principles of gis

8/3/2019 Principles of Gis

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PRINCIPLES OF GISPRINCIPLES OF GIS


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PRINCIPLE 1PRINCIPLE 1GIS is a dataGIS is a data--driven datadriven data -- based informationbased information

systemsystem..

GISGIS isis aa datadata--drivendriven datadata -- basedbased informationinformation

systemsystem..

MapMap makingmaking isis onlyonly oneone capabilitycapability ofof GISGIS..

ItIt isis mainlymainly basedbased onon databasedatabase managementmanagement

conceptsconcepts..

ItIt allowsallows toto accessaccess data,data, updateupdate data,data, manipulatemanipulatedatadata andand analyzeanalyze datadata inin waysways thatthat areare notnot

possiblepossible withwith otherother technologiestechnologies..


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PRINCIPLE 2PRINCIPLE 2GIS data and maps must be maintainedGIS data and maps must be maintained

GISGIS isis designeddesigned forfor useuse inin thethe operatingoperating

environmentenvironment ofof thethe organizationorganization forfor specificspecificserviceservice deliverydelivery..

TheThe datadata oror thethe systemsystem itselfitself willwill notnot bebe usedusedifif thethe datadata areare obsoleteobsolete oror inaccurateinaccurate..


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PRINCIPLE 3PRINCIPLE 3GIS is most useful when geographic references areGIS is most useful when geographic references are

registered on a consistent & continuous coordinateregistered on a consistent & continuous coordinatesystemsystem

GIS identifies and displays the spatialGIS identifies and displays the spatialrelationship between different parts of anrelationship between different parts of an

area.area. This requires locating each map sheet inThis requires locating each map sheet in

its proper place within the geographicits proper place within the geographic

area.area. A continuous and consistent coordinateA continuous and consistent coordinate

system help attain this.system help attain this.


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PRINCIPLE 4PRINCIPLE 4GIS has TopologyGIS has Topology

ComputersComputers cannotcannot seesee mapmap asas humanhuman cancan

DefinitionsDefinitions ofof relationsrelations betweenbetween points,points, lineslines andandareasareas mustmust bebe establishedestablished..

ThisThis relationshiprelationship isis calledcalled TopologyTopology

TopologyTopology essentialessential forfor variousvarious analysisanalysis II GISGIS


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PRINCIPLE 5PRINCIPLE 5GIS has many uses and should be shared byGIS has many uses and should be shared by

various functionsvarious functions

Value of information increase if it is shared byValue of information increase if it is shared by

many who need it.many who need it.

GISGIS requiresrequires hugehuge resourcesresources toto developdevelop.. MultipleMultiple

usesuses andand sharedshared systemssystems cancan reducereduce duplicationduplication

ofof commoncommon datadata andand thethe costcost of of thethe systemsystem

maintenancemaintenance..


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PRINCIPLE 6PRINCIPLE 6GIS Contains Hardware and Software whichGIS Contains Hardware and Software which

constantly undergoes changes.constantly undergoes changes.

AA delaydelay inin acquiringacquiring GISGIS hardwarehardware andand softwaresoftware inin

anticipationanticipation ofof futurefuture priceprice cutcut or or technologicaltechnological

breakthroughbreakthrough isis notnot prudentprudent..

TheThe benefitbenefit ofof thethe systemsystem cannotcannot bebe realizedrealized untiluntil

aa databasedatabase isis createdcreated andand implementedimplemented onon thethe

systemsystem..

FutureFuture improvementsimprovements inin technologytechnology willwill enhanceenhancethethe useuse ofof datadata notnot restrictrestrict itit..


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PRINCIPLE 7PRINCIPLE 7GIS Grows incrementally in terms of technology,GIS Grows incrementally in terms of technology,

cost and administrative supportcost and administrative support

Long term commitment needed to assure success.Long term commitment needed to assure success.

GIS cannot be fully functional within a short spanGIS cannot be fully functional within a short span

of time, as building of database and applicationof time, as building of database and applicationrequires lot of time.requires lot of time.


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PRINCIPLE 8PRINCIPLE 8GIS Causes Changes in Procedures, Operations,GIS Causes Changes in Procedures, Operations,

and Institutional arrangementsand Institutional arrangements

It eliminates compartmentalization of data storageIt eliminates compartmentalization of data storage

and individualization of data coding.and individualization of data coding.

This results in changes in proceduresThis results in changes in proceduresresponsibilities, security measures, standards andresponsibilities, security measures, standards and

organizational structure.organizational structure.


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PRINCIPLE 9PRINCIPLE 9A Cadre of Trained, Educated, Motivated andA Cadre of Trained, Educated, Motivated and

Dedicated people is essential for the success of aDedicated people is essential for the success of aGIS ProgrammeGIS Programme

Technical problems can be resolved with moneyTechnical problems can be resolved with moneyand timeand time

Staff without motivation, dedication, creativity andStaff without motivation, dedication, creativity andwillingness to accept changes and new ideas willwillingness to accept changes and new ideas will

only spoil the project.only spoil the project.

principles of gis

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