technolect which is more or less

translucent may be found in the articles of newspapers and popular journals on topics

relating to science and technology and also in the writings of popular science writing such

as those of Bertrand Russell.

25

The various sources of rhetoricity and subjectivity may be diagrammatised as

follows:

Unit III

A lexico- Syntactic model of Technical English:

Lexical Components:

Numerals, quantifiers

Degree words, frequency markers

Causes of Rhetoricity and Self Projection

Structural Agential

Linguistic Discoursal

lexical syntactical

Ambiguity Multiple

meaning Abstract

Terms Inversion Positional Mobility

Argument Analogy and

Speaker/Writer Listener/Reader

26

Material nouns

Technonyms specific to various disciplines and

Domains

Abbreviations of different kinds

Brand Names

Syntactic Components:

Propositional/predicative Sentence

Full passive sentence

Reduced passive with agent-deletion or instrument

deletion

Quasi-passive

Discontinuous verb phrase

Unit IV

Technical English in the Phonic Mode:

Graded activities and Exercises:

Recitation

Guided imaginary Conversation

A guided short talk

Mock Interview

Guided group Discussion

Free group discussion

A free long oral presentation

Unit V

Technical English

In the Graphic Mode:

Project report

Preparation of tool-kit operation and maintenance

folders and pamphlets manuals

In the Electronic Mode:

Cyberlectal terms

Verbal contractions

Spelling Contractions

Use of Phonetic spelling

Professional e-corespondances

27

References :

1. Second Language Writing. Ed. Barbara Kroll, CUP.

2. Composing in a Second Language. Sandra McKay. Newbury House, Cambridge.

3. Technical Writing. John Lennon

4. Technical Writing. Scot. Forfeman& Company.

5. Strengthen Your Writing. V.R.Narayanaswamy. Orint Longman

6. Reading and Writing: Theory and Practice. Ed. M.L.Tickoo. SEAMEO Regional

Language Centre, Singapore.

7. Technical Communication. Meenakshi Raman and Sangeetha Sharma. OUP.

28

I YEAR – II SEMESTER

GENERAL PHYSICS & BIOPHYSICS

UNIT 1

Mechanics and Elasticity: Newton‟s laws of motion – Applications – Collision –

Impulse – Projectile motion Centrifugal force – Centripetal force – Applications –

Elasticity – Stress – Strain – Elastic modulus : Young‟s modulus – Bulk modulus –

Modulus of rigidity – Relation between elastic constants – Bending of beams –

Cantilever.

UNIT II

Fluid Statics and Dynamics: Surface tension – Capillary rise – Water rise in tall trees –

Variation of surface tension with temperature – Osmosis – Laws of osmosis – Hartley and

Berkeley experiment – Viscosity – Viscosity of liquid – Poiscuille‟s formula- Viscosity of

blood – Flow of liquid through tubes Bernoulli‟s equation – Venturimeter.

UNIT III

Atomic and Molecular Physics: Electromagnetic spectrum – Rotation and vibration of

molecules – Absorption and emission spectra – Basic elements of practical spectroscopy

– Absorption and emission Spectrometer (block diagram) – NMR spectroscopy.

UNIT IV

Radiation Physics: Atomic nucleus – Isotopes – Radioactivity 0 Radioactive decay and

half – life – Disintegration – Energy distribution – Decay products- Biological traces p

Ionization detection – Positive ions, electrons, and X-rays, r-rays – Defection of radiation

– GM counter 0p Interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter – Biological effect

of Radiation – Dosimetry – Basic definitions and units of radiation.

UNIT V

Biomacromolecules:

Proteins: Amino acids – Peptide bond – Cis and Trans configurations – Torsion angles –

Phi and Psi – Steric hindrance – Conduct criteria – Ramachandran diagram, Maps for

glycine and alanine residues o Classification of proteins into globular and fibrous –

Levels of structural organization.

Nucleic Acids: Nucleosides and nucleotides – Structure of DNA – Watson and Crick

model – Base paring and base stacking – Variations in DNA structure – Polymorphism –

A, B and Z – DNA.

29

Carbohydrates: Classification – L and D sugars – Monosaccharide – Disaccharides –

Types of linkages in polysaccharides – structure of maltose, celloboise and lactose –

Ramanchandran map for disaccharides.

REFERENCES :

1. R. Murugesan, Modern Physics, S. Chand & Company Ltd (1998) New

Delhi.

2. A. Mookerjee & Sukhendu B. Bhattacharjee, Aspects of Radiation

Biophysics, Interprint, New Delhi.

3. C.N. Banwell, Fundamentals of Molecular Spectroscopy (Mc Graw Hill,

New York, 1981).

4. Brij Lal, N. Subramanmiyan, Jivan Seshan Mechanics and

Electrodynamics, Eurasia Publishing House (PVT.) Ltd. 1980.

5. A. I. Lehninger, D. L Nelson and M. M. Cox. Principles of Biochemistry,

CBS Publishers, New Delhi (1993).

6. Lubert Stryer, Biochemistry, W. H. Freeman and Co., New York (1995).

V. S. R. Rao, P. K. Qasba, P. V. Balajil and R. Chandrasekaran

Conformation of Carbohydrates Harwood Academic Publishers,

Amsteerdam(1998)

30

YEAR - II SEMESTER

GENERAL CHEMISTRY

UNIT I

Reactive Intermediates, Spectroscopy and Stereochemistry of Organic Compounds:

Formation and Breaking of Bonds: Homolytic and Hetrolytic fission. Reactive

intermediates: Carbocations, Free radicals – Definition and simple example only.

Introduction to infra Red, Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (¹ H and C¹³) spectroscopy

application to organic compounds (Elementary aspects only).

Stereochemistry: Chirality, Biological signification of chirality (Natural chirality, chiral

drugs) configuration and conformation, R and S configuration. Optical activity,

Enantiomers and Diastereomer, Resolution, Separation of enantiomers.

UNIT II

Hetrocycles: Nomenclature, Furan, Thiophene, Pyrole, Pyridine, Preparation, Properties

and uses.

Alkaloids: Definition of alkaloid, Extraction, general properties determination of

chemical constitution of alkaloids, Classification, Ephedrine, Adrenaline, Nicotine only.

Terpenes: Classification Occurrence, general properties, Extraction, Structure

determination and property of Citral and Menthol only.

UNIT III

Catalysis: Difference between Homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysis – Steady –

state approach – Enzyme catalysis – Michaelis Menten kinetics – Effect of pH on enzyme

catalyzed reactions.

Macromolecules: Classification of Polymers – Molecular weights of polymers: Number

average and weight average of polymers – Molecular weight determination by viscosity

method.

UNIT IV

Fundamentals of Spectroscopy and Photochemistry: Absorption and emission of

radiation – region of electromagnetic spectrum – line with, Intensity – Beer – Lamborts

law and applications. Various Photochemical Processes, Jablonski diagram –

Fluorescence and Phosphorescence – Laser and applications.

31

UNIT V

High – Temperature Superconductors: 1-2-3 Compounds, Meissner effect,

applications of superconductors. Catenation and heterocatenation. (SN) x as one

dimensional conductor, two specific examples for inorganic rings and cages. Binuclear

metal clusters. An example for metal cluster in biology.

UNIT VI

Metal ions in medicine and biology: An Overview of metal ions in medicine and

biology, Blue copper proteins – Plastocyanin as a typical example. Zinc metalloenzymes

–structure and function of carboxypeptidase. Vitamin B12 – structure and any two specific

reactions of B12 coenzymes. Metal based drugs – cisplatin as anticancer drug, mechanism

of action.

Inhibitors of metalloenzymes as drugs – allopurinlo, antabase. Detoxification of metals by

chelation therapy with respect to iron, aluminium, copper, mercury, arsenic and cadmium.

REFERENCES :

UNIT I & II

1. J.Clayden, N. Greeves, S. Warren, P. Worthers, ”Organic chemistry”

Oxford University Press, 2001.

2. R.T.Morrision and R.N. Boyd, “Organic Chemistry” ed., prentice Hall of

India Pvt Ltd., 2004.

3. I.L Finar, “Organic Chemistry Vol I & II” 5th

ed., ELBS, 1975.

4. B.S. Bhal and Arun Bhal, “Text Book of Organic Chemistry”, 14th

ed., S

Chand and Company Ltd., 1997.

UNIT III & IV

1. R.A.Alberty and R.J. Silbey, Physical Chemistry, Jhon Wiley & Sons,

Inc., Newyork, 1995.

2. P.W. Atkins, Physical Chemistry, ELBS and Oxford University Press,

1998.

3. G.M. Barrow, Physical Chemistry, Tata McGraw Hill, New Delhi, 1994.

UNIT V & VI

1. James E. Huheey, Eleen A. Keiter, Richard L. Leiter, “Inorganic

Chemistry”, 4th

ed., Pearson Education, Inc., 2002.

32

I YEAR – II SEMESTER

BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY

UNIT I

Properties of water – Biological significance of unusual properties of water, Acid-base

equilibrium, Henderson-Hasselbach Equation, buffers, Bioenergetics – Laws of

thermodynamics – Concept of free energy – Standard free energy, enthalpy, entropy –

Exergonic and endergonic reactions – Definition of open, closed and isolated systems -

Energy rich compounds.

UNIT II

Carbohydrates – Structure, classification and function – mono-di-oligo and

polysaccharides – Linear – branched – Homo - Hetero – Starch – Glycogen – amylase,

amylopectin – cellulose – Fructans – Chitin – Pectins – Glycosylaminoglycans -

Asymetric carbon, isomerism – Sugar derivatives – sugar acids, sugar alcohols, sugar

amines, sugar phosphates, sugar nucleotides, conjugated polysaccharides –

Glycoprotein‟s and lipopolysaccharides.

