Experiments Relating to Phlogiston, and the Seeming Conversion of Water into Air. ByJoseph Priestley, LL. D. F. R. S.; Communicated by Sir Joseph Banks, Bart. P. R. S.Author(s): Joseph Priestley and Joseph BanksReviewed work(s):Source: Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Vol. 73 (1783), pp. 398-434Published by:Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/106498 .Accessed: 04/11/2011 14:11

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Y{XTIa Bxpvrsvmanxs 7welaZa9rg ta PhlagSoaS vsJ a-Zvd feem*#@nfg Cotr tet;4a1W of ZYater into Wir By JoSeph Pricfileyg LaL@ Is) Fe Re 50 X cammr4naaated (y Se Jotepll 13atiks X i94rtX PO RX Se

Read Jvtle z6 Xy$38

tO SIR JOSEPH BANE59 BARTx fl g i)

DSAR SIRs

^ T th@ ?erfeaI4loa of 1ny ft41etlds I beg you would lay befbr@ the :Royal Society my late obServations 01w Phlo

gSo and alSo on the -feeming GonverJ on sf w-ater zenZo airs though T llave by rlo rnealils dene a11 that I llave in v-ew with t-efpeA to thefe fuligeds The princifpalfSs areX I think,, fuf fiC;ently atScertatlledX tfhough X do not plefumevto give any opiZ RiC9Il with refpeA to tile theory of thelue

I arzzS wlth the ;reateIt xefpedX &ce +lSmIVga25 X pr1t; a T ) X 7 8 3.3

L)r PRIE$tLEYtS edgit7e#t3 E?t#aBN tS hH28s &26 399 .

ExperietZs tvlaling to Phlogn

THEll:E are few {ub je2Sv peJtlaps taczlleX tllat have ocC;a fiotled more perplexity to c}zernzi[Es tilan tilat of ttloon ors as it is foluetitnes callcdS tbe prgenciple oMf isJGazrtzzabilzty. It was tlle great diScovery of st SEIL vl-at tllis prilaciples wIwat- ever itbeS is transferrable fiotn o1le fubRatlce to anotEwers hesar kliffCrenl: foever in their other propertiess fucil as ftllpllurs srondX anel all tlae metalsg arld tTlelefore is rle iSanze thLug in them all But what Ilas givetl an air of myIlery to tlwis fubje2S: has lDeetl that it was imagined rthat tllis pritlcipleX or filbRance9 could not 13e exhibited except ill conalination wYith other fiilJllances and could not be made to aIfulne feparately either a fluid or Colid irme It was alSo aderted 1)y fiotne tlaat phlogzRotl was fo fir from adding to t-he vrre1ght of 130dies that the adclition of it made them really lighter than they were beforeX on vwhich ACCQUNt they chofe to call it tSe princgple of 11euityw This opi aion had great patrctas

C:)f late it llas been the opinion of mally celebrated chetniRss Mr LAVOISI:IER arnollg others, that the whole dodrirle of plalow giRotl llad been founded on miRakeX a;ad that in all caSes itf which it was thougllt ttlat bodies parted svith the principle of phlogiRoll they in faSt Io llothitlgs but o} tbe contraryS ac quired fometlling X aad itl moR cates atl addition of forne kind of air; that a tnetal fbr inttatlcet wasa not a cornbitlation. Of two thitlgs, viz. an eartIl and phlogiItonS lzut was probclbly a limple fubllallce in lts metaIlic Rate; and tllat the calx is- produced not by tlle lofs of plllogifl:otl or of any thing clSes but by the acquifitiorl of aire

Vot LXXIIIo Gg g; Tlle:

44tt Dgt t2 tEST tJEt S EtCrlaSeEle arE,u3atlet-;ts in f1vot1Xo oiS ttniS Opitli0t]? tfpCcivill tXzofn;

