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Principles of effective writing Crafting readerfriendly texts Tips on being clear and concise Spotting and correcting common mistakes

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Page 1: Principles effective writing friendly texts clear and concise · 2014-07-08 · Principles of effective writing Let go of bad academic writing habits . Write to engage your readers

Principles of effective writing Crafting reader‐friendly texts Tips on being clear and concise Spotting and correcting common mistakes

Page 2: Principles effective writing friendly texts clear and concise · 2014-07-08 · Principles of effective writing Let go of bad academic writing habits . Write to engage your readers

Principles of effective writing

What is good writing?

Communicating an idea clearly, concisely and effectively: focus on your main message

Good writing is stylish: this takes time and some expert advice!

Page 3: Principles effective writing friendly texts clear and concise · 2014-07-08 · Principles of effective writing Let go of bad academic writing habits . Write to engage your readers

Principles of effective writing

What makes a good writer?• Having something to say• Logical thinking• A few simple rules of style – tools that you can learn 

• Good writing is a skill that can be learned!

Page 4: Principles effective writing friendly texts clear and concise · 2014-07-08 · Principles of effective writing Let go of bad academic writing habits . Write to engage your readers

Principles of effective writing

Let go of bad academic writing habits .

Write to engage your readers – not to bore them!

Don’t take shortcuts: plan, draft, revise and polish –nobody gets it right first time.

Learn to cut out unnecessary words – edit, re‐edit and streamline.

Page 5: Principles effective writing friendly texts clear and concise · 2014-07-08 · Principles of effective writing Let go of bad academic writing habits . Write to engage your readers

Principles of effective writing 

Write concisely – be brief  ‐ avoid jargon and wordiness 

Choose words carefully – one word may suffice instead of three

Use discourse markers sparingly to link sentences,achieve “flow” through a logical sequence of ideas

Page 6: Principles effective writing friendly texts clear and concise · 2014-07-08 · Principles of effective writing Let go of bad academic writing habits . Write to engage your readers

Principles of effective writing 

Use parallel constructions (inf+inf / gerund+gerund)

Be careful with pronouns, is the reference clear?

Tenses: past tense for your procedure & present tense for published / established information

Passive versus active: an ongoing debate – use your common sense!

Page 7: Principles effective writing friendly texts clear and concise · 2014-07-08 · Principles of effective writing Let go of bad academic writing habits . Write to engage your readers

Principles of effective writing 

Avoid the overuse of nouns ‐ use verbs where possible

Avoid  unnecessary wordiness

Avoid jargon and acronyms

Avoid negative constructions – find an alternative

Avoid overlong sentences, keep structure simplekeep the verb near the beginning of the sentence

Page 8: Principles effective writing friendly texts clear and concise · 2014-07-08 · Principles of effective writing Let go of bad academic writing habits . Write to engage your readers

Crafting reader‐friendly texts                         Turning nouns into verbs

“Verbs drive sentences along and nouns slow them down”            (Kristin Sainani, Stanford Medical School)

Are these sentences easy to understand? Are they nice to read?

“We provide a description of a rapid and simple method for the characterization of Saccharomyces based on mtDNA restriction analysis for the monitoring of wine fermentations”.

We describe a rapid and simple method to characterize Saccharomyces through mtDNA restriction analysis to monitor wine fermentations.

Page 9: Principles effective writing friendly texts clear and concise · 2014-07-08 · Principles of effective writing Let go of bad academic writing habits . Write to engage your readers

Crafting reader‐friendly texts                               Turning nouns into verbs

“The analysis of multilocus markers allowed the identification of potential hybrids and their discrimination from non‐hybrid strains”

Multilocus markers were analysed to identify potential hybrids and discriminate them from non‐hybrid strains.

Page 10: Principles effective writing friendly texts clear and concise · 2014-07-08 · Principles of effective writing Let go of bad academic writing habits . Write to engage your readers

Crafting reader‐friendly texts                               Sentence structure

Keep sentences short

Use parallel structuresPatients should get a lot of sleep, not eating too much and exercisedaily.

