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Túneles para Minería y Obras

CivilesPrincipios básicos voladura de túneles

Santiago – 201

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Principios !ásicos "oladura de Túneles

#genda

$e%niciones

 &o'enclatura

Conceptos Claves

Ciclo de "oladura de Túneles

Procedi'ientos Pre "oladura

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(0

100

1(0

200

2(0

)00

)(0

00

1*00 1*20 1*0 1*+0 1*,0 2000

#"#&C-#"#&C-M-&S.#/ 'M-&S.#/ '

N ue v as N ue v as T e c n o l o g í as T e c n o l o g í as 

> 3 0 0 m > 3 0 0 m 

me n s ual e s me n s ual e s 

Principios !ásicos "oladura de Túneles

-volucin en la Construccin

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Primer debate:¿En el futuro necesitaremos

explosivos para construirtúneles?

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RAINURA

Debe generar una cavidad tal que permita eldesplazamiento sin complicaciones delmaterial que se desplaza a lo largo de laVoladura. En conunto con los tiros de alivioconforma el !cuele

AUXILIARES

"irven de apo#o a los tiros de rainura # sonlos encargados de fragmentar gran parte de laroca a remover. $ambi%n llamados de

descarga o destroza.

CONTORNO

&orresponde a las perforaciones de &aas&oronas que generan un plano de corte quepermita una buena calidad en la excavaci'n 

ZAPATERAS

&orresponde a las perforaciones ubicadas enel piso de la labor # limitan la excavaci'n #mueven el material #a tronado con el fin defacilitar el cargu(o

ZAPATERA

RAINURA

CORONA

 AUXILIARES 

Principios !ásicos "oladura de Túneles

$e%niciones

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Principios !ásicos "oladura de Túneles

&o'enclatura

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Conocimiento de la condición del sector y los parámetros

estructurales de la roca.

Diaclasas de tensión

en la cresta del plieue

Diaclasas o!licuas

Diaclasas trans"ersales

#lano de estrati$icación

Diaclasas lonitudinales

en dirección al rum!o

R%D

R&R Densidad 

'recuencia S(smica

&ódulo de elasticidad 

Resistencia a la rotura

EjemploEjemplo

Principios !ásicos "oladura de Túneles

Conceptos Claves3 Conoci'iento de la 4oca

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Principios !ásicos "oladura de Túneles

Conceptos Claves3 4ainura

1

2

$iro )livio

&erca de *+ a +, ms-m

2

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Perforación

Voladura

Evaluación

Carguí o

Explosivo

Diseño

Preparación

Principios !ásicos "oladura de Túneles

Ciclo de "oladura de Túneles

EXITODEL

DISPARO

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Principios !ásicos "oladura de Túneles

$ise5o de P6T

GEOLOGIA

TIPO DE

EXPLOSIVOS Y

PROPIEDADES

DIMENSIONES

DEL

TÚNEL

SECUENCIA DE

INICIACIÓN

PROPIEDADES

DE LA ROCA

PRESENCIA

DE

AGUA

ESTRUCTURAS DE

LA ROCA

VARIABLES

CONTROLABLES

PARAMETROS

DE ENTRADA

LARGO Y

DIAMETRO

DE

PERFORACIÓN

VARIABLES

INCONTROLABLES

DISEÑO

VOLADURA

/)01E2$)&342

V35/)&342E"

DE"P6)7)13E2$4 DE6 1)$E/3)

&3&64" DE &)/0894

Variables de Salida

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Principios !ásicos "oladura de Túneles

7erra'ientas co'putacionales

SOFTWARES

DE

SIMULACION

SHOTPLUS –T

JK-SIMBLAST

2D FACE

Secuencias de

iniciación y burden

de alivio

Análisis de energí a y

halo de daño

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"O/#$.4# S-8.4# 9-:;C;-&T-

;'ple'entacin del diagra'a en

terreno

Es)uemaEs)uema

LC LC 

L* L* 

5.1 m.

0.75 m.0.9 m.

0.9 m.

0.9 m.

3.6 m.

0.375m.

2.95 m.

2.55 m.

1.8 m.