WtCh alc tdarsvtl t;^Oin t11t '2&vpCUi.tCt-ltS Of :;4|4e t..zAJa)lSIER snatle on tmel^clX3ry) are :fo 1>3K>i(3us) SEl--Acit ;1 osvn I wwcls finyfc35 mllch innlinetl tov^l-d 1urg X>vva:b-XS i-wc3Wedy alnvays t-leld th.n.t pEwlogitoul sstas the Iame tilitig u;rx2l -Ll ltaflaXn xuabte air 9 atad he ha-s ftlXiCiCIltty pRONTed -ttliS fl-om nazy e:xpew 14imetwi-s ?zild oblerva-iotl) tny ossrtz as sve11 as thcJ4z c35 oftllersF 3: d;d nota, lleN;-ev-l^) alcede t:o it till ][ diiccvered it 1)y d;reRw tXperitnents n-a.de xv jtll general a-t-

dnSzlpefSevnig Casetffin of AYXer ;7Z Xr 4a- tta the alx of lead alotleX sn tlae fame circumftances; would be a mucll eafiler experiluclltS and miglat larit-]g rne nearer to sny olUe&; and on makitag tlle eXpetiSGIlt it ituinediately an fwered far beyond my expeEtation.

Fol thls purpofe; I- p:Llt UpOIl a ptece of a brokela crucibIet (which could yielel rlo air) a-quantity of mitaitltu orll: of vYIIiclt a11 air had bevll extra&Cdg alld placing it upon a cotlvenient fiaNt- introduced it iato a large receiver filld with itwflamlzz-a b1e a1r cozllfi:led by water. As foo11 as tlle naiatrztn was dryX by tnealws of the laeat thrown UpOfl it I obSet^ved that it became blackt atld- therl ratl itl the form of perfed lead, at the fatWne time that tlle air climiaiffied at a great rateX X the srater aSctIading withi1a the receiver. I viewed ttl;S proceX with the tnoR eager and pleafing expe&atiot1 of tlle refult, having at that titne- no aFxed OpilliOI} 01l the Iubje&; andf thcrefDre I could not tellw except Sby:adual triaI Xwhetller the air wa$ decompoling in tle procfefsX rO that folne other kiI1d of air would be leftX or wlC-^ tllelz it would be alfiorl)eclf in taa. The fbrmer I thought the more probabIe as if there was any fuch thing as :logiRon ;tllllarnmalule-air, I imagiwedS conf1Red of FitS atlci Iomethig clfe. J Hosvever,, I was-- therl Iitisfied that it wouId be in tny power to determitle ill a ve1^y fatisfahory rnantler5> whether tlae pwhlogifton in inflammable air; had any-JR or MOt and if it had what tllat bafe was For feeing the rnetal to be adually re vived, atwd that itl a confideralule quatltityS at the lime titnt that the air ssraS dimilwiffied:, I could 1lot doul3t but that the: salx was aAuallyfimlJibing femethirlg m the air; atld fi:om its cieEts in mal:ing the calx into metal, it could le no other than that--t:o w-hich chemifts had unanirgopIlyg;;ven the name: of phbgo>Z

bgg 2 Bt60

UrQ

402 fDr PRIES1'LEY'S X4pFi7XSZ5 relai>g to PhtogSar, Before this firR experiment vvas concluded, I pelsceived tllat

if tlle phle3giR0ll siz itzflatn;lable air lclcl atly leaSe9 it -nufl: be very iracoIltiderable: for the pr(cefs svent Otl till there was 1lo 1m1Ore 10O1z1 to opera,?e s^ritho:Xt ealda.ageri1ag tllc rtCelver X atld csatnilailab, rvitl-< tnuch >tl.lXiC+\79 tlld 2;l- tla+>lt relmlitledw I t oulad tllat it czuld Ilot be cliftitlgtliflCd froTn tl:lslt ill XYtsiCtl I began tlle expe^itnellt VEwit}l xvas air estz-ac-8ced from irotl 13y oil of vitriolZ I svals rlleloefore prtty sJell ibl.tisfiCcl that- rilis lnflarnZ lnable a;1* cotlid lLlot cotltai1w aiay tTlit-