UNIT III

Amino acids and proteins – Structure, classification and function of amino acids,

functional groups, Single letter codes for amino acids – Zwitterions – amphoteric nature -

isoelectric point – Peptide structure, Ramachandran plot, structural levels of proteins –

primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary, alpha, beta helix – collagen, Structure – post

translational modifications - fibrous and globular proteins – Ninhydrin, Sangers and

Edman‟s reactions.

UNIT IV

Lipids – Structure, classification and function – free fatty acids, Numbering,

classification, Essential and PUFA(Polyunsaturated fatty acids), triglycerides,

phospholipids, glycolipids, Sphingolipids – Steriods – basic skeleton – cholesterol -

waxes, conjugated lipids – lipoproteins – Membrane anchors of proteins – Attachment of

phenyl groups, fatty acids and GPI (glycol-phosphatidyl inositol), Micelles, Bilayers.

33

UNIT V

Enzymes – Co-enzymes – Classification – factors affecting enzyme activity – pH,

temperature, substrate concentration – Michaelis Menten Kinetics – Lineweaner Buck

plots – Enzyme inhibition – Reversible, Irreversible – Competitive, Non-competitive,

Uncompetitive – Allosteric enzymes – Properties – Isoenzymes – Mechanism of

formation – importance. Mechanism of enzyme action – Activation energy – Proximity

and orientation effects – Induced fit – Acid base catalysis – Mechanism of chymotrypsin,

Transaminases & Lysozyne. Protein/Enzyme regulation by zymogen activation and

covalent modification – Trypsinogen, chymotrypsinogen, Pre-proinsulin – Reversible

phosphorylation and adenylation.

REFERENCES:

1. Outlines of Bio-chemistry by E.E. Conn and P.K. Strumpf (Wiley Eastern

Limited);

2. Review of physiological chemistry by H.A. Harper (Lange);

3. Textbook of Biochemistry by West, Todd, Mason and Bruygen (Macmillan);

4. Biochemistry by A.L. Lehninger (Worth).

5. Principles of Biochemistry by White, handier and Smith (Tata Mc Graw Hill)

6. The Chemical Analysis of foods by Pearson David (Churchill)

7. Clinical Biochemistry by Cantorow & Trumper (Saunders) Biochemistry by

L. Stryer (Freeman-Toppan).

34

I YEAR – II SEMESTER

LAB I: BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY

BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY PRACTICALS:

1. Estimation of proline

2. Estimation of Glucose – BQR method

3. Estimation of protein – Lowry‟s method

4. Determination of Salivary Amylase activity

5. Estimation of Cholestrol – Zak‟s method

6. Estimation of Ascorbic acid – Dye method

7. Estimation of sugar ®

8. Sugar(F) & (PP)

9. Serum Cholestrol

10. Lipid Profile (Demonstration)

11. Blood Urea

12. Serum Creatinine

13. Serum Uric Acid

14. Serum Bilirubin- Total and direct(Demo)

15. S.G.O.T

16. S.G.P.T

17. Serum alkaline Phosphatase

18. Total Protein

19. Albumin

20. Serum Calcium

21. Urine Sugar &Albumin deposits

22. Urine complete

23. Bile Salts and bile pigments

REFERENCES :

1. Practical Clinical Biochemistry-Harold Varley

2. A Handbook of Medical Laboratory Technology- V. H. Talib

35

II YEAR – III SEMESTER

MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

UNIT I

The Gene Concept – DNA as Genetic Material – RNA as Genetic Material – Topology of

Nucleic Acids – Packaging of DNA as Chromosomes – Unique Features of Eukaryotic

and Prokaryotic Genomes and Genes – Organisation of Mitochondrial and Chloroplast

Genomes – Cytoplasmic Male Sterility.

UNIT II

Replication – DNA Replication in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes – Mutation – Molecular

Changes Associated with Mutation – DNA Damage and Repair – DNA Recombination –

Tri parental mating.

UNIT III

Transcription- Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic transcription – RNA processing – Post

Transcriptional Modifications – Catalytic RNA – Translation Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic

translation – Role of tRNA, rRNA and mRNA in translational process - Post

Transcriptional Modifications – Molecular chaperones – Mitochondrial and chloroplast

Genome expression and control.

UNIT IV

Operon Concept – Lactose, Tryptophan, Arabinose Operons – Genomic Libraries –

cDNA Libraries – Screening of Libraries – Genomic projects – Genetic mapping –

Artificial Nucleic acids.

UNIT V

Genomic reorganization for diversity in immunity – Genes in development – Gene

rearrangements in development – Oncogenes and cancer.

REFERENCES :

1. Freifelder D (1991). Molecular biology. Narosa publishing house.

2. Lewin B (2007). Genes IX. Oxford University Press.

3. Grieson and covey. Plant molecular biology.

4. Watson JD, Gilman M, Witkowski J, Zoller M (1992). Recombinant DNA.

Scientific American books.

5. Blackburn GM, Gait MJ (1996). Nucleic acids in chemistry and biology.

Oxford university press.

36

6. Lodish H, Baltimore D, Beck A, Zipursky SL, Matsudaira P, Darnell J (1995).

Molecular cell biology, scientific American books.

7. Freidberg EC, Walker GC, Siede W (1995) DNA repair and mutagenesis.

ASM press.

8. Stryer L (1995) Biochemistry. W.H. freeman and company.

9. Singer M, Berg P (1991). Genes and genomes. University science books.

10. Molecular chaperones in the life cycle of proteins, structure and Function and

Mode of Action (1997). Anthony L. Fink, Yuji Goto (Ed). Mercer Dekks Inc,

USA

11. www.sciam.com

37

II YEAR – III SEMESTER

PRINCIPLES OF GENETICS

UNIT I

Appreciation of history and basic methods of genetics. Types of genetic transmission;

Molecular, Evolutionary, Population, Conservation – Mitosis – Meiosis. Nuclear vs.

extra nuclear inheritance. Mendelism – Laws of inheritance, hybrid and dihybrid cross –

Gene interactions – multiple factor and quantitative inheritance – Environment and

inheritance, influence on inheritance, Chromosome theory of inheritance.

UNIT II

Alleles – di – multiple allelic systems – ABO – RH blood grouping inheritance – linkage

and crossing over. Chromosome mapping – sex determination – chromosomal

environmental genetics. Non-disjunction – genetic balance – theory of sex determination

– modern concepts in sex determination – Pedigree analysis. Cytoplasmic inheritance –

mitochondria, chloroplast.

UNIT III

DNA as genetic material – introduction to pro and eukaryotic genomic organization and

replication. Chromosomal aberrations: Structural changes in chromosomes –

deficiencies, duplication (Bar locus), translocation, inversion (inversion in Drosophila);

Numerical changes in chromosome – Aneuploidy (monosomy, nullisomy, trisomy and

tetrasomy) – Euploidy (haploidy and polyploidy) – practical applications of ploidy –

Gene mutation: mutagenesis – mutagens – chemical – physical – mutation – types –

Introduction to molecular mechanisms of mutation.

UNIT IV

Microbial Genetics: A brief account – bacterial – plant – animal viruses – Brief account

of bacterial recombination: transformation, conjugation, and sexduction. Recombination

in bacteriophage; transduction, lytic and lysogenic cycles of bacteriophages.

38

UNIT V

Population Genetics – Hardy – Weinburg equilibrium. Introduction to genetic

polymorphism – Factors affecting natural selection. Genetic disorders – one gene one

enzyme concept – Syndromes – Down, Turner and Klinefilter. Use of human genetics in

medical diagnosis; - karyotyping – Genetic counseling; Eugenics and Euthenics. Future

of genetics.

REFERENCES :

1. Brown, T.A., 1998, Genetics, A Molecular Approach, Chapman Hall, London.

2. Gardner, E.J., Simmons, M.J., and Snusted D.P., 1991, Principles of Genetics,

John Wiley and Sons, New York.

3. Gupta, S.P. 1985, Elementary Statistical Methods, S. Chand and Co., New

Delhi.

4. Gurumani, N. 2004, An Introduction to Biostatistics, MJP Publishers,

Chennai.

5. Hotter, P, 2002, Textbook of Genetics, IVY Publishing House, New Delhi.

6. Strickberger, M.W., 1996, Genetics, Macmillan publishing Co., New York.

7. Verma, P.S. and Agarwal, V.K. 2003, Genetics, S.Chand & Company Ltd,

New Delhi.

8. Weaver, R.F. and Hedrick, P.W., 1997, Genetics, W.M.C. Brown Publishers,

London.

39

II YEAR – III SEMESTER

BIOLOGY OF IMMUNE SYSTEM

UNIT I

Historical perspective – Discovery, early theories. Types of immunity – Innate and

acquired immunity. Cells and organs of the immune system – Hematopoietic, lymphoid

cells, immune system cells, primary and secondary lymphoid organs of the immune

system, B and T cell - Maturation and differentiation. Cytokines – Properties, receptors,

related diseases and therapeutic uses.

UNIT II

Antigens – Factors influence immunogenicity, Epitopes, haptens. Immunoglobulins –

Structure, antigenic determinants, immunoglobulin classes, monoclonal antibodies.

Antigen-antibody interactions – Basic introduction about the techniques like Precipitation

reactions, agglutination reactions, radioimmunoassay, and Enzyme-Linked

immunosorbent assay (ELISA), western blotting, immunofluorescence and

immunoelectron microscopy.

