Team Members: ____________________________________________ Block: ___________________East Asia: Trial Objectives ReligiousInstructions: The following primary and secondary sources are designed to provide your legal firm with the information needed to formulate arguments that will show that the societies you represent have met and exceeded the challenges posed by the following three questions. Use your time wisely and provide responses with proof that your culture has shown the best answers to these questions on earth for this time period. Be aware that other trial teams have access to this information as well and will be looking for weaknesses in your arguments. Be prepared to defend your assertions. 1. How does this culture meet the spiritual needs of its members? 2. What influence does religion/philosophy play on the organization and behavior of society?3. Is religion/philosophy or spiritual development in this culture a positive influence on art, literature, architecture, and culture in this society?

Objective: What influence does religion/philosophy play on the organization and behavior of society? 1. How do the Chinese see the relationship between virtue and heaven? How does this view relate to political control as well? ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________"Since the Sung dynasty had lost the throne and Heaven had cut off their sacrifice, the Yuan [Mongol] dynasty had risen from the desert to enter and rule over Zhongguo [China] for more than a hundred years, when Heaven, wearied of their misgovernment and debauchery, thought also fit to turn their fate to ruin, and the affairs of Zhongguo were in a state of disorder for eighteen years. But when the nation began to arouse itself, We, as a simple peasant of Huai-yu, conceived the patriotic idea to save the people, and it pleased the Creator to grant that Our civil and military officers effected their passage across eastward to the left side of the River. - (Primary Source) Chu Yuan-Chang: Manifesto of Accession as First Ming Emperor, 1372 C.E., letter sent to Byzantine Emperor

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Objective: How does this culture meet the spiritual needs of its members? 2. What is needed in Japanese religion to gain the favor of the Gods and Goddesses? How is this different from religions based on the concept of sin? ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________He says: It is the sovreign's great WORD. Hear all of you, ministers of the gods and sanctifiers of offerings, the fulfilling of praises on this seventeenth day of the sixth moon of this year, as the morning sun goes up in glory, of the Oho-Nakatomi, who—having abundantly piled up like a range of hills the tribute thread and sanctified liquor and food presented as of usage by the people of the deity's houses attributed to her in the three departments and in various countries and places, so that she deign to bless his [the Emperor’s] life as a long life, and his age as a luxuriant age eternally and unchangingly as multitudinous piles of rock; may deign to bless the children who are born to him, and deigning to cause to flourish the five kinds of grain which the men of a hundred functions and the peasants of the countries in the four quarters of the region under heaven long and peacefully cultivate and eat, and guarding and benefiting them to deign to bless them—is hidden by the great offering-wands.- (Primary Source) Ritual in Praise of the Sun-goddess addressed to the gods at the Shrine of Ise, from the Kojiki or Records of Ancient Matters, presented to the Japanese Emperor Temmu, 680 CE compiled from recollections of an older book and previous masters.

Objective: How does this society meet the spiritual needs of its people? 3. What is the goal of Buddhism? What happens to the individual when they meet this goal? ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________"Here, O Sariputra, all things have the character of emptiness; they have no beginning, no end, they are faultless and not faultless, they are not imperfect and not perfect. Therefore, O Sariputra, in this emptiness there is no form, no perception, no name, no concepts, no knowledge. No eye, ear, nose, tongue, body, mind. No form, sound, smell, taste, touch, objects.... There is no knowledge, no ignorance, no destruction of knowledge, no destruction of ignorance, etc., there is no decay and death, no destruction of decay and death; there are not the four truths, viz., that there is pain, the origin of pain, stopping of pain, and the path to it. There is no knowledge, no obtaining of Nirvana. A man who has approached the Prajnaparamita of the Bodhisattva dwells enveloped in consciousness. But when the envelop of consciousness has been annihilated, then he becomes free of all fear, beyond the reach of change, enjoying final Nirvana. All Buddhas of the past, present, and future, after approaching the Prajnaparamita, have awakened to the highest perfect knowledge.