A#dSDesMU]Z?C COSFU/4JU4OS of iWher ?nf: Air 40J-: alld it tntlI} be uIed befbre it can have attta&ed atly fioorza tile atmcxfphere ; and: in tlae llext place the water aifo (:a cotafldei^a- ble quantity of svtlicll tnuR: lJe uiedy atld whictt svill aifO be heated ill the procefi) Ilaould be xxwade as fiee frotla air as poflz ble 1n theSe circumftatlcesX l-lad I iRutlcl tIle fluall refdumS of z oullce rneafures from xct to h.ve beetl ph3ogiticated o sExed air, I flaould llot have been ditappoitlted ; atld it svoulcl 1lot have prevetlted my colacluding that tS>/tp08 svas tlle t1ne thil}g with inpawmzable -agrS cotataitled ill a combitled Rate iIz rnetalsX .uR as fised air is cotXltairaed ill challi ad other calca reous fubllatlces, bo-th being equally capable of beitlg expelled

* * r r agaltl 1n t le torm or alr Afterwards uXing a calx of lead7 svhich had beetl prepared XzL

the farne mallXtler with the former7 but svhlch had remaitled fotne wTeeks expofed to the airn I fourld, th:at whetl by ui;tlg it: I had reduced- t so outlce tneafures of itlflammable air : to X oS this refiduum was phlogiRicated air. But examitling tlats ca1x feparatelyS I found Ctlaat it gave, by heat in a glaEs 07eflelS a eonf1derabte quantity of phlogiRicated air.

I muit obServe7 that the mitlium Ihould glot le teduced to a perfeEtly colnpad gla of lead; for then it would be too reZd fi*adory to le eaElly res7ived 1)y this procefs Making uSe of lbme of it I foULad that I coulcl; ollly melt it; but that a co pious black fume came from it, and coalted the infide of the receiver: an experimeIlt which I ffiall repeat and recotlfdero I mull aISo olJferve that the lead svhich I-procured zin ttlO abovesmeiltioiled proceSs was Not to be ditapiIIled from atly other lead anci that the inflalutualJle air s^7as all plocuredl from * , .r P . * ,

lron by 011 or vltrlot.

When I made uSe of inflallzzlable air froIn woodS I found} that though I was able to reduce [ninillm with itj, it Mt&

effcded

.i4\Ois r PR ISSTLEY9S A,.xpermez rez>aZ@Sg Zo P/pXy/gsnb keSewRed svitll rnore titne SIld di1fficulty Fol4ty outof this lsind of ;namrnable air I reduced to 25; vllen I fioutld that the heat of the lel;1s produced otlly g/abyrs ef lrad, and :ao Osevlc trtle air vas 024t;19 hosvevern ilzxdatun:zableS and theae %7{(18la finall Smixturc of fiXed ait4 it-w ito This kitadl of itaXatMF rl

and: Se JreeBning Con*erf n of Mazer znvo Kr. 4OS not fttcceed; but I muR repeat the experimentsS and lwote the falzpearances lmore accuratelys befiore I report tllem.: 0

3[n alkalitle air Iead feezls to le fortned from rlle miziutn as readiSy as z1w itaflamtmable airg aIad itlc?ieecl I thought rather more fo; a1ad tlliS iS -a retnalkatele- cntwfirmatlotl and 1lluRration of theSe expet-itnetlts, ill svlwich9 by takitag tEae cle&t-ic Epark in a quatRtity c)f alkaline ait R I cotaver^ted it itltc) three tiines as rrluclt- pure itlfl;aLutnctblcn air; an exppritnetlt w-llich , otl SCCOUIlt Of t:S>e xtraordit-

4 6 DJ4 PR tESTI,EY S Expvt a2aazfs reltzr.g Zo PhWorX atld to Tlave two hsed air ill it At another titneS ill eigllt OUI1Ct meafures of alkalille aito I g+ot 5 graills of lead beficles svhat svas diIlols7ed itl the tnercury uhich feemed to k a good deal in plOp0ItiOt} tO it lt WAR olzIerva'Dle that tilere remaitwed in tl:ais procefs 33 oull^ltie experituet-lts svith alkaline air svell deiServe to be efuleds al;ld I fi a11 not fail to de t at a proper opporturatye

