principles of anatomy and physiology thirteenth edition chapter 29 development and inheritance...
TRANSCRIPT
Principles of Anatomy and Physiology
Thirteenth Edition
Chapter 29Development and Inheritance
Copyright © 2012 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Gerard J. Tortora • Bryan H. Derrickson
Sperm cell
First polarbody
PATH OF SPERMCELL:
Corona radiata
Zona pellucida
Plasma membrane of secondary oocyte
Cytoplasm of secondary oocyte
(a) Sperm cell penetrating secondary oocyte
1100xSEM
Head ofsperm cell
Secondaryoocyte
(b) Sperm cell in contact with secondary oocyte
Pronuclei
250xLM
(c) Male and female pronuclei
Polar bodies
Blastomeres
Zona pellucida
Nucleus
Cytoplasm
(a) Cleavage of zygote, two-cell stage (day 1)
(b) Cleavage, four-cell stage (day 2)
(c) Morula (day 4)
(d) Blastocyst, external view (day 5)
(e) Blastocyst, internal view (day 5)
Embryoblast(inner cell mass)
Blastocyst cavity
Trophoblast
Opening ofendometrialgland
Endometriumof uterus
Blastocyst
Uterinecavity
(a) External view of blastocyst, about 6 days after fertilization
Frontalplane
Frontal section through uterus
Uterinecavity
Endometrial gland
Opening of endometrial gland
Trophoblast
Embryoblast (inner cell mass)
Blastocystcavity
Endometrium of uterus
Bloodvessels
(b) Frontal section through endometrium of uterus and blastocyst, about 6 days after fertilization
Deciduacapsularis
Deciduaparietalis
Frontal section of uterus Details of decidua
Decidua basalis
Frontal plane
1. Fertilization(occurs within uterine tube 12–24 hours after ovulation)
2. Cleavage(first cleavage completed about 30 hours after fertilization) 3. Morula
(3–4 days after fertilization)
4. Blastocyst (4 1/2–5 days after fertilization)
Uterine cavity
5. Implantation (occurs about 6 days after fertilization)
UterusEndometrium
Myometrium
OvulationOvary
Frontal section through uterus, uterine tube, and ovary
Cytotrophoblast
(a) Frontal section through endometrium of uterus showing blastocyst, about 8 days after fertilization
Syncytiotrophoblast
Amnion
Amniotic cavity
Blood vessel
Endometrium of uterus
Endometrial gland
Formation of exocoelomic membrane
Bilaminar embryonic disc:
Hypoblast
Epiblast
Blastocyst cavity
Uterine cavity
(b) Frontal section through endometrium of uterus showing blastocyst, about 9 days after fertilization
Exocoelomic membrane
Yolk sac
Hypoblast
Epiblast
Bilaminar embryonic disc:
Amniotic cavity
Lacunae
Blood vessels
Syncytiotrophoblast
Cytotrophoblast
Endometrium of uterus
Uterine cavity
(c) Frontal section through endometrium of uterus showing blastocyst, about 12 days after fertilization
Maternal sinusoids
Chorion:
Extraembryonic mesoderm
Syncytiotrophoblast
Cytotrophoblast
Amnion
Amniotic cavity
Bilaminar embryonic disc:
Lacunae
Yolk sac
Lacunar network
Uterine cavity
Epiblast
Endometrium of uterus
Hypoblast
Endometrial gland (right) and sinusoid (left) emptying into lacunar network
Uterine cavity
Cytotrophoblast
Bilaminar embryonic disc:
Yolk sac
Connecting stalk
Epiblast
Hypoblast
Extraembryonic mesoderm
Amnion
Amniotic cavity
Dorsal surface of bilaminar embryonic disc
Oropharyngeal membrane (future site of mouth)
Yolk sac
HEADEND
Primitive node
Amnion
Primitive streak
Connecting stalk
Bilaminar embryonic disc:
Epiblast
Hypoblast
Transverse plane
(a) Dorsal and partial sectional views of embryonic disc, about 15 days after fertilization
TAILEND
Primitive streak
(b) Transverse section of trilaminar embryonic disc, about 16 days after fertilization
Oropharyngeal membrane
Trilaminar embryonic disc:
Ectoderm
Mesoderm
Endoderm
Yolk sac
(a) Dorsal and partial sectional views of trilaminar embryonic disc, about 16 days after fertilization
Yolk sac
Trilaminar embryonic disc
Cloacal membrane
Connecting stalk
TAILEND
Primitive streakPrimitive node
Neural plate
Notochordal process (outlined beneath ectoderm)
HEADEND
Oropharyngeal membrane
(b) Sagittal section of trilaminar embryonic disc, about 16 days after fertilization
Allantois
Connecting stalk
Cloacal membrane
Mesoderm
Notochordal process
TAIL END
HEADEND
Oropharyngeal membrane
