primjene gorivnih primjene gorivnih članakačlanakai njihov statusi …marjan.fesb.hr/~fbarbir/pdfs...
TRANSCRIPT
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Svemirski program koriste se desetljećima
Podmornice u upotrebi
Automobili demonstracije
Primjena Status
Primjene gorivnih Primjene gorivnih članakačlanaka i njihov statusi njihov status
Proizvodnja el. energije demonstracije
Prenosni agregati vojne primjene
Zamjena za baterije blizu komercijalizacije
©2002 by Frano Barbir.
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• Despite the recession and global economic
slowdown the fuel cell industry saw an increase in
shipments of 41% in 2009.
• As anticipated, stationary fuel cells experienced
the highest rate of growth, with an annual jump of
some 134% to around 9,000 units.
© Fuel Cell Today
some 134% to around 9,000 units.
• 2009 saw some 170 MWs shipped of which
stations represented approximately 80% of this.
• 97% of all units shipped in 2009 were low
temperature fuel cells, with PEM fuel cells
accounting for 73% of this.
• In terms of fuel 2009 was dominated by direct
hydrogen with “Other” taking a significantly
increasing share.
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Small* Stationary Fuel Cell MarketSmall* Stationary Fuel Cell Market
New Annually Produced Units
4000
2008
© *Small means less than 10 kWe
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Technology Adoption
Small Stationary Fuel Cell MarketSmall Stationary Fuel Cell Market
©
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Region of Manufacture
North America
Rest of the World
Small Stationary Fuel Cell MarketSmall Stationary Fuel Cell Market
Japan
Europe
©
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Choice of Fuels
Hydrogen
Other(methanol,
kerosene,
LPG,
biogass)
Small Stationary Fuel Cell MarketSmall Stationary Fuel Cell Market
©
Natural Gas
biogass)
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Market pull –
demand by customers
Small Stationary Fuel Cell MarketSmall Stationary Fuel Cell Market
Market push –
government initiatives and
subsidies
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Residential:Japan – leader in creating market demand by switching government
subsidy away from the technology developers to the adopters
Germany – set out a number of technical and adoption based targets
for residential (1-5kW; PEM, SOFC) fuel cells.
The 2020 vision is to have 72,000 residential units produced per
Small Stationary Fuel Cell MarketSmall Stationary Fuel Cell Market
annum at a cost of €1,700 / kW
US – customers require units that can also operate independently
from the grid (back-up)
Korea – still in R&D phase
UPS (Uninterruptible Power Supply)Telecommunications
Disasters (Hurricane Katrina aftermath)
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Grid connection
Load following
Stationary Fuel Cell Design OptionsStationary Fuel Cell Design Options
stand-alone
grid back-up
grid-parallel
grid-interconnected
load followingLoad following
Cogeneration
load following
constant power
thermal load following
no waste heat utilization
heating domestic hot water
combined with gas boiler
combined with heat pump
tri-generation
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blower
fuel cell stack
air filter humidifier
tail gas burnerreformer
desulfurizer
shift converter
PROX
blower
fuel cell stack
air filter humidifier
tail gas burnerreformer
desulfurizer
shift converter
PROX
Combined Heat and Power Combined Heat and Power
Fuel Cell SystemFuel Cell System
coolant
pump
fuel in
condenser
air filter humidifier
water
pumpgas boiler domestic hot
water system
heat
exchangercoolant
pump
fuel in
condenser
air filter humidifier
water
pumpgas boiler domestic hot
water system
heat
exchanger
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Major players (well known):
PEMEbara Ballard (Japan)
Eneos Celltech
(Sanyo & Nippon Gas)
Plugpower (US)
Major players (up and coming):
PEMAltergy (US)
Cellcraft (Sweden)
Small Stationary Fuel Cell MarketSmall Stationary Fuel Cell Market
Plugpower (US)
Idatech (US)
Matsushita (Japan)
Panasonic (Japan)
Toshiba (Japan)
Cellcraft (Sweden)
Electropower Systems (Italy)
Helion (France)
Hydra Fuel Cells (US)
P21 (Germany)
SOFCBloom Energy (US)
Ceres Power (UK)
Ceramic Fuel Cell (Australia)
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Fuel Cell Related PatentsFuel Cell Related Patents
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
nu
mb
er
of
pate
nt
pu
bli
cati
on
s Patent applications 1990-2003
Patent applications 2001-2005
Japan USA Germany Korea China Canada UK France Italy Russia
nu
mb
er
of
fill
ing
s
12,839
2,9801,525 1,447 726 592 493 332 281 131 98
3. quarter 2009. – 1487 patent applications
0
500
nu
mb
er
of
pate
nt
pu
bli
cati
on
s
1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002
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Assignee Number of
(Company) patents
Toyota, Japan 330
Honda, Japan 62
Nissan, Japan 48
Panasonic, Japan 43
Toshiba, Japan 39
Daimler AG, Njemacka 33
New Patents in 3New Patents in 3rdrd Quarter 2009Quarter 2009
Daimler AG, Njemacka 33
Aisin Seiki, Japan 25
Ford, USA 24
Hyundai, J. Koreja 19
General Motors, USA 18
Kyocera, Japan 17
Casio, Japan 14
Hitachi, Japan 13
Samsung, J. Koreja 12
Mitsubishi, Japan 11
Sony, Japan 9
3M, USA 9
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Panasonic Mitsubishi
Panasonic (Matsushita Electric
Industrial) PEM residential unit. The
company is taking part in the Japan
Gas Association (JGA) demonstration
project.