T-3[avitlg tilus produced lead tSw itlffatnmable alr T proceeded ;11 tny attempts to revive ot}lelX netals from their calces 1)y tle rarne meatas; Rnd I fucceeded s7ery \\?ell with tin7 bifmuth and filveri tolerably sve11 svitll copper irotlS atld regulus of cor balt; but not at all utitla regulus of atltitnorayX regulus of ar iClliGv zirlcS or the tn&:tal of rnangaefe

I was deElrous alfo of aScertailwing by this nweans the fav7Ztiey of phlogiRotl that etaters lnto vlhe cornpofitiotl of the feveral 3metals n lout itz thls I fotlnd more d;fficulty than I lzad ex3?eded ^ atld this alofe clieffy from- the alIewance that was to be made ir the inflamluable air wll;chE etltered ilato that part of the caix whlch was only partially reviveds atld it was llot ta:fy t revite the svo1e of any quatltity of cals complete1y

After tnany trialsX I thir:tl I rnay vetlture to that an

OULlCt of lead abSorbs IOO OUllCO meafures of lnflammal31e airf or perhaps fomething more; ior itl otle refult it Seemed t{> have Xubibed ill the pro?ortiotl of to8 OUIl(:DO lBeAfUrtSo

f&n ounce of tin abSo*bs itlflammable air ill the propottion of 37*7 outlce meafures to the oUnC> H ounce of copper fiwoln ve-rcliter abSorbed +O3 ottnce tut;s{ureS; from a folutiotl of blue vltriol precipltated Iby falt of tartarS and ai-r-\^7ards; made red hot witll fpiloit of nitre 64O; 1tut frotzl blut vitrol it:felf 9O

vL}$ zhBj Jensstazg CG}ZT'6rAS 6?FX 3gL1//S Z6SZA ArE 43 7 out1Ce meaires. Ill this caCeS Ilosvever mUcil of tl-lt il:lflarn! mable ail svet1t to tt1C fOrlMStiOlI of ttld:E:-0VitUiQtiC (;cld air9 tt

40,3. 1)2 .. tst I E S a L FJ Y S- E X p b 2 sA77 b S fis , ,> sf f g S. g /n a shA> a>P t Z gualhtity of toa-n>nefie aItforbed ,< out1Ct meafd>res of ttl-

RblmX>k(R-l)-Rv atr ^ 1)1>lt t c0tz1d t1O:t peCtive atz;v tE-};tg irl i-t svXcha hs>id tthb appe^Rr3lace o-t Illetal 1;Ct1t I iontliIed I hV>at1 aot heat: ;t-anf3--1l*ld rxzixiSag svitl- it i-Onze cakiilwed 1O< ;ax o reDpensted the experivlmelwr) whett the7.ee vva-s ag;aill ala- evi< (>-1C->at a9knio-b8 Toat t tliz^, alld itl the cotlrft of that experiment) g fOt)t>lrne tinaxeP that tile proper phlvgitlic p;Irt cf tt ozas abR)bt Buti: we:re t p-oITiblc -t:o- proctIre '1fo 5?elifedi c:al) lao; part o WhiCil. flaotl:lfd rbe ibliuled and dil'periedS lzy the heat nectISa-rliiy to Lic trvaile -a^$e of ux) the p:i^OCOfS7 I Otlllllot dlztlbt btlt that tlae

gt4atltlty

and t,@e fe>-S-;, Snqpefot of A>Zazer zno AirX 4oi S

gllalltity of-izflammslU1e airitnbibed lvy it wouI:d fuffixiefiltly

add to lts weiglz.