UNIT III

Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) – Organization and inheritance, MHC

molecules and clones, genomic map of MHC genes, cellular distribution and expression,

MHC and susceptibility to infectious diseases. Antigen processing and presentation –

Antigen presenting cells and presentation pathways – the cytosolic pathway and

endocytic pathway.

UNIT IV

Complement system – The complement components, classical & alternative pathways,

regulation and biological consequences of complement. Cell-mediated and Humoral

effector responses. Hypersensitivity reactions – Gell and Coombs classification, IgE-

mediated (Type I), antibody- mediated (Type II), immune complex- mediated (Type III)

and TDTH-mediated (Type IV) hypersensitivity.

40

UNIT V

The immune system in health and diseases – Vaccines – active & passive immunization,

whole-organism vaccines, recombinant vaccines, DNA vaccines, synthetic peptide,

multivalent subunit and anti-idiotype vaccines. Brief on Autoimmunity,

immunodeficiency, immune system in AIDS, transplantation immunology, cancer and the

immune system

REFERENCES :

1. Ivan M. Roit (1994) Essential Immunology – Blackwell Scientific

Publications, Oxford

2. Kuby J (1997) Immunology – WH Freeman and Company, New York

3. Chapel H and Halbey M (1986) Essentials of Clinical Immunology

4. Donal M. Weir, John Steward (1993) Immunology – VII edition. ELBS,

London

5. Richard M. Hyde (1995). Immunology III edition. National Medical

series, Williams and Wilkins, Harward Publishing Company.

41

II YEAR – III SEMESTER

GENERAL MICROBIOLOGY

UNIT I

Sterilization – Disinfection, Definition – sterilization by heat – radiation – filtration by

chemical methods.

UNIT II

Principles of Microbiological diagnosis – Diagnosis of disease ( Fungi, Bacteria, Virus) –

Morphological classification of bacteria, fungi, viral, parasites – Isolation of bacteria –

Antibiotic sensitivity test – Antimicrobial agents.

UNIT III

Collection of Specimens - Examination of specimens for microbiological investigation –

Examination of materials from sits normally sterile. Examination of materials from sites

possessing normal flora – commensals & pathogenic microbial flora in human –

Examination of pus from abcesses and wounds.

UNIT IV

Identification of bacteria – Types of media – common ingredients of culture media –

common media in use in laboratory – staining procedure.

UNIT V

Diagnostic methods in clinical microbiology – microscopic – molecular – serologic

diagnosis – Urinary tract infections – Various biochemical tests.

REFERENCES :

1. Handbook of Medical Laboratory Technology – V.H. Talib

2. Medical Microbiology - Murray

42

II YEAR – III SEMESTER

LAB I: MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND GENETICS

MOLECULAR BIOLOGY PRACTICALS:

1. Preparation of Donar (F+) and Recipient (F-) Cultures for Conjugation

2. Conjugation

3. Selection of conjugants

4. Preparation of Competence Cells

5. Transformation

6. Screening of Transformants

7. Isolation of plasmid by Alkaline Lysis Method

8. Submarine Gel Electrophoresis of Plasmid

9. Isolation of Genomic DNA from Human Blood Sample

10. Quantification and Agarose Gel Electrophoresis of DNA

11. SDS – PAGE of proteins

12. Coomassive Brilliant Blue G250 – Staining Proteins

13. Silver Nitrate Staining of proteins

14. Restriction Digestion of λ DNA

15. Ligation of λ / EcoR1 Digest

16. Isolation of Plasmid DNA

17. Isolation of Genomic DNA from E.coli

18. Determination of Melting Temperature (Tm)

19. Quantification of DNA – UV absorbance method

20. DNA fingerprinting – RFLP method

21. Induction of Mutation in a Marker Gene

22. Agrobacterium mediated gene transfer

GENETICS PRACTICALS

1. Isolation of genomic DNA from human blood sample

2. Tm determination of genomic DNA

3. Observation of mitosis process in onion root tip

4. Bacterial conjugation

5. Karyotyping

6. Isolation of plasmid DNA from E.coli

43

7. Quantification of Agarose gel electrophoresis

8. Restriction digestion of λ DNA

9. Ligation of λ / EcoR1 digest

10. Transformation technique

a) Competent cell preparation by calcium chloride method

b) Transformation

c) Confirmation test (selected markers, restriction digestion, PCR)

11. Native and SDS – PAGE of crude protein

12. Coomassive brilliant blue G-250 staining

13. Silver nitrate staining

14. Molecular weight determination of unknown protein

15. PCR

16. Southern blotting

44

II YEAR – III SEMESTER

LAB II: IMMUNOLOGY AND GENERAL MICROBIOLOGY

IMMUNOLOGY PRACTICALS

1. Collection of venous blood from human and separation and preservation of

serum/plasma

2. Agar gel diffusion – Ouchterlony‟s method

3. Counter immuno electrophoresis

4. Electrophoresis – serum proteins

5. Blood grouping

6. Latex agglutination test

7. Widal tube and slide agglutination technique

8. Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA)

9. Western blotting

10. Immunization of protocols and raising antibody

11. Primary and secondary lymphoid organs – Dissection

GENERAL MICROBIOLOGY PRACTICALS

1. Preparation of Bacteriological plates.

2. Screening of Urine Sample for UTI

3. Gram‟s staining.

4. Acid fast Bacilli Staining.

5. Preparation of Slants & Plates.

6. Hanging drop Method.

7. Confirm of E-Coli by Indole-Catalase Test, Agar Tests.

8. Antibiotic sensitivity testing

9. Skin scrap staining for Fungi( by KOH)

10. Fungal Culture

11. Fungal Staining

12. Blood & Chocolate agar preparation

13. Blood Specimen screening for bacteria.

45

II YEAR – IV SEMESTER

GENERAL PHYSIOLOGY

UNIT - I:

Physicochemical properties of water; osmotic and ionic regulation; acid base

balance; membrane composition; Symport, Antiport, active and passive transport, carrier

mediated transport.

Types of nutrition – Chemotrophic and autotrophic.

UNIT – II:

Mode of action of hormones- plant and animal.

UNIT – III:

Photosynthesis – C3, C4 and CAM pathways; Nitrogen fixation; mechanism of

nitrate uptake and reduction; biological nitrogen fixation.

UNIT - IV :

Blood and Hemostasis – Electrical activity of heart, cardiac pump – regulation of

heart beat – Hemodynamics – control of cardiac output – Microcirculation (Cutaneous,

skeletal, coronary, cerebral and Foetal circulation) – Case study.

Overview of Respiratory systems – mechanical aspects – Pulmonary and branchial

circulation – Transport of O2 and CO2 – Control of Breathing – Case study.

UNIT – V:

General function of neuronal cells – special sensory system (visual,

auditory,vestibular,chemical sensory system) – Motor system – Automatic nervous

system and its control – general physiology of muscular system – molecular basis of

contraction – muscles acting on skeletal – Muscles in the walls of Hollow Organs.

REFERENCES:

1. Bryant, C. (1980) – The biology of Respiration (2nd

edition)

2. Devlin, R.M. (1969) – Plant Pathology – Van Nostrand, Reinholt Co.,

N.Y.

3. Freifelder, D. (1985) – Essentials of Modern biochemistry – Jones and

Barlett.

4. Gaugh, H.G. (1972) – Inorganic plant nutrition – Nutchinson

Stroudesburg, P.A.

5. Jain, V.K (1990) – Plant Physiology – S. Chand and Co., New Delhi.

6. Kumar, H.D. and Singh, H.N. (1990) – Plant metabolism.

46

7. Lehninger, A.L. (1985) – Biochemistry – Worth publishers.

8. Leopold, A.C. (1973) – Plant growth and development – Tata Mc

Graw Hill Co.,

9. Lewitt – Introduction to Plant Physiology

10. Malik, C.P. and Srinistava (1995) – Plant Physiology

11. Salisbury and Ross – Plant Physiology

12. William G. Hopkins – Plant Physiology

47

II YEAR – IV SEMESTER

CELL AND TISSUE CULTURE (Plant and Animal)

SECTION A: PLANT CELL AND TISSUE CULTURE

UNIT I

History of plant cell, tissue and organ culture – laboratory organization – aseptic

techniques – nutritional requirements and culture media – Types of cultures – Solid –

Liquid – Stationary – agitated – batch cultures – Organogenesis – callus induction –

Caulogenesis – Rhizogenesis – technique of hairy root production.

UNIT II

Micropropagation – mass production of plantlets – hardening and mist chambers –

transplantation to field – techniques for maintaining plantlets in the field – somatic

embryogenesis – induction of multiple shoots – production of virus free plants –

production and exploitation of haploids and triploids – techniques of overcoming

incompatibility barriers – embryo rescue – protoplast culture and parasexual hybridization

– exploitation of Somaclonal and Gametoclonal variations.

UNIT III

Mass Culture of Cells – manipulation of cell line selection – immobilization of cells and

its application – synchronization of cell cultures and cell divisions – production of

secondary metabolites – biotransformation – Induction of cell line mutants and mutations

– cryopreservation – germplasm conservation and establishment of gene banks – Synseed

technology.

SECTION B: ANIMAL CELL AND TISSUE CULTURE

UNIT IV

Principles of Cell and Tissue Culture: advantages and disadvantages of tissue culture

methods – cell markers – types of cells – primary and established cell lines – kinetics of

cell growth – genetics of cultured cells – metabolism – applications of Animal Tissue

Cultures.

