priming the ant or the grasshopper in people’s mind…
DESCRIPTION
Priming the ant or the grasshopper in people’s mind : How regulatory mode affects inter-temporal choices. Lucia Mannetti*, Susanne Leder**, Libera Insalata*, Antonio Pierro*, Tory Higgins***, Arie Kruglanski**** * University of Rome, La Sapienza, Italy - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
Priming the ant or the grasshopper in people’s mind:
How regulatory mode affects inter-temporal choices
• Lucia Mannetti*, Susanne Leder**, Libera Insalata*, Antonio Pierro*, Tory Higgins***, Arie Kruglanski****
• * University of Rome, La Sapienza, Italy• ** Zeppelin University, Friedrichshafen, Germany• *** Columbia University, New York, USA• **** University of Maryland, College Park, USA
Priming the ant or the grasshopper in people’s mind….
• In every-day life people have to decide whether – to get an immediate pleasure (e.g. tasting an
ice-cream = luxuriating during summer, like the grasshopper)
or– to renounce to it in order to get the delayed
benefits (decreased body weight = storing food for next winter, like the patient ant)
Priming the ant or the grasshopper in people’s mind
• Psychologists talk of:– delay of gratification (e.g. Mischel, Ayduck,
Mendoza-Denton, 2003) – self-control and will-power (e.g. Baumeister,
Vohs, 2003),
• Economists of:– temporal discounting– constant discount rate
Priming the ant or the grasshopper in people’s mind
• Neuro-economy (McClure, et al. 2004): when making inter-temporal choices two neural systems are competing: – the limbic (i.e., affective) system (lower,
automatic); – the lateral prefrontal cortex and associated
structures that are typically viewed as more cognitive regions (recently evolved)
Priming the ant or the grasshopper in people’s mind
• Which factors will increase the strength of the two different systems?– Previous studies : cognitive load, drug and
alcohol consumption, sexual arousal reduce strength of cognitive s. (Ariely, Lowenstein, 2003)
• we hypothesize the influence of two regulatory mode orientations, namely locomotion and assessment (Higgins, et al. 2003; Kruglanski, et al. 2000).
Priming the ant or the grasshopper in people’s mind
• the aspect of self-regulation concerned with – movement from state to state– committing the psychological
resources that will initiate and maintain goal-related movement
LOCOMOTION
Priming the ant or the grasshopper in people’s mind
• The aspect of self-regulation concerned with:
– critically evaluation in order to judge relative quality
– determination of value or importance of something
– critical appraisal as a guide for action.
ASSESSMENT
Priming the ant or the grasshopper in people’s mind
• According to Camerer, et al.(2005) assessment is like controlled processes and locomotion is like automatic processes.
• locomotion and assessment can be made more salient by situational factors
Priming the ant or the grasshopper in people’s mind
• Therefore, we hypothesized: – if locomotion > assessment = more
impulsive choices – if assessment > locomotion = more far-
sighted choices• We experimentally induced either a
locomotion orientation or an assessment
Priming the ant or the grasshopper in people’s mind
• Method • 40 students (20 females and 20 males) from
University of Rome La Sapienza participated in the study on voluntary bases (mean age = 24 years)
• 2 experimental phases presented to participants as involving two independent studies. – 1st intended to manipulate regulatory modes, following
Avnet and Higgins’ (2002)procedure– 2nd: inter-temporal choice task
Priming the ant or the grasshopper in people’s mind
• In the locomotion condition, participants were asked to “think of a day when: – they had made many different things,– they had finished one project and did not
wait long before starting a new one, – they had decided to do something and could
not wait to get started”.
Priming the ant or the grasshopper in people’s mind
• In the assessment condition, they were asked to “think of a day when:– they had compared themselves with other
people,– they had thought about their positive and
negative characteristics,– they had critiqued work done by others or
themselves”.
Priming the ant or the grasshopper in people’s mind
• Choice tasks: 2 alternatives presented on a screen, (earlier reward always on the left)
5 €oggi
7,50 €fra 2 settimane
Responses made by pressing one of two buttons corresponding to the location of the options
Priming the ant or the grasshopper in people’s mind
• Participants informed that they would receive money corresponding to one of their choices (randomly selected)
• Participants were allowed as much time to respond as desired
• The task took about 20 minutes
Priming the ant or the grasshopper in people’s mind
• First, 2 questions to get acclimatized to the task.
• Then, in random order, all the 48 choice pairs generated by combining: – the amount of the early reward – the delay to the later reward – the percent increase of later reward
Priming the ant or the grasshopper in people’s mind
• Amount early reward (AER): 5 or 40 Euros
• Delay of later reward (DLR): 2 or 4 or 6 weeks
• Percent increase of later reward (PILR): 1%, or 3%, or 5%, or 10%, or 15%, or 25%, or 35%, or 50%.
• Choices coded “0” when early reward, and “1” when delayed reward
Priming the ant or the grasshopper in people’s mind
• 2 (Regulatory mode) x 2 (AER) x 3 (DLR) x 8 (PILR) Anova with the last 3 factors as repeated measures.
• significant between-subjects effect of regulatory mode (F1,38 = 6,553, p <.01; ηp2 = .15):
0
0,05
0,1
0,15
0,2
0,25
0,3
AssessmentLocomotion
Priming the ant or the grasshopper in people’s mind
• within-subject main effects of:– AER (F1,38 = 62,742, p <.0001, ηp2 = .62)– DLR (F2,76 = 43,454, p <.001, ηp2 = .53)
0
0,05
0,1
0,15
0,2
0,25
0,3
0,35
amount early reward
5 Euros40 Euros
0
0,05
0,1
0,15
0,2
0,25
0,3
weeks of delay
2 weks4 weeks6 weeks
Priming the ant or the grasshopper in people’s mind
• PILR (F7,266 = 58,627, p <.0001, ηp2 = .61).
00,050,1
0,150,2
0,250,3
0,350,4
0,450,5
Increase of delayed reward
1% 3%5% 10%15% 25%35% 50%
Choices of later reward
Priming the ant or the grasshopper in people’s mind
• Regulatory mode by AER by PILR interaction (F7,266 = 2,379 p <.02, ηp2 = .06).
5 Euros
0
0,2
0,4
0,6
0,8
1% 3% 5% 10% 15% 25% 35% 50%% increase later reward
late
r cho
ices
LocomotionAssessment
40 Euros
0
0,2
0,4
0,6
0,8
1% 3% 5% 10% 15% 25% 35% 50%
% increase later reward
late
r cho
ices
LocomotionAssessment
Priming the ant or the grasshopper in people’s mind
Results of this study:– confirm previous findings – show that people may be more or
less far-sighted as a function of the experimentally induced regulatory mode
– In other words regulatory mode is one of the factors that can explain “intra-individual” variability in impatience (Camerer, et al., 2005).
Thanks …