Befides the irAlatiOtR Of SttAiS fiom their calces, I had tther proofs atld of a twatule fsEcttIatly curiousX o;f itRalu -nzable air cor3tainit-

+ t o Dz-> tr 2 St tzvs Bxperinents trelX*sg o PhlgXs:, 4$ireatn- of izitrous rapezur ltato a lalge plwlal prev:tou0s filleai \\r]Lt Tl i+wa-nte+able ail e Iw tTain tuant>rillg tnaIlSatr0

52kiElg a quantity of hat I llave called ai tize*Sted caSe of leadX wXnictl I firA produced bD7 unitirlg 11itlOtIS vapour to tni .t4tS (itl COiCuCt1Ct ,0 lsVlliCl7s; t rona being a red aad p:Osv dery fubRance it becatne svh-teX colla;)adtS and hrittle3; I piLaced it upon a ItalldX in a receiver filled svitll inLRatntnable air andL tilitosvitig tlae focus of t}vas preduced) it tuuR 1anve leen ior3zzedt Som tlle nitmus va-pour conta-twed in the calXXX a-tId the inm fl;lmmable airw itl ttze receiverZ :I:t1 order to a>fiCertait:l the puriC of this xlitrotls alrj, I rmixecl iXt svitil atl tqual quatltity of cotaz motl a;r? arld iottld t1Wa;t tIzv occtped rlae face of In33 mea lvlrese Fre{h nitrous-irS tmade n the uIual srayX atld tnixed. with comazon aIr lTl- the fame proportion-:7 occupied rlae 9ace of Is26@ Thts diffelence atooSe T1Ot Sern any impurity l-tl the tli tous airX, ltut ota the nwixtvre gf th@ dephlogitlicated a;rS which is a]to tspelled t rotu this calx 1Zy heate

e lXiver of {tllpl

dna7 tSefievt8Z'ng Conveo-z of mfer a.-fo Wir. - 4 X X La0:ly, to producelpltl?nv I threv^? the Socus of the lens or

a quantity of oil of vitriol cetatained itl axl taosllosv eartElel- reffeS, atld cvaporated it to clrftxlefs ill a receiver filled svitll ia flamlnalgle airX: ita cotlSequetle of wI-lich tlqe itlfde of tlle re ctiver acquired a whztith itacruftatiotl7 svhic?h u^then nvarmed Iwad a Rlollg :Imell of ftllpl-l-ur; alad repeatitlg the prt3cefi 111 t:ile fame rectiverv I was able>- this fecolld tirlle? to Scrape oS enough of the tnatter ts put on a piece of hot iron7 and to produce the get3tlitle blut fl-aluey as svell as tlle peculiar fmell of rulplul.

I thall coticlude tlywefe 01.3fervatiotws otl phlogiflcota Witll tsN7C) artlcles C olae of wlwich feetBs to contrasdiE all eIzcabli:thed tnax;rm atnong claetniRs; and the other a fiormer opinion of nzy C)\VIl - It is geilerally iSaids tTaat clan1*conl is illdeAruSil)le evxcept 1)y

a red heat fitl corltad with air. But I fitld tilat it is perfe&ly deRruAible? or decompofed iya *nacvoX al;lfd lDy the Ilent of a burniilglells aImoRsvllolly converted itltQ inflammable air; f) that IlOXCtliL1g fElllAiRS loefidcs an exceedilhgly flnaIl quantity of svhite anzes, svhich are fe]>dc3m vifible, except wlaetav ln very finall l3articles) they happe-tl to;erof:s the fulawbeatnX as they flv abollt vitllin tize recelver It Would be impolElble to colleA or- weigll therlz;; bu=t accoralitzg to appea-ranee thefa{hes thus pro duced fiXolal man5y pcsunds caf svood could lwot he fuppofed t(38 weigh a graitl: Tlle glOeat sveigllt of afhes produced by burw itlg woodl ill the OpC:Ll air- arifes froln svhat iis attradEed bT them frotn the airv The air svhich I get ill tljis manner is wholly illflammable:, without the leaR particle of L5xed air iLl it. ButS it order to thisS the cilarcoal tnuLE le perfE&ly svesll mades or witIa fucll a heat as would expel all t}le Ssed air svXlich the woocls contaills ,, and it tnuR l)e cotlt-inued till it yield ilaflamtnable aiXM tuly whicb iIl a< cartI-wen letol^tS is I:ootl pl^oducecle Brooda