Neural plate
Yolk sac
Amniotic cavity
Neural plate
TAIL END
HEAD END
Transverse plane
Cut edge of amnion
Primitive streak
Amnion
Mesoderm
Endoderm
Ectoderm
Neural plate Amniotic cavity
Yolk sac
Notochord
(a) 17 days
Dorsal view Transverse section
Neural plate
Primitive streak
(b) 19 days
Primitive node
Neural fold
Neural groove
Paraxial mesoderm
Neural fold
Lateral plate mesoderm
Intermediate mesoderm
Neural groove
Dorsal view Transverse section
Neural plate
Primitive streak
Neural fold
Neural grooveNeural fold
Neural groove
(c) 20 days
Somite
EndodermAmnionSomite
Dorsal view Transverse section
Neural fold
(d) 22 days
Somite
Neural crest cells
Neural tube
Lateral plate mesoderm:
Somatic mesoderm
Splanchnic mesoderm
Endoderm
Dermatome
Myotome
Sclerotome
Intermediate mesoderm
Intraembryonic coelom
Extraembryonic coelom
Somite
Dorsal view Transverse section
(a) Frontal section through uterus showing blastocyst, about 13 days after fertilization
Lacunae
Extraembryonic mesoderm
Chorion:
Syncytiotrophoblast
Cytotrophoblast
Chorionic villi
Connecting stalk
Amniotic cavity
Maternal sinusoid
Yolk sac
Extraembryonic coelom
(b) Details of two chorionic villi, about 21 days after fertilization
Maternal sinusoid
Chorion:
Cytotrophoblast
Syncytiotrophoblast
Connecting stalk
Extraembryonic mesoderm
Blood capillary
Intervillous space
(c) Frontal section through uterus showing embryo and vascular supply, about 21 days after fertilization
Maternal sinusoid
Extraembryonic mesoderm
Umbilical vein
Umbilical arteries
Intervillous space
Connecting stalk
Chorionic villus
Maternal sinusoid
Amniotic cavity
Embryo
Yolk sac
Chorionic villi Yolk sac
Amniotic fluid in amniotic cavity
Allantois
Umbilical cord
Amnion
Chorion
(a) Details of placenta and umbilical cord
Amnion
Mucous connective tissue
Umbilical vein
Umbilical arteries
Umbilical cord:Intervillous space containing maternal blood
Maternal endometrial arteriole
Fetal blood vessels
Chorionic villi
Maternal endometrial venule
Decidua basalis of uterus (maternal portion of placenta)
Chorionic villi of chorion (fetal portion of placenta)
(b) Fetal surface of placenta
Umbilical cord
Amnion covering fetal surface of placenta
Umbilical arteries
Umbilical veins
(a) 22 days
Neural tube
Notochord
Intraembryonic coelom
Amniotic cavity
Yolk sac
Amniotic cavity
Yolk sac
Notochord
Connecting stalk
Cloacal membrane
TAIL END
Neural tube
HEAD END
Oropharyngeal membrane
Sagittal section Transverse section
(b) 24 days
Lateral folds
Heart Primitive gut
Yolk sac
Sagittal section Transverse section
(c) 26 days
Midgut
Intraembryoniccoelom
Lateral folds
Yolk sac
Hindgut
Proctodeum
Tail fold
Foregut
Stomodeum
Head fold
Midgut
Yolk sac
Sagittal section Transverse section
(d) 28 days
Aorta
Dorsal mesentery
Midgut
Ventral mesentery
Abdominal wall
Amniotic cavity
Cloacal membrane
Proctodeum
Future pharynx
Oropharyngeal membrane
Stomodeum
Future umbilical cord
Sagittal section Transverse section
Otic placode
Somite
Pharyngealclefts
Pharyngeal(branchial)arches
Lensplacode
Heart prominence
44
(a) External view, about 28-day embryo
33 22 11
Pharyngeal (branchial) pouches
Esophagus
Lung bud
Pharyngeal (branchial) arches
Brain
Thyroid diverticulum
Hypophyseal (Rathke’s) pouch
Stomodeum
Heart
(b) Sagittal section, about 28-day embryo
Cartilages
(c) Transverse section of the pharynx, about 28-day embryo
Nerve
Muscle
1st pharyngeal arch
2nd pharyngeal arch
2nd pharyngeal pouch
3rd pharyngeal arch artery
3rd pharyngeal pouch
4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 36 (weeks)
Neural plate
(a) 20-day embryo
Neural groove
Cut edge of amnion
Somite
Yolk sac
Primitive streak
Developing brain
(b) 24-day embryo
Heart prominence
Developing spinal cord
Somite
Pharyngeal arches
(c) 32-day embryo
Lens placode
Heart prominence
Upper limb bud
Tail
Lower limb bud
Otic placode
(d) 44-day embryo
Developing nose
Upper limb
Lower limb
Umbilical cord
Ear
(e) 52-day embryo
Eye
Nose
Upper limb
Umbilical cord
Lower limb
Ear
(f) 10-week fetus
Eye
Nose
Upper limb
Yolk sac
Rib
Umbilical cord
Placenta