- (Primary Source) The Heart Sutra (Prajnaparamita-Hridaya-Sutra), a sutra attributed to the Buddha used by all Japanese sects, 14th century CE

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Objective: How does this society meet the spiritual needs of its people? 4. What is the Confucian individual’s relationship with the surrounding world? How does this affect the individuals’ actions in the world? ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________“Master Wang said: The great man regards Heaven and Earth and the myriad things as one body. He regards the world as one family and the country as one person. . . . Therefore when he sees a child about to fall into a well, he cannot help a feeling of alarm and commiseration. This shows that his humanity (jen) forms one body with the child. It may be objected that the child belongs to the same species. Again, when he observes the pitiful cries and frightened appearance of birds and animals about to be slaughtered, he cannot help feeling an “inability to bear” their suffering. This shows that his humanity forms one body with birds and animals. It may be objected that birds and animals are sentient beings as he is. But when he sees plants broken and destroyed, he cannot help a feeling of pity. This shows that his humanity forms one body with plants. It may be said that plants are living things as he is. Yet even when he sees tiles and stones shattered and crushed, he cannot help a feeling of regret. This shows that his humanity forms one body with tiles and stones.”

- (Primary Source) Wang Yang-Ming, Chinese Confucian scholar, c. 1540 Inquiry on the Great Learning

Objective: Is religion/philosophy or spiritual development in this culture a positive influence on art, literature, architecture, and culture in this society?5. Even though Buddhism was adopted for political reasons in Japan what were the results as far as furthering the culture of Japan? In return for state support what did Buddhism offer to the people of Japan? ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________“The most popular Buddhist sutra in Japan through the Nara period was the Sutra of the Golden Light. It claimed that if the sutra were studied diligently, the Four Deva Kings would come to defend the country from calamities and from pestilence. The scripture was presumed to have the power of protecting the state, and could provide rules for administration. In 741 Emperor Shomu ordered that provincial monasteries and nunneries be established throughout the country, and provided sustenance households for them. He was the same emperor who erected the statue of Roshana Buddha and built the Todaiji (temple). The new faith was well provided for, and in return “protected” the nation…. There is no doubt that the acceptance of Buddhism before and during the Nara period was motivated mainly by a desire for greater material and political benefits and there was very little spiritual quest. However, at the same time, Buddhism was also able to serve as a ‘magic garden’ to stir Japanese imagination for greater creativity in architecture, sculpture, and literature.”

- (Secondary Source) Japan: A Documentary History, David J. Lu. 2005 CE

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Objective: What influence does religion/philosophy play on the organization and behavior of society?6. Is there a separation between church and state in Japanese society? What kind of constitution is this? Is it a code of institutional rules and regulations, or is it something else? ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________“Sincerely reverence the three treasures. The three treasures: the Buddha, the Law, and the Priesthood, are the final refuge…and are the supreme objects of faith in all countries. What man in what age can fail to reverence this law? Few men are utterly bad. They may be taught to follow it. But if they do not go to the three treasures, how shall their crookedness be made straight?”

- (Primary Source) The Constitution of Prince Shotoku, Japan 720 CE

Objective: What influence does religion/philosophy play on the organization and behavior of society?7. How do Confucian values translate to integrity in social interactions in China? ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ “The philosopher Tsang said, ‘I daily examine myself on three points: whether, in transacting business for others, I may have been not faithful; whether, in intercourse with friends, I may have been not sincere; whether I may have not mastered and practiced the instructions of my teacher.’ The Master said, ‘To rule a country of a thousand chariots, there must be reverent attention to business, and sincerity; economy in expenditure, and love for men; and the employment of the people at the proper seasons.’ The Master said, ‘A youth, when at home, should be filial, and, abroad, respectful to his elders. He should be earnest and truthful. He should overflow in love to all, and cultivate the friendship of the good. When he has time and opportunity, after the performance of these things, he should employ them in polite studies.’

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Objective: How does this society meet the spiritual needs of its people?8. How does Laozi define the Way? How permanent is it? What are its limitations? Does the Way in Daoism acknowledge right and wrong? ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________The WayThe Dao that can be trodden is not the enduring and unchanging Dao. The name that can be named is not the enduring and unchanging name. Conceived of as having no name, it is the Originator of Heaven and Earth; conceived of as having a name, it is the Mother of all things.