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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          F                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          R                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          E

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          N                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              T                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          E

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          D                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          E

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          P                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          E                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          R

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          F                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     O                     

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          R                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           A                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             C                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              I                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   Ó                     

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          N                     

TIROS DE ALIVIO

TIROS

Principios !ásicos "oladura de Túneles

Per

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Principios !ásicos "oladura de Túneles

Per

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Tiros Alineados

Principios !ásicos "oladura de Túneles

Per

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)'ena *olad'ra

Principios !ásicos "oladura de Túneles

Per

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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          F                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          R                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          E                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          N                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              T

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          E

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          D                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          E

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          P                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          E                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          R

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          F                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     O                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               R                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           A

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             C                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              I                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   Ó                     

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          N                     

TIROS DE ALIVIO

TIROS

Principios !ásicos "oladura de Túneles

Per

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Principios !ásicos "oladura de Túneles

Per

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Tiros no alineadose inclinados

Principios !ásicos "oladura de Túneles

Per

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+enor avance del disparo por desviaci(n de per$oraci(n

Lon%i&'d de Per$oraci(n

Principios !ásicos "oladura de Túneles

Per

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So,re e-cavaci(n

Remanen&es.e

 Per$oraci(n

Principios !ásicos "oladura de Túneles

Per

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  TIRO .E ALI*IO /.I0+ETRO +U PEUE3O4

  .ES*IACIONES EN EL PARALELIS+O

A*ANCE

  ESPACIA+IENTOS IRRE5ULARES

  IRRE5ULAR LON5ITU. .E LOS TIROSA*ANCE

  INTERSECCION ENTRE TIROS

A*ANCE SO)RECAR5A

SIN CAR5A

  SO)RECAR5A /EXCESI*A .ENSI.A. .E CAR5A4SO)RECAR5A

Principios !ásicos "oladura de Túneles

Per

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Detonador

Menor inicioen parte trasera

esquirlas

Mayor inicio en partedelantera hacia donde se

encuentra carga principal

Principios !ásicos "oladura de Túneles

Carguío3 Cebado

á ú

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Principios !ásicos "oladura de Túneles

Carguío3 Cebado

i i i á i l d d ú l

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Principios !ásicos "oladura de Túneles

Carguío3 Colu'na -=plosiva

ANFO

Emulsión encartuchada

Emulsió

n a Granel (0.85-1.20 gr/cc)

P i i i !á i " l d d Tú l

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Principios !ásicos "oladura de Túneles

Carguío3 Según .bicacin en la :rente

>?.- $-!O

.S#4 -& M;T.&-/@

RAINURA AUXILIARES CONTORNO ZAPATERAS

 )24

 )24" 6ivianos

Dinamita

Emulsi'n Encartuc;ada

Emulsi'n a 0ranelExplosivos Perimetrales

.so #decuadode la -nergía

AB $a5ar'enos

Pueden e=istircondiciones

e=cepcionalesde uso

P i i i !á i " l d d Tú l

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 El efecto de impacto en la pared del tiro se transfiere directamente a la masa de

roca circundante provocando su fracturamiento.

DETONACIÓN

SOPLO

TACO DESPLAZÁNDOSE

PRESIÓN

IMPACTO TRANSFERIDO

IMPACTO TRANSFERIDO

TIEMPO DE RETENCIÓN

∆t

¿POR QUÉ RAZONES DEBO DE USAR UN TACO..?

Principios !ásicos "oladura de Túneles

Carguío3 Taco

P i i i !á i " l d d Tú l

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<

<

=

>

+

@

*

A

A

*

@

+

+

+

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==

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BB

B

<

A* A* A* A@

A,

A,

AA

A,

A,

A,

A@

A,

AA

AA

AAAA

AA

Principios !ásicos "oladura de Túneles

Carguío3 Secuencia de ;niciacin

P i i i !á i " l d d Tú l

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<

6

=

>

+

@

*

A

A

*

@

+

+

+

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<

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BB

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<

A* A* A* A@

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AA

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Principios !ásicos "oladura de Túneles

Carguío3 Movi'iento de Material

P i i i !á i " l d d Tú l

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SERIE MS

MILISEGUNDOS

SERIE LP

PERIODO LARGO

1 2!

2 !#

7 8!

9 1##

! 12!

: 1!#

8 18!

6 2##

2!#

1# 7##

11 7!#

12 9##

17 9!#

19 !##

1! :##

1 2##

2 9##

7 :##

9 1###

! 19##

: 16##

8 29##

6 7###

76##

1# 9:##

11 !!##

12 :9##

17 89##

19 6!##

1! :##

Principios !ásicos "oladura de Túneles

Carguío3 Secuencia de iniciacin MS y /P

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+ + Un dise,o mediocre !ien implementadoUn dise,o mediocre !ien implementado

 puede ser me-or )ue una mediocre puede ser me-or )ue una mediocre

implementación de un !uen dise,o implementación de un !uen dise,o 

+ + No se puede me-orar o controlar unNo se puede me-orar o controlar un

 proceso )ue no se puede medir  proceso )ue no se puede medir 

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$on Explosivo 12# ; 9##

3" unid. 1#

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"egundo debate:¿En el futuro que serF lo mas

relevante en la construcci'nde túneles?

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Consultas@