UNIT V

Techniques of Cell and Tissue Culture: Sources of cells – techniques of cell culture:

Mechanical, biochemical and types of animal cells – equipment – cell culture media –

culture procedures – preparation of animal materials – primary culture, cell lines and

cloning – somatic cell fusion – tissue cultures: slide and coverslip cultures, washing and

feeding, double coverslip cultures, flask cultures, test tube culture – organ culture – whole

48

embryo culture – specialized culture techniques – cell synchronization – measurement of

cell death – stem cell culture and transplantation.

REFERENCES :

1. Plant Tissue and Cell Culture – H.E. Street.

2. Plant Tissue Culture – Kalyan Kumar Dr.

3. Plant Tissue Culture Concept – Robert N. Trigiano, Dennis and J. Gray.

4. Plant Tissue Culture and Molecular Biology – P.S. Srivasata.

5. Methods in Plant Cell Biology – David w. Galbraith, Hans J. Bohnert and

Davp Bouique.

6. Animal Cells Culture and media – D.C. Darling and S.J Morgan BIOS

Scientific Publishers Limited, 1994.

7. Methods in Cell Biology, Volume 57: Animal Cell Culture Methods –

Jennie P. Mather and David Barnes, Academic Press, 1998.

8. Epithelial Cell Culture – Ann Harris, Cambridge University Press 1996.

9. Animal Biotechnology – M.M. Ranga,Agrobios(India),1999-2000.

49

II YEAR – IV SEMESTER

ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE

UNIT I

Introduction to ecology – Media (Soil-Water-Air) – Physical factors of the

environment (Light-Pressure-Temperature-Humidity-Radiation)-Biological factors

(Predation-Parasitism-Commensalisms- Amensalism)- Habit ecology- Population –

Community- Ecosystem- Food chain and food web- Ecological Succession- Ecological

energetic- Animal distribution – Zoogeographical realms.

UNIT II

Introduction to soil pollution- Introduction to radioactive pollution- Introduction

to water pollution- Types, Sources and consequences of water pollution, Ecological and

biochemical aspects of water pollution- Types and characteristics of domestic, industrial

and agricultural wastes and their effects on water bodies- Chemical and bacteriological

sampling and analysis- Water quality parameters: Criteria and standards-Waste water

treatment – Water pollution control.

UNIT III

Introduction to air pollution – Atmosphere and its components- Natural and

anthropogenic Sources of atmospheric pollutants- Significance of air pollutants and their

reactions in the atmosphere – Transport, dispersion and fate of pollutants (Smog and acid

rain) – Effects of air pollutants- Air quality standards and criteria- Introduction to noise

pollution- Measurement and analysis of sound-A weighted sound level, equivalent sound

pressure level (leq), Noise pollution level (NPL), Sourd exposure level (SEL), traffic

noise index(TNI), day night level, noise criteria curves- Noise sources- Noise control and

abatement measures.

UNIT IV

Introduction to toxicology: Principles of toxicology Definitions – Bio-degradable

and least- degradable toxic substances – Toxicological evaluation- Animal toxicology

tests (lethal, acute, chronic, AMES and micronucleous test) - Dose effect and dose

response relationship- Bio-accumulation and Bio-magnification- Toxicity indicators in

the body- Indicator organisms.

50

UNIT V

Environment and health : Basic principle of environmental health – Physiological

responses of man to environmental stress (asbestosis and silicosis) –Free radicals- anti-

oxidants- Histopathological evaluations – Occupational health hazards- Health and

hygiene.

REFERENCES :

1. Khopkar. S.M, 2004: Environmental pollution monitoring and control- New Age

International Publishers(P)Limited, New Delhi.

2. Des W. Connell,1997: Basic concept of environmental chemistry- Lewis

Publishers, Newyork

3. Verma & Agarwal, Ecology.

4. Odoum, Ecology.

5. Agarwal. K.C, 2001: Environmental Pollution: Causes, Effects and control- Nidhi

Publishers (India) Bikaner.

6. Kumaraswamy. K. Algappa Moses A, Vasanthi M: Environmental studies-

Bharathidasan University Publication, Trichy.

51

II YEAR – IV SEMESTER

r- DNA TECHNOLOGY

UNIT I

Generation of foreign DNA molecules, cutting and joining DNA molecules. Role of

endonucleases (Type I, II, III) E.coli & T4 ligases, Linkers, adapters and homopolymers.

Ideal cloning vehicle – alternation; Promoters, Control circuits, upstream and downstream

elements and markers / reporters. Cloning bacteria and eukaryotes

UNIT II

Vectors: plasmid features and biology – structural and functional organization, plasmid

replication and copy number – stringent and relaxed plasmid, incompatibility of plasmid

maintenance. Construction of an ideal plasmid vectors – cosmids. M13 and their uses.

Organization, construction and uses of pBR322 – based and pUC based vectors.

UNIT III

Specialized vectors- expression vectors, gene fusion and shuttle vectors. BAC and YAC

vectors for Saccharomyces, Streptomyces and Bacillus. Amplification of DNAs by PCR

UNIT IV

Methods of introducing recombinant DNA into bacteria, plant and animals: Ca- mediated

transfection, particle bombardment, microinjection, Electroporation and Lipofection.

Recombinant selection and screening methods, Transgenic plants, GM foods, gene knock

out and production of transgenic animals and the MMk in mouse. Blotting- southern,

Northern and Western.

UNIT V

Application of gene technology: potential hazards – safety aspects of RDT. Human

genetics – decline of human genome, eugenics and the possible approaches. Cloning of

organisms and advances in reproductive biology, the cloned humans (?) and designer

babies. Conservation and resurrection of extinct animals – Big panda and the Tasmanian

tiger. Bio safety, Genome prospecting and controversies – issues of genetic engineering –

social and scientific.

52

REFERENCES:

1. Biolol series Techniques for engineering Genes strategies for engineering

organisms

2. Ernts L. Winnacker: From Genes to Clones

3. Glick and pasternack: Molecular Biotechnology

4. Lewis B: Genes VII

5. Maniatis: Molecular Cloning – A Lab Manual Vol. I, II. III

6. old and Primrose: Principals of Gene Manipulation

7. Watson J.D: Recombinant DNA

8. Kumar: Text Book of Biotechnology

9. Purohit: Biotechnology Fundamentals and Applications

10. Genetics: B.D.Singh

11. Genomes: T.A.Brown

53

II YEAR – IV SEMESTER

LAB I: GENERAL PHYSIOLOGY & CELL AND TISSUE CULTURE

General Physiology Practicals:

1. Chlorophyll Estimation

2. Calculation of Stomatal Index

3. Plasmolysis

4. Proline Estimation

5. Calculation of Leaf Surface Area

6. Water Potential of potato Tuber

7. Extraction and quantification of DNA from onion

8. Determination of water quality

9. Cell as an osmometer

10. Estimation of rate of O2 consumption in fish

11. Estimation of Blood sugar in human

12. Estimation of Blood urea in human

13. Total Blood Cell Count

14. Estimation of Haemoglobin level in Blood sample

15. Estimation of Ammonia in human urine

16. Recording of Blood Pressure during Stress condition

17. Preparation of Hemin crystals of the blood

Cell and Tissue Culture

Plant Cell and Tissue Culture Practicals:

Media preparations

Sterilization

Callus Induction

Direct Organogenesis

Indirect Organogenesis

Somatic Embryogenesis

Plant Cell Culture

Anther Culture

Protoplast Isolation and Culture

54

Animal Cell Culture Practicals:

Animal Cell Culture Media

Basics of Cell culture (Types, Media Preparation, Culturing, Freezing and

thawing)

Sub Culturing and Maintenance

Human Lymphocyte Culture and Karyotyping

Cytotoxic Assays and Morphological Assays (Acridine orange / Et Br and

Hoechst 33258, MTT)

Cell Cycle Analysis using Flow Cytometer and Micronucleus

55

II YEAR – IV SEMESTER

LAB II: r-DNA TECHNOLOGY

1. Isolation of Plant and Bacterial Genomic DNA and Plasmid DNA.

2. Isolation of RNA

3. Agarose Gel Electrophoresis.

4. Restriction Enzyme digestion.

5. Restriction mapping and ligation.

6. Transformation, screening for recombinants.

7. Blotting Techniques.

8. Isolation of plasmid DNA- i) minipreparation ii) large scale isolation

9. In vitro DNA ligation, transformation of E.coli

10. Characterization of transformants: DNA gel electrophoresis, Restriction map

Analysis

11. Southern blot analysis

12. Northern and dot blotting technique.

13. PCR/ RFLP technique

14. Agrobacterium mediated genetic transformation and recombinant selection,

15. Amplification of RAPD.

56

III YEAR – V SEMESTER

PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY

UNIT I:

Genetic Engineering in Plants-Molecular biology of Agrobacterium mediated

DNA transfer- Ti plasmid Vectors- Binary and co-integrated vectors- Transformation

strategies in plants – Agrobacterium tumefaciens & Agrobacterium rhizogenes. Plant

viruses as vectors. Physical method of transfer-Biolistics –Electroporation.

UNIT II:

Transposons in transgenic plants – their uses – Terminator gene technology,

RNAi, Metabolic Engineering – Modification of plant Nutritional content – Amino acids

and lipids as Bioreactor- polymers and foreign proteins in seeds.

UNIT III:

Selectable Markers, reporter genes- Promoters used in Plant vectors genetic

engineering for

- heat, drought and saline tolerance (Osmogenes)

- Virus resistance.

- Pest resistance

- Herbicide resistance

- Herbicide tolerance

- Delayed fruit ripening

- Fungal and bacterial resistance

- Secondary metabolite production

UNIT IV:

Production of therapeutic proteins- antibodies- vaccines edible Vaccines-

hormones- Golden Rice- Biolistic in transgenic plants. Marker free transgenic plants. Co-

transformation-Transgenic silencing. Molecular aspects of nitrogen fixation.