The Dao produces all things and nourishes them; it produces them and does not claim then as its own; it does all, and yet does not boast of it; it presides over all, and yet does not control them. This is what is called “The mysterious quality” of the Dao.

When the Great Dao ceased to be observed, benevolence and righteousness came into vogue. Then appeared wisdom and shrewdness, and there ensued great hypocrisy.

Man takes his law from the Earth; the Earth takes its law from Heaven; Heaven takes its law from the Dao. The law of the Dao is its being what it is.

All-pervading is the Great Dao! It may be found on the left hand and on the right. All things depend on it for their production, which it gives to them, not one refusing obedience to it. When its work is accomplished, it does not claim the name of having done it. It clothes all things as with a garment, and makes no assumption of being their lord; - it may be named in the smallest things; …it may be named in the greatest things.

He who has in himself abundantly the attributes of the Dao is like an infant.

The Dao in its regular course does nothing, for the sake of doing it, and so there is nothing which it does not do.

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Objective: Is religion/philosophy or spiritual development in this culture a positive influence on art, literature, architecture, and culture in this society?9. How does the Yin/Yang symbol represent the Taoist message of the Way flowing in all things? ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

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Objective: Is religion/philosophy or spiritual development in this culture a positive influence on art, literature, architecture, and culture in this society? 10. Do the Confucian temples serve more as a spiritual center or as a cultural center in Chinese civilization? _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________In order to commemorate this great sage, Chinese people built Confucian temples in honor of his great contribution to Chinese culture. Confucian temples are called Kong Miao in Chinese; they are famous for their large scale, rich cultural relic collection and their artistic value.

Confucian Temple Bejing Imperial College -Temple of Literature, Hanoi. Disciples of Confucius

Taipei Confucius Temple Qufu Confucius Temple

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Objective: What influence does religion/philosophy play on the organization and behavior of society?11. How does an individual in Japanese Zen Buddhism achieve enlightenment? Once this stage is reached how the individual does view the world? Would this view lead to a nurturing relationship between individuals in society? ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________“Zen aims at a perfection of personhood. To this end, sitting meditation called “za-zen” is employed as a foundational method of prāxis across the different schools of this Buddha-Way, through which the Zen practitioner attempts to embody non-discriminatory wisdom vis-à-vis the meditational experience known as “satori” (enlightenment). A process of discovering wisdom culminates in the experiential dimension in which the equality of thing-events is apprehended in discerning them. The most distinguishing feature of this school of the Buddha-Way is seen in its contention that wisdom, accompanied by compassion, is expressed in the everyday “life-world” when associating with one's self, people, and nature. The everyday “life-world” for most people is an evanescent transforming stage in which living is consumed, philosophically speaking, by an either-or, ego-logical, dualistic paradigm of thinking with its attendant psychological states such as stress and anxiety. Zen demands an overcoming of this paradigm by practically achieving a holistic perspective in cognition, so that the Zen practitioner can celebrate, with a stillness of mind, a life of tending toward the concrete thing-events of everyday life and nature. For this reason, the Zen practitioner is required to embody freedom expressive of the original human nature. Generally speaking, Zen cherishes simplicity and straightforwardness in grasping reality and acting on it “here and now,” for it believes that a thing-event that is immediately presenc ing before one's eyes or under one's foot is no other than an expression of suchness, i.e., it is such that it is showing its primordial mode of being. It also understands a specificity of thing-event to be a recapitulation of the whole; parts and the whole are to be lived in an inseparable relationship through an exercise of nondiscriminatory wisdom, without prioritizing the visible over the invisible, the explicit over the implicit, and vice versa.”