Mitsubishi Electric presented this
1kW PEM small stationary fuel
cell unit in 2003 and announced
an overall efficiency rate of 83%.
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Ballard-Ebara
In January 2003, Ballard’s jointly-owned company, EBARA BALLARD, unveiled the
second-generation of its engineering prototype 1 kilowatt cogeneration stationary
system for the Japanese residential market. This generator has achieved total
system efficiency (heat and electricity) of 92 percent (LHV).
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Fuji Electric's 1kW
CHP residential unit.
Nippon Oil 10kW PEM
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ViessmanBaxi
Prototype of Viessmann 2kW PEM
stationary fuel cell. Company developed
4.5kW and aims to place ready-to-
market product in 2006/07??.
Baxi ‘Home Energy Centre’
Baxi’s networkable fuel cell produces
1.5kWe, 3kWth, and includes a 15kWth
integral boiler. The beta unit shown is
1.7m high.
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Vaillant
Vaillant's natural gas powered residential fuel cell system. (1-4.5 kW)
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Exhaust Air
Fuel cellsAir
Off-gas
Inverterelectricity
Heating system
Supplemental heater
Process block diagram
VAILLANT‘S BOILER WITH FUEL CELL
Natural gas
Sulfur removal Reformer
Primary loop
Off-gas
converter CO trap
Burner
Fuel cell system
H2 ,CO2
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Fuel Cell R&D in Croatia at Končar Institute
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Large Stationary Fuel Cell MarketLarge Stationary Fuel Cell Market
Number of units and power installed annually
©
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Technology Mix
Large Stationary Fuel Cell MarketLarge Stationary Fuel Cell Market
©
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MCFC
SOFC
SOFC-GT
SOFC
SOFC-GT
Technology Mix
Large Stationary Fuel Cell MarketLarge Stationary Fuel Cell Market
PEMFC
SOFC
PEMFC
PAFC
MCFC
SOFC
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Region of Stack Manufacture
Large Stationary Fuel Cell MarketLarge Stationary Fuel Cell Market
©
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10-20 kWe – data centers
Applications
Large Stationary Fuel Cell MarketLarge Stationary Fuel Cell Market
200-400 kWe – office blocks, hospitals, prisons, etc.
>1 MWe – power plants, server farms
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Economics
Large Stationary Fuel Cell MarketLarge Stationary Fuel Cell Market
©
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Key PlayersMCFC
FuelCell Energy (US)
CFC Fuel Cells (formerly MTU) (Germany)
Ansaldo Fuel Cells (Italy)
PAFCUTC Fuel Cells
Large Stationary Fuel Cell MarketLarge Stationary Fuel Cell Market
UTC Fuel Cells
Fuji Electric (Japan)
HydroGen (US)
PEMHydrogenics (US)
SOFCSiemens (Germany)
Rolls Royce (UK)
Wartsilla (Finland)
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UTC’s PAFC UTC’s PAFC –– more than 200 units installed all over the Worldmore than 200 units installed all over the World
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Molten Carbonate Fuel Cells
Combined Cycle Combined Cycle –– Ultra High EfficiencyUltra High Efficiency
>70%
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Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Power PlantsSolid Oxide Fuel Cell Power Plants
Siemens
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recently making big announcements
100 kW SOFC units installed at
Google, Ebay, Staples, Fedex, Wallmart
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More information on fuel cell installations Worldwide
available in a data base at:available in a data base at:
http://www.fuelcells.org/db/index.php
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Less transmission lines
Lower losses in transmission and distribution
More reliable power supply (back-up capabilities)
Newer more efficient and cleaner technologies
Easier siting (it can be located inside a building)
Advantages of distributed power generationAdvantages of distributed power generation
Easier siting (it can be located inside a building)
Combined heat and power generation
Potential for lower capital cost (by applying mass
production techniques)
Less up-front capital
Better matching of installed power and growing
demand
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Prva elektrana na vodik na svijetu
•Italian power company Enel on August 14, 2009
announced that it started operating a 12 MW
hydrogen-powered electricity plant in Fusina in
Venice’s industrial zone of Porto Marghera.
•The combined cycle plant is the first of its kind in the
world to operate on such a scale.
•Powered by hydrogen by-products from local
petrochemical industries such as the ENI Group’s petrochemical industries such as the ENI Group’s
Polimeri Europa factory,
•It can meet the needs of 20,000 families, while
saving emissions equivalent to more than 17,000
tonnes of carbon dioxide a year .
•The power station is part of the Hydrogen Park
project, launched by the Venice region and Italy’s
environment ministry financed by € 4 mln with the
aim to promote the development and implementation
of hydrogen technologies in transportation and
electricity generation in the Porto Marghera area.