Lower limb
(g) 13-week fetus
Ear
Eye
Nose
Upper limb
Mouth
Umbilical cord
Lower limb
(h) 26-week fetus
Ear
Eye
Nose
Upper limb
Mouth
Lower limb
Needle
Ultrasound transducer
Amnion
Amniotic fluid
Uterus
Fetus(14–16 weeks)
Placenta
(a) Amniocentesis
Ultrasoundtransducer
Needle
Catheter
Urinary bladder
Vagina
Fetus(8–10 weeks)
Amniotic fluid
Uterine cavity
Chorionic villi
(b) Chorionic villi sampling (CVS)
Human chorionicgonadotropin (hCG)
Relaxin Human chorionicsomatomammotropin (hCS)
Corticotropin-releasing hormone
Rescues corpus luteum from degeneration until the 3rd or 4th month of pregnancy
Corpus luteum(in ovary)
ProgesteroneEstrogens
1. Maintain endometrium of uterus during pregnancy
2. Help prepare mammary glands for lactation
3. Prepare mother’s body for birth of baby
1. Increases flexibility of pubic symphysis
2. Helps dilate uterine cervix during labor
1. Helps prepare mammary glands for lactation
2. Enhances growth by increasing protein synthesis
3. Decreases glucose use and increases fatty acid use for ATP production
1. Establishes the timing of birth
2. Increases secretion of cortisol
Placenta
(a) Sources and functions of hormones
Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)
Estrogens
Progesterone
Age of embryo/fetus (weeks)
Fertilization Birth
(b) Blood levels of hormones during pregnancy
Blo
od le
vels
Left lung
Heart
Left breast
Stomach
Small intestine
Left ovary
Left uterine(fallopian) tube
Head of fetus
Inguinal ligament
Urinary bladder
Pubic symphysis
Umbilical cord
Right ovary
Right uterine (fallopian) tube
Maternal umbilicus
Ascending colon
Uterine wall
Small intestine
Greater omentum
Liver
Gallbladder
Right breast
Right lung
Round ligament of uterus
Descending colon
Anterior view of position of organs at end of full-term pregnancy
Stage of dilation
Urinary bladder
Vagina
Ruptured amniotic sac
Rectum
1
Stage of expulsion
Placenta
2
Placental stage
Placenta
Uterus
Umbilical cord
3
Suckling of baby on nipple
causes
Touch sensations
ReceptorsTouch-sensitive sensory neurons in nipple
Control center
Hypothalamus and posterior pituitary
EffectorsContraction of myoepithelial cells in mammary glands
Milk ejection
Interruption of cycle:Baby ceases to suckle, thus breaking the positive feedback cycle
Positive feedback: milk availability encourages continued suckling, so touch sensations on nipple and oxytocin release continue
Increasing
Nerve impulses
Increased oxytocin in blood
Output
Input
Homologous chromosomesof heterozygous father
Homologous chromosomesof heterozygous mother
P p P p
P P
P
P
p p
p
p
PP
Pp
Pp
pp
Meiosis
Possibleova types
Possiblespermtypes
Possible genotypes of zygotes (in boxes)
Punnett square
1PP 2Pp 1pp
Homozygousdominant
Heterozygousdominant
Homozygousrecessive
Possible genotypes of offspring
Possible phenotypes of offspring
1PP 2Pp 1pp
Do not have PKU Has PKU
Possible genotypes of zygotes (in boxes)
Meiosis
Possibleova types
Possiblespermtypes
HbAHbA
Punnett square
HbAHbS
HbAHbS HbSHbS
HbA HbS HbA HbS
HbA HbSHbA HbS
HbS
HbSHbA
HbA
HbAHbA = normalHbAHbS = carrier of sickle-cell diseaseHbSHbS = has sickle-cell disease
A A A B A AB A O B B
B AB B O AB AB AB O O O
Parents
Parents
Offspring
Offspring
A, O A, B, AB, O A, B, AB A, O B, O
A, B, AB B, O A, B, AB A, B O
P generation
F1 generationoffspring
Possible ova
Possiblesperm
PossibleF2 generationoffspring
AABBCC(very dark)
aabbcc(very light)
AaBbCc(intermediate)
AaBbCc(intermediate)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
17 18 19 20 21 22 23
X Y
Possible sex chromosomes of zygotes (in boxes)
Meiosis
Possibleova types
Possiblespermtypes
Punnett square
XXSex chromosomes
of mother
XYSex chromosomes
of father
X X XY
Y
X
X X
XX XX
XY XY
2 XX 2 XYPossible genderof offspring
Females Males
Possible genotypes of zygotes (in boxes)
Meiosis
Possibleova types
Possiblespermtypes
Punnett square
XCXc
Normal female whocarries recessive gene
XCYNormal male
XC Y
Y
XC
XC Xc
XCXC XCXc
XCY XcY
Possible phenotypes of offspring
Normalfemale
XC Xc
XCXC XCXc XCY XcY
Normalfemale
(carrier)
Normalmale
Color-blindmale