UNIT V:

Chloroplast genetic engineering

Chloroplast genome- Transplastomic plants – Mitochondrial genome- Legal protection

and IPR- patent Co-operation Theory (PCT) - Indian and International Agencies

involving in IPR and Patenting – IPR in India- WTO agreement.

57

REFERENCES:

1. Intellectual property in agricultural Biotechnology, Edited by F.H.Erbisch and

K.M.Maredia, University Press, 2000.

2. Plant Biotechnology – New products and Applications by J.Hammond,

P.McGarvey and V.Yusibov (eds), Springer 1999.

3. Transgenic Plants by Esra Gauln and Adena Breimann.

4. Engineering Chloroplasts: an alternative site for foreign genes, proteins, reactions

and products. Trends in Biotechnology, 18, 253-263.

5. Indian patent Laws, Taxmann Allied sciences Ltd by D.B.Mittal, Taxmann

Sciences Ltd, 1999.

6. Molecular Biotechnology, Principles and applications of recombinant DNA

technology. Bernard R.Glick and Jack J.Pasternak. ASM Press Washington DC

2001.

58

III YEAR – V SEMESTER

ANIMAL BIOTECHNOLOGY

UNIT I

Animal cell, Tissue and Organ culture:

History-Definition-culture environment (substrate and media) - techniques for

establishing of cell lines – insect cell cultivation- organ and embryo culture-

cryopreservation – valuable products.

Artificial insemination –embryo transfer- cloning (DOLLY, MOLLY and

POLLY) nuclear transplantation, in vitro fertilization technology, genetic engineering in

animals. Transformation of animal cells / cloning vectors, expression vectors animal viral

vectors and yeast vectors.

UNIT II

Transgenic animals. Development and uses (mice, cattle, Goat, fish and sheep and

sheep) and transgenic pets, Tendered meat production-Transgenic breeding strategies-

molecular farming (products with strategic importance).

UNIT III

Pest management: Juvenile hormone analogues-pheromones and genetic

manipulation, biotechnology of silkworms, transgenic silk production -Baculo viruses

vector and foreign gene expression, Biotechnological approach to the production of live

feed.

UNIT IV

Molecular markers: use of nucleic acid probes and antibodies, In clinical

diagnosis and tissue typing - Mapping of human genome-RFLP and applications Genetic

engineering approaches for the correction of genetic disorders -Human cloning animal

right activities Blue cross in India- society for prevention of cruelty against animals

Ethical limits of Animal use, Green peace international peace -peacekeeping -Human

Rights and Responsibilities.

59

UNIT V

Regulation the sue of biotechnology: Regulation r-DNA technology-regulating

food and food ingredients- human gene therapy- initial public concerns -accumulation of

defective genes in future generations - future of gene therapy, patenting biotechnology

inventions - patenting multi cellular organisms patenting and fundamental research.

REFERENCES:

1. Harrison, M.A and BAL, I.R 1997 General techniques of all culture Cambridge

University press.

2. Prakash M and Arora, C.K 1998 and issue culture, Anmol publication Pvt, Ltd.,

3. Darling D.C and Morgon S.J 1994 animal cells, culture media, Ltd, John Wiley

sons,

4. In vitro cultivation of animal cells 1994, 1st ed., Butter worth Heinemann Ltd.,

5. B. Ianfresheny 2006 culture of animal cells and Manual basic technique, fifth

edition, Wiley, liss publication

6. Bernard, B, Glick, jack, J. Pastunak, Molecular biotechnology principles and

application of Recombinant DNA

7. B. Sasidhara 2006 Animal biotechnology MJP publications

8. Cooper M.G and Hausman E.R the cell and molecular approach fourth edition by

sinauer associated Inc.

9. Dubey R.C 2007 Text book of biotechnology S.Chand and company ltd.,

10. Text book of animal biotechnology P. Bamadess S.Meerarani

11. An introduction to molecular biology/ Bobert C. Tait

12. Recombinant DNA and Biotechnology, Second edition, Helen xreuzer and

Adrianne marrey.

13. Cedric Grillot, Entomology, second edition

14. B.mathur and textbook of entomology, first edition

15. Bobert Matheson, entomology and introductory courses, first edition.

60

III YEAR – V SEMESTER

IMMUNOTECHNOLOGY

UNIT I

History, lymphoid organs and cells: History of Immunology: Edward Jenner, Eli

Metchnikoff, Louis Pasteur, Robert Koch; Innate immunity- barriers; acquired

immunity-cells involved; humoral and cellular immunity; lymphoid organs-

primary & secondary-Hematopoiesis; immunogens and antigens– characteristics

of ideal antigens; classes of antigens, cross reactivity, haptens and adjuvants.

UNIT II

Antibody and complement: Antibody – isotypes – Domain structure, biological

properties, kinetics of antibody response. Primary interaction, secondary

interaction; Mechanism of generation of antibody diversity. Classical and alternate

pathways.

UNIT III

Biology of lymphocyte, TcR and MHC: Ontogeny of B and T lymphocytes;

TcR: interaction of TcR with MHC molecules; Thymic selection and T-cell

differentiation. Role of MHC in immunity. Mechanism of allograft rejection.

Cytokines in immune regulation.

UNIT IV

Hypersensitivity, autoimmunity and tumor immunology: Immediate

hypersensitivity – general characteristics, activation and effector phases, clinical

aspects – role of IgE; Clinical aspects of Type II, III and IV Hypersensitivity;

Etiology of autoimmune disease – systemic and organ specific. Tumor antigens:

types; effector mechanism in tumor immunity; Immunodiagnosis and

immunotherapy.

UNIT V

Immunotechnology: Principles, methodology and application of LTT,

Hybridoma technology and antibody engineering; ELISA; ELISPOT; RIST;

RAST and Immunoblotting; FACSCAN, Immunofluoresence and RIA;

Immunoinformatics and vaccine designing; Cloning strategies for vaccine

production. T cell cloning and stem cell technology.

61

REFERENCES:

1. Benjamini E, Coico R and G. Sunskise (2000) Immunology a short course. IV

edn. (Chapters 1-13) Wiley – Liss publication, NY.

2. Kuby, J (1997) immunology, III edn, WH Freeman &Co, NY.

3. Goldsby R.A. Kindt T.I and Osborne B.A (2000) Kuby Immunology IV edn.

4. WH Freeman &Co, NY.

5. Janeway, C.A. Travers P. Wolport M and Capra J.D (1999) Immunology IV edn.

Current Biology, NY.

6. Roitt, I (2000). Essential Immunology, IV edn. Blackwell Sci NY.

7. Brown, F, Chanock, R. M., Lerner R.A. (Editors) (1986) Vaccines 86: New

approaches to Immunization.

8. Fathman, C. G. Fitch, F.W (1982) Isolation, characterization and utilization of

9. T-lymphocytes clones, Academic Press, London.

10. Goding, J. W (1998) Monoclonal antibodies: Principles and practice, Academic

Press, London.

11. Roitt, Male and Brostoff (1998) Immunology 4th

edn. Pub. Mocby, New York pp

28.14.

12. Springer T. A (Editor) (1985) Hybridoma technology in Biosciences and

Medicine, Plenum Press, New York.

62

III YEAR – V SEMESTER

LAB I: PLANT AND ANIMAL BIOTECHNOLOGY

PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY Practicals:

1. Medium preparation

2. Explant preparation

3. Seed Germination

4. Micropropagation

5. Suspension culture

6. Multiple shoot induction

7. Transformation

8. GUS assay

9. Somatic embryogenesis

10. SNP

11. Plant DNA isolation

12. GFP cloning

ANIMAL BIOTECHNOLOGY Practicals:

1. Isolation of Genomic DNA from Blood

2. Isolation of Plasmid DNA by Alkaline Lysis Method

3. Restriction Digestion

4. Isolation of RNA from Mammalian Tissue

5. Isolation of Histone

6. Bacterial Transformation

7. Electroporation

8. Quantification of DNA/RNA

63

III YEAR – V SEMESTER

LAB II: IMMUNOTECHNOLOGY

LIST OF PRACTICAL – IMMUNOTECHNOLOGY:

1. Bleeding techniques and immunization protocols.

2. Dissection of chick & wild rat for lymphoid organs.

3. Immunodiffusion & electrophoresis techniques.

4. Fraction of T & B sub-populations from peripheral blood.

5. Microlymphocytotoxicity assay (ALS titration assay).

6. Detection of cancer markers.

7. Immunofluorescence.

8. ELISA.

9. Immunoglobulin estimation.

64

III YEAR – V SEMESTER

ELECTIVE I – NANO BIOTECHNOLOGY, BIOPHYSICAL

PROCESSES & BIOSTATISTICS

UNIT I

Introduction to Nanoworld, Nanoscience and Nanotechnology -

nanoparticles, nanowires, thin films and multilayers; Biomolecular Structure

Determination X-ray crystallography - NMR spectroscopy - Electron microscopy -

Atomic force microscopy Nanobiotechnology: Introduction, Biomolecules as

nanostructures and their applications in nanotechnology viz. Biosensors,

separation of cells and cell organelles, drug delivery, gene therapy.

UNIT II

Synthesis of nanostructures: Natural in inorganic, Natural in organism,

chemical and physical methods –Sol Process, Micelle, Chemical Precipitation,

Hydrothermal Method, Pyrolysis, Bio-based Protocol, Chemical Vapor

Deposition, Sputtering; Functionalization of nanoparticles for biological

applications; Recent trends in Nanobiotechnology - Applications in life Sciences

and ethical issues

UNIT III

Some interactions of electromagnetic radiations and living matter:

Radioactivity and biological tracers ionization and detection: Positive ions,

electrons, gamma rays, neutrons. Disintegration half-life, energy distribution,

decay products, biological effects of ionizing radiations. Biological tracers in

metabolic studies radioactive mapping.