Patients should get a lot of sleep, not eat too much and exercise daily.

Take care with modifiersModifiers go directly before the word/s they modify, compare:Nearly 100 patients died during the outbreak.One hundred patients nearly died during the outbreak 

Page 11: Principles effective writing friendly texts clear and concise · 2014-07-08 · Principles of effective writing Let go of bad academic writing habits . Write to engage your readers

Crafting reader‐friendly texts                               Sentence structure

Keep the verb near the beginning of the sentence

“The effect of the combination of adding enzyme preparations including proteases and carbohydrases and heat treatment on pyrazine formation in cocoa powder extracts has been studied”.

Pryzine formation has been studied in cocoa powder extracts by combining enzyme preparations, including proteases and carbohydrases, with heat treatment.

Do not separate the verb from its object We studied in great depth this phenomenon.

We studied this phenomenon in great depth .

Page 12: Principles effective writing friendly texts clear and concise · 2014-07-08 · Principles of effective writing Let go of bad academic writing habits . Write to engage your readers

Crafting reader‐friendly texts                               Sentence structure

Take care with adverb placement

Also, probably, almost, definitely, even, still, only, mainly and adverbs of frequency (always, often, never etc.) go before the main verb “This never happens”  EXCEPT if the main verb is TO BE, in which case they go after: “This is often the case.” 

These adverbs are placed before “have to”: “It probably has to do with genome degradation”

Page 13: Principles effective writing friendly texts clear and concise · 2014-07-08 · Principles of effective writing Let go of bad academic writing habits . Write to engage your readers

Crafting reader‐friendly texts                               Sentence structure

Here is the most common pattern to follow:

(SUBJECT) + (FIRST AUXILIARY) + (ADVERB FREQUENCY) + (SECOND AUXILIARY) + (MAIN VERB) + (OBJECT/S) + (ADVERB MANNER) + (PLACE) + (TIME)

(Patients) + (had)  + (never) + (been) + (given) + (this treatment)  + (intravenously) + (in this hospital)  + (before).

Page 14: Principles effective writing friendly texts clear and concise · 2014-07-08 · Principles of effective writing Let go of bad academic writing habits . Write to engage your readers

Crafting reader‐friendly texts                               Paragraphs

A paragraph is a unit of composition One paragraph = one main idea Start with the most important point/main idea and then provide support.

Finally reinforce the main message again at the end.

Page 15: Principles effective writing friendly texts clear and concise · 2014-07-08 · Principles of effective writing Let go of bad academic writing habits . Write to engage your readers

Crafting reader‐friendly texts                               Paragraphs

Paragraph flow is helped by a logical flow of ideas• Most important to less important• From general to specific • Logical arguments (if a then b; therefore, c)• Sequential in time 

• Parallel sentence structures• Transition words: but, and, moreover, however, therefore…

Page 16: Principles effective writing friendly texts clear and concise · 2014-07-08 · Principles of effective writing Let go of bad academic writing habits . Write to engage your readers

Crafting reader‐friendly texts                               Paragraphs

Idea flow chart

PPT is an advantageous new technique to assess PB residues

Main idea

It is accurate and relatively cheap.Gives exact readingsIndicates potential hormone activity

Supporting idea

Techniques previously used to assess PB residues include….Disadvantage s: insensitive with many false negative results …

Sub supporting idea

PPT is the best technique available to assess PB residues Reiterate main idea

Page 17: Principles effective writing friendly texts clear and concise · 2014-07-08 · Principles of effective writing Let go of bad academic writing habits . Write to engage your readers

Tips on being clear and concise     Cutting the clutter

“The secret of good writing is to strip every sentence to its cleanest components. Every word that serves no function, every long word that could be a short word,  every adverb that carries the same meaning  that’s already in the verb, every passive construction that leaves the reader unsure of who is doing what –these are the thousand and one adulterants that weaken the strength of a sentence. And they usually occur in proportion to education and rank.”