- (Secondary Source) Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy

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Objective: Is religion/philosophy or spiritual development in this culture a positive influence on art, literature, architecture, and culture in this society?12. How does this representation of Buddha reflect the central principle of Zen Buddhism? Why would Zen gardens be an expression of this central principle? Would the simplicity of Japanese architecture be a symbol as well? Why? ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

-Zen Buddha , Japan -Zen Buddhist Garden, Japan

- Japanese Heian Period Architecture, Uji Japan, Pure Land Paradise

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Objective: How does this culture meet the spiritual needs of its members?13. As Japan’s oldest religion what kind of relationship did it create between the Japanese people and their natural environment? _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________“Archaeological evidence and early historical accounts suggest that Japan was originally an animistic culture, which viewed the world as infused with kami or sacred presence. Kami was manifest in natural objects, animals, significant people such as rulers and shamans, personal deities, and guardian spirits; and sacred rites were performed to honor and appease them in order to ensure harmony in everyday events. The ancients understood humanity and nature to be parts of each other, not independently existing entities related as subject and object. The gods, the natural world and human beings were a natural continuum. This concept of spiritual immanence instead of transcendence has remained an underlying theme in the development of Japanese thought.”

- (Secondary Source) New World Encyclopedia

Objective: Is religion/philosophy or spiritual development in this culture a positive influence on art, literature, architecture, and culture in this society?14. How did the Japanese incorporate the arts into their practice of Buddhism? ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________15. What did the Japanese see as the goal of Buddhism? How was this achieved? ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________“Around 1199, the monk Eisai introduced Rinzai Zen Buddhism to the samurai class at the Kamakura court; it became the foundation for Bushido during the Tokugawa period. The Rinzai school used methods such as koans to achieve sudden enlightenment, and emphasized the use of practical techniques such as painting, music, martial arts, tea ceremony, and dancing as a means of spiritual self-cultivation. Dogen Zenji (1200- 1253), who established the Eiheiji Temple in 1244, and his successor Keizan (1268 – 1335) founded the Sōtō school of Zen, which stressed meditation as a means of eliminating consciousness of mind and body and achieving enlightenment. While the Rinzai school won the support of the military government, the popularity of the Sōtō school spread among the common people and provincial rulers, and it has the largest number of adherents in modern Japan. Dogen’s major work, Shobogenzo (Treasury of the Dharma Eye) is considered by many to be the best philosophical work written in the Japanese language, dealing with the philosophy of language, being and time.The goal of Buddhist philosophical thought was primarily religious fulfillment rather than the acquisition of knowledge, and it was usually accompanied by practice and ritual. Japanese Buddhist thought tended to minimize or dismiss the differences between Buddhism and other forms of Japanese religiosity, between the phenomenal world and any absolute realm, and between the means and end of enlightenment. Shinto and Confucian philosophy were often incorporated into Buddhist doctrines and practices. During the isolation of the Tokugawa period (1600-1868), Neo-Confucianism and Dutch science complemented Buddhist thought rather than being regarded as incompatible with it. After the opening of Japan to foreign influences, Buddhism tried to come to terms with early Indian Buddhism, Christianity and Western thought.”

- (Secondary Source) New World Encyclopedia

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-Name: ________________________________ Block: _____________________________________

Trial preparation: Now that you have explored the basic outlines of the East Asian religious systems it is time for your law firm to construct a series of answers that will be used in the trials. For each question you must construct an opening statement that you will present to the court. Include aspects of all of the societies you represent and then list specific examples you will use in your rebuttals during the trials. Divide the topics between your legal team. Each of you will use the research from today to construct opening arguments. These opening arguments are required by the beginning of the next class day. Teams that do not submit opening arguments will not be qualified to move on to the next research topic and will be given the essay topics.

1. How does this culture meet the spiritual needs of its members? _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Evidence: Cite the source and summarize the evidencea. _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________b. _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________c. _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________d. _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________e. _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

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Name: _____________________________________ Block: ____________________________2. What influence does religion/philosophy play on the organization and behavior of society?___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Evidence: Cite the source and summarize the evidencea. _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________b. _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________c. _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________d. _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________e. _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

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Name: ________________________________________ Block:__________________________3. Is religion/philosophy or spiritual development in this culture a positive influence on art, literature, architecture, and culture in this society?____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Evidence: Cite the source and summarize the evidencea. _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________b. _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________c. _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________d. _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________e. ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

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