UNIT IV:

Laws of thermodynamics, statements, heat content of foods, free energy

and entropy, free energy released role of adenosine triphosphate and mechanism

of ATP synthesis in mitochondria and chloroplast the mobile power supply,

measurement of H, F and TS membrane potentials, negative entropy change in

living systems, equilibrium vs. steady-state, rate controlling steps, effects of

concentration and temperature, the specific rate constant, catalysis by enzymes,

diffusion-co-efficient - permeability constant.

65

UNIT V:

Data: Collection, sources and methods, presentation, tabulation, graphical

and diagrammatic representation, histograms, ratio and percentage, and their

limitations. Measures of central tendencies, mean, median, mode. Dispersions,

skewness, coefficient of variations. Probability, binomial-poison and normal

distributions Simple correlation, linear regression. Statistical inference, confidence

intervals, chi-square method, „f‟ and„t‟ tests, variance ratio test. Principles of

experimental design-replication, randomization.

REFERENCES :

1. Cotterill RMJ (2002). Biophysics. John Willey & Sons Ltd, England.

2. Chandra R (2004). Nuclear Medicine Physics. The Basics. Lippincott

Williams & Wilkins, New York.

3. Buchholy K, Kasche V, Bornschever VT (2005). Biocatalysts and Enzyme

Technology. Willey- VCH Verlag Gm bh & Co. KGaA Weinheim.

4. Renugopalakrishnan V, Lavis RV (2006). Bionanotechnology- proteins to

nanodevices, Springer, Dordrecht.

5. Goodsell D.s.(2004). Bionanotechnology, Lessons from Nature. Willey –

Liss, New Jersey.

6. Biostatistical Analysis (4 th edition) by Jerrold H. Zar.

66

III YEAR – VI SEMESTER

MOLECULAR DIAGNOSTICS

UNIT-I

Immunodiagnostics

Lymphoid organs and cells: Types of Immunity: Innate & acquired immunity-

cells involved; humoral and cellular immunity– Hematopoiesis -Stem cell

markers.Antibody – isotypes – Domain structure, biological properties.

Serodiagnostics: agglutination, immunodiffusion, immunoelectrophoresis and

immunoprecipitation – Role of MHC in immunity – HLA typing. Cytokines and

interleukins: diagnostic and therapeutic implications. p53 & its role.

Immunoinformatics and vaccine designing.

UNIT –II

Microbial Diagnostics

Microbial pathogens, types: bacteria, viruses, virions, mycoplasmas – biology:

type study – M. tb, HIV, HCV and Dengue. Detection of infectious agents and

molecular epidemiology: M. tb, HCV & HIV; Conventional Vs Molecular

diagnostics-merits and demerits. Biological warfare-Bacillus anthracis, H5N1,

Chikungunya, plague – biology, pathogenesis – diagnostic methods. National and

international status of pathogen transport – Regulations, quarantine and organizations.

Molecular epidemiology – definition. Environmental molecular diagnostics –

Pathogens of importance in aqua culture (WSSV) and agriculture- plant molecular

genetic markers.

UNIT III

Diagnostics for Human Diseases

Genetic testing: Practice of genetic testing, genetic testing for carrier detection,

genetic testing to predict disorders, presymptomatic testing, and disease-susceptibility

testing. Molecular aspects of mutation- Detection of genetic defects. Gene

polymorphism: candidate genes approach Metabolic and genetic disorders: diabetes,

cardiac disorders- DNA analysis in Duchene Muscular Dystrophy- Sickle cell anemia

and beta thalassemia: molecular aetiology and detection - Prenatal molecular

diagnosis: CVS and amniocentesis - preimplantation test - methods and applications.

Social, ethical and legal aspects of molecular diagnostics.

67

UNIT IV

Forensic and Cancer Diagnostics

Molecular Forensics: Contributions of Alec Jeffrys - DNA as evidence. DNA

fingerprinting - Paternity dispute- Personal identification and identity of descent by

molecular methods – Case studies - National laboratories – CDFD – Medico legal

aspects. Types of cancer-Diagnosis of cancer: tumor markers, tumor imaging and

staging –p53 and its role. Monoclonal and engineered antibodies and fluorescent

antibodies in cancer diagnosis - Antigen specific therapy, cytokine therapy, gene

therapy.

UNIT V

Molecular Techniques

Approaches, methods and tools for molecular diagnostics: SDS-PAGE, blotting

techniques, RFLP, RAPD and PCR methods. In situ hybridization methods: FISH and

fluorescent methods. Microarray technique: principle of global screening and

diagnosis. Principles, methodology and application of ELISA, ELISPOT, FACSCAN,

Immunofluorescence and RIA; Fluorescence tag chromophore-tagged DNA and

protein probes, chip-based molecular diagnostics.

REFERENCES:

1. Benjamini E, Coico R and G. Sunskise (2000) Immunology a short course. IV

edn. (Chapters 1-13) Wiley – Liss publication, NY.

2. Kuby, J (2005) immunology, III edn, WH Freeman &Co, NY.

3. Goldsby R.A. Kindt T.I and Osborne B.A (2000) Kuby Immunology IV edn. S

WH Freeman &Co, NY.

4. Roitt, I (2006). Essential Immunology, IV edn. Blackwell Sci NY.

5. Strachan, T. and A.P. Read. 2004. Human Molecular Genetics. 3rd

Edition.

Garland Science, UK.

6. Clinical chemistry-Principles, Procedures and correlations 5th

edn/. Michael L.

Bishop, Edward P. Fody, Larry Scoeff – Lipincott Williams and Wilkins – Indian

Reprint 2005.

7. Julian Little, Muin J. Khoury, Wylie Burke 2003. Human Genome

Epidemiology: A Scientific Foundation for Using Genetic Information to

Improve Health and Prevent Disease, Oxford University Press.

8. BROCK Biology of Microorganisms. Eleventh Ed., Michael T. Madigan, John

M. Martinko. Pearson-Prentice Hall, 2006.

68

9. A Practical Guide to Clinical Virology. 2nd

Ed. L.R. Haaheim., J.R. Pattison.

R.J.Whitley. John Wiley &Sons, 1994.

10. Biomedical Methods Hand Book- John M. Walkser, Ralph Raplay. Humana

Press, 2005.

11. Tietz Textbook of Clinical Chemistry & Molecular Diagnostics – 4th

Ed. Carl A.

Burtis, Edward R. Ashwood, David E. Bruns. Saunders – Elsevier, 1999.

12. CDC epidemiology manuals.

13. Medical Genetics at a Glance. Dorian J. Pritchard & Bruco R. Korf, Blackewell

publishers.

14. An introduction to Human Molecular Genetics Mechanisms of Inherited

Diseases. IInd Ed. Jack J. Pasternak, Wiley-Liss & Sons Inc., 2005. N J, USA.

15. Elements of Medical Genetics. II th edition-Muller, Young – Churchill

Livingstone, 2002.

69

III YEAR – VI SEMESTER

MICROBIAL BIOTECHNOLOGY

UNIT I

Biological pest control- Advantages and disadvantages of chemical and

biopesticides –Bacillus thuringiensis B.T Diversity-ORY genes- Classification- Mode of

Action of BT toxin Species other than thuringiensis-B.Popllliae-Bacillus lentiomorbus-

Bacillus Spaericus- Mode of Action-Baculo Viruses Nuclear Poly hedrosis

Virus(NPV)Advantages-Mode of Action.

UNIT II

ABE (Acetone- Butanol -ethanol) Fermentation by olostridium acetobutylloum-

strategies to improve ABE fermentation. Ethanol Fermentation by Yeast and Zymomonas

entner doudoroff pathway.Basis of ethanol Tolerance- Formation of Various byproducts

in the fermentation pathways

UNIT III

Biodegedaration- Significance- factors affecting general reactions involved in

Biodegradations- Biodegradations of alkanes Benzenes Toluenes catechol-Ortho and

Meta Pathways Tol Plasmid. Ore leaching by Microbes- Bioleaching- Advantages-

Chemical reactions involved in leaching of Copper Thiobacillus Ferroxidans

UNIT IV

Aminoacid Fermentations-Significance of amino acids-Strategies to improve

amino acid Productions-Production of Lysine, Proline and Glutamic acid

Antibiotics-Definition, Chemical Nature-Classification-Mode of Action-Penicillin-

Streptomycin-Tetracycline-Macrolides-Improvement of Strains of Higher and new

antibiotic production.

UNIT V

Microbes to help plant growth and yield –biofertilizers –phytopathogens

controlling microorganisms-rice nucleation genes

Single cell protein- photosynthetic microorganisms and non photosynthetic

microorganism –substrates and growth conditions –protein quality

Decomposition of organic matter-biomass degradation of cellulose, Hemi

cellulose and lignin.

70

REFERENCES:

1. Glazer, A N. and Nikaldo, H.1995 Microbial Biotechnology -W H Freeman and

company network.

2. Encyclopedia of microbiology 1992-Vol 1-4.Academic press

3. Prave et al.1987-Fundamentals of Biotechnology-V C Publishers.

4. Prescott, L M., Harley, J P and Klein, D A.1999.Microbiology 4th

edition Mc Graw

Hill.

5. Stainer, R Y, Ingrtham, J L., Wheels, M.L and Painter P.R.1987-General

Microbiology.Maomillan.