William Zinsser (1976) On Writing Well

Page 18: Principles effective writing friendly texts clear and concise · 2014-07-08 · Principles of effective writing Let go of bad academic writing habits . Write to engage your readers

Tips on being clear and concise     Cutting the clutter

Careful word choice can help you to:

eliminate unnecessary adverbs calculate approximately  

estimate

eliminate negatives and use positive constructions  there is not a lot of information 

information is lacking

eliminate unnecessary wordiness a high number of 

many

Page 19: Principles effective writing friendly texts clear and concise · 2014-07-08 · Principles of effective writing Let go of bad academic writing habits . Write to engage your readers

Tips on being clear and concise     Cutting the clutter

Cut out meaningless words and expressions:

It is known that It is known that obesity is linked to cardiovascular disease 

Obesity is linked to cardiovascular disease

It is thought that It is thought that dysbiosis is linked to IBS 

Dysbiosis may be linked to IBS

Relative pronouns The patients that participated in the study 

The patients participating in the study;The rats that were fed probiotics

The rats fed probiotics/ Probiotic‐fed rats

The ….of  The distribution of the population 

Population distribution

Page 20: Principles effective writing friendly texts clear and concise · 2014-07-08 · Principles of effective writing Let go of bad academic writing habits . Write to engage your readers

Tips on being clear and concise     Cutting the clutter

The passive voice is often overused in scientific writing.Sometimes the active voice may be more appropriate.  Brown reported that 50% of patients recovered. It was reported by Brown that 50% of patients recovered. Fifty percent of patients were reported to have recovered by Brown

The authors recommend…  (active) It is recommended by the authors …Use you common sense and do not be afraid to use “we”: We studied gene expression in mutant stains.

Page 21: Principles effective writing friendly texts clear and concise · 2014-07-08 · Principles of effective writing Let go of bad academic writing habits . Write to engage your readers

Spotting and correcting common mistakes

Study into the frequency and distribution of errors and stylistic changes  made to scientific manuscripts

Scientific Corpus Analysis to Investigate Mistake Patterns for Subsequent Pedagogical ApplicationF.BARRACLOUGH & A.DONNELLANThe European Journal of Applied Linguistics and TEFL

• We analysed corrections (grammatical and stylistic)made to scientific articles by Spanish speakers prior to publication in primary journals

• Taxonomy of the most common language errors 

• 32 main error types were identified

• Quantitative analysis ANOVA  & Chi‐squared

Page 22: Principles effective writing friendly texts clear and concise · 2014-07-08 · Principles of effective writing Let go of bad academic writing habits . Write to engage your readers

Top errorsGRAMMAR Word order Article use Tenses Relative pronouns

STYLE Noun overuse Wordiness Flow

The most common errors found in our study coincide with those found in similar studies (Dalgish, 1985, 1991; Granger, Hung & Petch‐Tyson, 2002; Izumi, Uchimoto& Isahara, 2004; Bitchener, Young & Cameron, 2005; Gamon, Leacock, Brocket, Dolan, Gao, Belenko & Klementiev, 2009; Rozovskaya & Roth, 2010)

Page 23: Principles effective writing friendly texts clear and concise · 2014-07-08 · Principles of effective writing Let go of bad academic writing habits . Write to engage your readers

A final reflection

• “English proficiency and research funding may be important determinants of publication”. 

J.P. Man (2004)

“Discursive elements are likely to play a role in the acceptance or rejection of a paper”

C. Tardy (2004)

Language Editing Survey ELSEVIER (2007)“The findings reported in the paper may be cutting edge, but poor language quality – including errors in grammar, spelling or language usage – could delay publication or lead to outright rejection of the paper, preventing the research from getting the recognition it deserves”.

Page 24: Principles effective writing friendly texts clear and concise · 2014-07-08 · Principles of effective writing Let go of bad academic writing habits . Write to engage your readers

Acknowledgements:

I would like to acknowledge my co‐author on the paper, Alicia Donnellan (AUT, NZ), as well as Pilar Safont (UJI), Amparo Latorre(UV), and Kristin Sainani (Stanford Medical School) who have all been instrumental in helping me shape this course.

Thank you for your attention!               WWW.INTERGLOBE.ES

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