71

III YEAR – VI SEMESTER

BIOPROCESS TECHNOLOGY

UNIT I

Fermenters - Design & Operation: - Basic functions, design and components –

aseptic and containment requirements – body construction and temperature

control – aeration and agitation systems – sterilization of fermenter, air supply and

medium, aseptic inoculation methods, value systems – a brief idea on monitoring

and control devices.

UNIT II

Classes of Fermenters: - Mechanical – CSTR, Pneumatic – airlift fermenters,

Hydrodynamic – jet fermenters; acetator and caritator, enzymatic membrane

reactors, photobioreactors, solid state fermenters, anaerobic solid stage silage

fermenters, animal cell culture reactors and plant cell culture reactors, tower

fermenters, bed fermenters, rotating disc fermenter, bubble cap fermenter and

cylindro conical vessel.

UNIT III

Downstream processing: - Objectives and criteria – foam separation –

precipitation methods – filtration devices and filter aids – industrial scale

centrifugation and cell disruption methods – liquid – liquid extraction – solvent

recovery – chromatography – two-phase aqueous extraction - super – critical fluid

extraction – ultrafiltration, drying devices, crystallization and whole broth

processing.

UNIT IV

Media for industrial fermentations: - Typical media, media formulation, water,

energy and carbon sources, nitrogen sources, minerals, growth factors, buffers,

precursors, inhibitors, inducers and antifoams – media optimization.

UNIT V

Improvement of industrially important microorganisms: - Isolation, screening

methods – primary and secondary, preservation methods, methods of strain

improvement, recombination and molecular methods for improvements, yield and

other desired properties for improvement of strains.

72

REFERENCES :

1. Stanbury P.F., Whitaker A., Hall S.J. (1995) Principles of Fermentation

Technology, Butterwoth Heinemann.

2. Casida L.E. (1968) Industrial Microbiology, John Wiley & Sons.

3. Flickinger M.C., Drew S.W. (1999) Encyclopedia of Bioprocess Technology –

5 Volumes, John Wiley & Sons.

73

III YEAR – VI SEMESTER

LAB I: MOLECULAR DIAGNOSTICS

List of Practical:

1. Bleeding techniques and immunization protocols.

2. Dissection of chick & wild rat for lymphoid organs.

3. Immunodiffusion & electrophoresis techniques.

4. Viral & bacterial DNA extraction.

5. mRNA extraction and cDNA synthesis.

6. HLA-Class I Class II - PCR-SSP.

7. Immunofluorescence-two color (AO/PI).

8. Serodiagnostics for microbial & viral pathogens.

9. PCR diagnosis of Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

10. PCR-RFLP for pathogens.

11. DNA Fingerprinting for leptospiral pathogen.

12. White Spot Syndrome Virus (WSSV) by single tube/ nested PCR.

13. In-Situ Hybridization (FISH).

14.PCR based detection of cancers.

74

III YEAR – VI SEMESTER

LAB II: MICROBIAL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND

BIOPROCESS TECHNOLOGY

MICROBIAL BIOTECHNOLOGY

1. Extraction of phycobili proteins

2. Estimation of phycobili proteins

3. Spectral analysis of phycobili proteins

4. Ammonium sulphate precipitation of phycocyanin

5. Dialysis purification of phycocyanin

6. Gel filtration chromatic purification and estimation of phycocyanin

7. Ethanol fermentation by yeast production and estimation

8. Bacterial growth curve

9. Yeast growth curve

10. Assay of invertase

BIOPROCESS TECHNOLOGY

1. Pure culture and maintenance of culture

2. Bacterial growth curve

3. Yeast growth curve

4. Effect of temperature on bacterial growth

5. Effect of temperature on yeast growth

6. Effect of pH on yeast growth

7. Effect of pH on bacterial growth

8. Effect of carbon sources on yeast growth

9. Effect of substrate concentration on yeast growth

10. Effect of inoculum size on yeast and bacterial growth

11. Effect of inoculum age on yeast and bacterial growth

12. Determination of thermal death point

13. Determination of thermal death time

14. Utilization of substrate and alcohol production in fermentation

75

III YEAR – VI SEMESTER

ELECTIVE – I : GENERAL PHARMACOLOGY

UNIT – I

Introduction

Introduction to Pharmacology, Sources of Drugs, Dosage forms and routes of

administration, Mechanism of action, combined effect of drugs, Factors modifying drug

action, tolerance and dependence, Pharmocogenetics.

UNIT - II

Pharmacokinetics

Absorption – Structure of cell membrane, Gastro-intestinal absorption of drugs,

Mechanism of drug absorption, Absorption of drug from non-per oral routes. Distribution,

Metabolism – Phase-I, and Phase-II reactions, Excretion of drugs, Principles of basic and

clinical Pharmacokinetics.

UNIT – III

Adverse drug reactions and treatment of poisoning, drug interactions, Bioassay of

drugs and Biological standardization, Discovery and development of new drugs.

UNIT –IV

Pharmacology of Central Nervous System

a. Neurohumoral transmission

b. Anesthetics

c. Sedatives, hypnotics, antianxiety agents and centrally acting muscle relaxants

d. Analgesics, anti-inflammatory antipyretics, anti gout drugs

e. Narcotic analgesics and antagonists

f. C.N.S.Stimulants

UNIT – V

Pharmacology of C.V.S and Respiratory System

a) Antihypertensive drugs

b) Anti – anginal and Vasodilator drugs

c) Anti – arrhythmic drugs

d) Anti asthmatic drugs including bronchodilators

76

REFERENCES:

1. Rang, M.P. Dale M.M. Reter J.M – Pharmacology

2. Pharmacology and Therpeutics – Satoskar

3. Goodman and Gilman‟s, The Pharmacological basis of therapeutics

4. Kulkarni S.K., Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology

5. Chronppharmacology by B. Lammer

6. Topicss of Molecular Pharmacology I & II by Nurger and Roberts

7. Medical Pharmacology by K.D. Tripathi

8. Essential of Pharmacotherapeutics by F.S.K. Barar

9. Pharmacology & Pharmacotherapeutics by Das & Dutta

10. Lippincotts Pharmacology

77

IV YEAR – VII SEMESTER

BASIC BIO-INFORMATICS

UNIT-I

BASICS OF BIOINFORMATICS:

Role of computers in biology (biocomputing )_ Origin and Overview of

bioinformatics- Applications of bioinformatics – National and International

bioinformatics Institutes and Industries – Research in bioinformatics- Job Opportunities

of bioinformaticians- various OMES and OMICS

UNIT -II

BIOLOGICAL DATABASES:

Open access bibliographic resources and literature databases: PubMed, PMC and

Public library of Sciences (PLoS)- Sequence Databases: GenBank ,DDBJ,EMBL, PIR

and Swiss-Prot- Pattern and Motif Searches: PROSITE, BLOCKS, PRINTS,PFAM-

Structure databases: PDB and NDB- Structural classification databases: SCOP, CATH-

Metabolic pathways database: KEGG – Biodiversity databases: World Biodiversity

Database (WBD)

UNIT-III

SEQUENCE ALIGNMENT:

Pairwise Sequence alignment –Local and alignments – Dotplot- Dynamic

Programming methods – Scoring or Substitution matrices (PAM and BLOSUM)-

Statistics of alignment score –Database Searching – FASTA and BLAST searches-

Multiple Sequence alignment –CLUSTALW –TCOFFEE –Neural Networks and Hidden

Markov Model methods – Sequence - Function Relationships – Tools for Drug Discovery

/ Drug Design

UNIT- IV

GENOMICS AND PROTEOMICS:

Genome Database: GOLD – Genome Features of Prokaryote and Eukaryote –

Genome annotation – Gene finders: GLIMMER and GENSCAN - Genome browser:

UCSC –Genome projects: E.coli, A. thaliana and Human – Genomic Variations (SNP) –

Genome Expressions (Microarray) – Computational approaches in Comparative

Genomics: CMR, MUMMER and ACT Features of Protein Sequence and Structure –

Proteomics tools in Expasy Server- Protein Identification Programs: Mascot, PeptIdent

and Protein prospector – Secondary structure Prediction: GOR and Chou nFasman –

78

Tertiary structure prediction: Homology modeling – Interactomics – Protein structure

Visualization tools: RasMol Swiss PDB Viewer

UNIT –V

PHYLOGENETIC ANALYSIS:

Sequence –based taxonomy – From Multiple Alignment to Phylogeny –

Orthologs, Paralogs and Xenologs – Phylogenetic tree representation – Construction of

dendrogram – Computer Tools for Phylogenetic analysis: PAUP and PHYLIP

REFERENCES:

1. Arthur M.Lesk, Introduction to Bioinformatics, Oxford University press,

New Delhi, 2003.

2. A.Baxevanis and B.F. Ouellete. Bioinformatics: A practical Guide to the

Analysis of Genes and proteins, Third edition, Wiley –Interscience (Wiley

Student Edition), 2005.

3. D.W.Mount, Bioinformatics – Sequence and Genome Analysis, Second edition,

CBS Publishers, New Delhi, 2005.

4. D.Higgins and W.taylor (Eds), Bioinformatics - Sequence, Structure and

Databanks, Oxford University Press, New Delhi, 2000.

5. A.M.Campbell & L.G. Heyer , Discovering Genomics , Proteomics &

Bioinformatics, Pearson Education ,New Delhi ,2003.

1. S.R.Pennington & M.J.Dunn, Proteomics –from Protein sequence to function,

Viva Books Pvt .Ltd, New Delhi, 2002.

79

IV YEAR – VII SEMESTER

GENOMICS AND PROTEOMICS

UNIT I

Introduction to genomics – structure and organization of prokaryotic and

eukaryotic genomes- nuclear, mitochondrial and chloroplast genomes – interaction

between nuclear and chloroplast genome- recognization of coding and non coding

regions and annotation of genes. Tools for genome analysis rDNA, cDNA, genomic

library, blotting techniques- RFLP, DNA finger printing, RAPD, PCR and automated

DNA sequencing. Linkage and pedigree analysis- physical and genetic mapping

UNIT II

Genome sequencing projects-Microbes plants and animals. Comparative genomics

of relevant organisms such as pathogens and non pathogens. Taxonomic

classifications of organisms using Molecular Markers-16SrRNA typing/Sequencing.

Computational Analysis sequence analysis Similarity searches and pairwaise

alignment-Global and Local Alignment Multiple sequence alignment-Phylogenetics

UNIT III

Functional genomics-Global gene expression analysis. Microarray-Spotted

Microarray and oliogonucleotide arrays- Genotypic Microarrays-Comparative

Transcriptomics- Differential Gene expression, Transplastomics

UNIT IV

Proteomics-Definition, Identifications and analysis of Proteins by 2D analysis,

Mass spectrophotometry, MALDI TOFF NMR,CD,FTRI, Small angle X-ray

scattering, Differential Proteomics, Protein-Protein Interactions, Yeast Two Hybrid

systems and Phage Display

UNIT V

Pharmacogenetics- High Throughput Screening for Drug Discovery-Identification

of Drug targets, Pharmacophore, Pharmacogenetics and Drug development. ADME

Properties, Metabolome and Metabolomics. Systems Biology-Model systems. Global

databases and analysis and statistical Modelling

80

REFERENCES:

1. Genomics: The Science and technology behind the human genome project (2000.)

Edited by C. Cantor and C.L Smith, Wiley-interscience. Newyork

2. Genome Analysis- A practical Approach(19995)by J.M Davis, Oxford University

press, Oxford

3. 3. Genome Mapping A practical Approach(1997) by P.H Dear, Oxford University

press, Oxford

4. DNA microarrays: A practical Approach(1999) Edited by M.Schena, Oxford

University press, Oxford

5. TWYMAN, R.M. (2004) Principles of proteomics. Bios Scientific Publishers,

New York ISBN 1859962734

6. Westerneir.R&T.Navn.2002 Proteomics in practice: A laboratory manual of

proteome analysis. Wiley-vch,weinheim.ISBN3527303545 liebler.D.C.2002

7. Introduction to proteomics: Tools for the New Biology. Humana Press Tottava,

NJISBN0585418799

8. Proteome Research: New frontiers in functional genomics (1997). Edited by M.R.

wilkins, K.L.Wiliams, R.D.Appel and D.F. Hochstrasscr- Springrt Vereag, New

York

81

IV YEAR – VII SEMESTER

BIOINSTRUMENTATION

UNIT-I: MICROSCOPY AND RELATED TECHNIQUES

Light Microscopy - Microscopic optics, components of microscopes, Basic principles and

methods of Bright field, Dark field, Phase contrast Fluorescence, Polarization and

confocal microscopes - Microscopic measurement techniques. Electron Microscopy –

Principle, Techniques and applications of Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM) and

Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM).

UNIT – II: ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUES:

Centrifugation – Principles, various types including density gradient - rate zonal and

Isopycnic centrifugation - Spectrophotometer – Principles and application. Radioactive

Analysis - Basic of radioactivity, GM counter, LS Counter.

UNIT – III: CHROMATOGRAPHIC TECHNIQUES:

Basic Principles and different types of Chromatographic techniques - Adsorption – Ion

exchange, affinity chromatography; Non adsorption chromatography – gel permeation-

Separation of compounds using Gas chromatography and High Pressure Liquid

Chromatography and HPTLC.

UNIT – IV: ELECTROPORETIC TECHNIQUES

Protein Electrophoresis – SDS PAGE, Native, Iso, Gradient gel and 2D gel - Nucleic acid

– Vertical – submerged - Pulse Field Gel Electrophoresis - Immuno Electrophoresis –

various types - Gel Documentation

UNIT – V: MOLECULARE BIOLOGICAL TECHNIQUES:

Basic Principles of Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) - Gene transfer technique –

Electroporation, Gene Gun – Particle gun

REFERENCES :

1. Principles of Bioinstrumentation by Richard Normann

2. Biophysical Chemistry by Canter & Canter (1996).

3. Molecular Biotechnology by Glick and Pasternack. ASM Press (1994).

4. Physical chemistry, P.L.. Soni, S. Chand publications

5. Physical chemistry, Puri & Sharma

6. Biophysical chemistry, David Freifelder

82

IV YEAR – VII SEMESTER

LAB I: BIOINFORMATICS (Genomics and Proteomics)

BIOINFORMATICS:

List of Practical:

1. Study of Internet resources in Bioinformatics- E.g. NCBI, ICGEB, EMBL-EBI.

2. Searches on NCBI- Pub Med bibliographic databases Concept of Boolean

operators.

3. Expert protein Analysis System (ExPASy)- Primary & Secondary structure tools-

analysis & prediction

4. Multiple alignment- Domain/Motif databases-BLOCKS, PRINTS, SBASE and

PFAM

5. Protein Structure and classification databases-PDB, SCOP,CATH,

FSSP,PDBSUM

6. Evaluation of protein structure by Swiss PDB viewer or by any other suitable

programs like Insight-II.

7. Calculation of Phi-Psi angles and Ramachandran plot for given protein structure.

8. Multiple alignment-CLUSTALW

9. Phylogenetic Trees-PHYLIP

83

IV YEAR – VII SEMESTER

ELECTIVE-I : IPR, BIOSAFETY and BIOETHICS

UNIT I

Definition and requirement – biosafety and biodiversity – Cartagena

protocol on biosafety - biosafety for human health and environment – social and

ethical issues – biosafety in relation to transgenic research and applications –

biotechnological products and ethical issues – Governing of biosafety - bioethics

and patenting.

UNIT – II

Ethical issues in human genome project – ethical issues in the prediction of

predisposition to diseases – gene cloning and bioethics – ethical aspects of

transgenic plants, animals and microbes – biosafety of Genetically Modified

Fruits (GMF).

UNIT – III

Safety and ethical issues related to Genetically Modified Organisms

(GMO), Bt genes and gene transfer, marker free transgenics, transfer of herbicide

resistance, super weed creation, organ transplantation, piracy of organ

transplantation, biological warfare, super virulent microbes – safety and

containment of microbiological laboratories.

UNIT – IV

General agreement on trade and tariffs (GATT) and WTO – forms of

Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) – Industrial rights – patents, trademarks,

designs, geographical indications etc., - copy rights and related rights

UNIT V

Patents and patentability – patenting in India – patent co-operation Treaty (PCT)-

convention on Biological diversity (CBD) – Biological diversity act of India – sui-

generis system for animal varieties and the protection of plant varieties and

farmers Rights act of India

84

REFERENCES:

Bioethics related information sources

1) Ethical issues in human stem cell research. Nut field council/National

Bioethics vol. 1 (1999). www.bioethics.org

2) Ethics, morality and animal biotechnology.

www.bbsrc.ac.uk/tools/download/ethics_animal_biotech

3) Welfare science and animal biotechnology.

www.library.wur.nl/frontis/ethics/07athompson.pdf

Biosafety and Bioethics related book.

Rajmohan Joshi (Ed.) 2006. Biosafety and Bioethics. Isha Books, Delhi.

85

IV YEAR – VII SEMESTER

ELECTIVE-II : CANCER BIOLOGY AND STEM CELLS

UNIT I:

Introduction: cancer cell and its properties, Classification of cancer (carcinoma,

sarcoma, leukemia, lymphoma), Clonal nature of cancer, Cell cycle (Phases of cell cycle,

cyclins and CDKs G2/M checkpoint).

UNIT II:

Mechanisms: Chemical carcinogenesis (initiation, promotion and progression),

Radiation and cancer, genetic effects of ionizing radiation, oncogene activation (c-MYC,

RAS superfamily, BCL-2 family) Apoptosis (Extrinsic and intrinsic pathways). Risk

factors (oncogenes, tumor suppressor genes).

UNIT III:

Diagnosis and Treatment: Methods in cancer cytogenetics (Karyotyping, FISH).

Tumor markers, genetic markers of cancer predisposition, Chemotherapy (classification

of cytotoxic drugs: Alkylating agents, Platinum drugs, Topoisomerase inhibitors) and

Radiotherapy.

UNIT IV:

Cancer epidemiology. Inherited susceptibility to cancer. Disease staging. Tumor

suppressor (P53 and Rb pathways in cancer) Genetic instability (Aneuploidy, Tolomere

attrition).Tumor Metastasis.

UNIT V:

Stem cells: Definition, classification and sources. Human Embryonic Stem cells:

Nature and Properties (phenotype & behavior), Maintenance (culture, sub cloning,

spontaneous and controlled differentiation). Clinical applications of hESCs.

Haemopoietic stem cells: Definition, isolation of human HSC, Clinical applications of

Hematopoietic stem cells. Ethical implications of National Policies governing ES cells

research for Science and the Scientist.

REFERENCES:

1. Cancer Biology, 2nd

edition, Ruddon R.W., Oxford University Press, 1987.

2. The molecular biology of Cancer. Ed. Stella Pelengaries and Michael Khan.

Blackwell Publishing, 2006.

3. Stem Cells (Bench to Bedside) Ariff Bongso, Eng Hin Lee (editors)-2005-world

Scientific Publishing Co.

86

IV YEAR – VIII SEMESTER

---------------- PROJECT WORK ---------------------