4 X X lDr. PRIFiS'rIJEY'S E^per/;Ale#/S relcting to Plslo-iCov \\rood or c}]arcoalg ls even perfeEly deRludSible ttlat ;>

*>-efolvclble ilwro ituflamr3:lable air in a good eartherll retoIt) atld 3 fis4t tll2t \rould about tnelt irow It1 tlaefe cil-cumilatlcess tfrer all t11e fixed air had corne over, I lzase feveral ttmes colltiz rlued the plofs duliitlg a ssrhole day) ill al1 nvlaich time ilaflatne inable ail lslas lten produced equally arld xs itllorlt zlaly appearatuce of a tertnitlatiot. Nor did r srotldelfi at t6wisg after Ieeiag it wholly vatliffi iluto ituflatnrlzal)le air it tvcMa. A quatltity o:f cllal^coal Inade ftolusoakg vawd weigllitlg, alout aw ounces ge1z-eZ lsllly gasre ne a1Oout five ot11ace tneafures of iIldlalulualDle ait itt twelzre tnitautese

The fec(3lld al-ticle that I thall nosr nzenttota aSords atz itlv dilputable proof of tlle getleratloIz or fiXMecl air firola depl-llov giRicated air alld plllogiSl:onf or inflamlual:)le ait4* I have feve ra1 times gisTell it as my oariLliollg tElat fiXed a114 is a faHatiovs Juby6tanca, alld a modificato-l ot tle nitrous atad VitliOliC acids aly fotmer experimerlts greatltr favoul^;lag ti}

vad the feem1ng Gonauefon of hzer Xazo Azr. +t 3 sroll, which could ollly give inflalumalJle air. T would obSeve,, tllat the 1nelted iron formed itfielf into large ballsg whicll apZ peared to be a mere k orglaJ2D alld was Ilo loogeriron

Afterwards) to; put this hypotllefis concernillg the coITiZ tueit principl>s of fiSsed alr to a tnore diteEt prooi; I tnixeZe Xrotl filitlgs? v;*-hch g;avte oszly Lnflammatele virr witll red preciw pitate svlltch I fatllld to glve tlothirlg but tEse lJul^eI} delrhlo giltiated9 a1sd wSletl 10 heated tllelM iII a COated glafs retorte they gave z} great q;uatltity {f fixed airv iLl fOItlCA pO-l^tiOnS Of whsh nltatettetl;-tssteoltieths tere abli30rbed ly li-ne-Rv-lterX lJut the re-6cluus wtas tnflarnmC1133fla ti[ovreve-r; svhetl I tnixrd wit] ilOtl fili!llgi ^ qilltity 0t' i-)oNvtitred Ct3atC0ay tVllicll J: Slad; found tos giv7e otlly xlaflattlrbla5ie aXl* ttt-e .0X-cdF at ouly otwe fol*tiettl pas*t (f it re;Xwained tRIf alJCorbe y tatel*, b that tE-lis- fixed air svas as trure as tl-Xat sv]-aicll is generally prectlredg frota chalk by og1 of itliol

It alpeatedt ilx btne of thefe expelittlelz-tsX that thtte Otl;tlCt tneau-reS oi diphlOg*tfiicat:etvl a1:t got itlito tlle COtllp()ltiOU of two. ouilce meailres i- fised (air }9 or ale oance of tTwis red 0 pSlJecF pitate gave 6ooulwce tneai;les d det}ogiItated Klil* alld wlle] znised with tWo OtEltlGES 0 SU01t ifii'lilhgSx i.t gfitsrt 5011t 4

+ 4 Dr. PRIE,StrLEY'S Erzmens reStg o PPlglcConX irmerexperimelltS louttllc)reefpeciallyitlthtWeO BVn00tEwer- u1eat1s catl 1^1eat 1)e g;ven to fubRalCes t vcaS or ill ally orller h;tld of air leEldes attmofpllwriccll S alXd without fotlae method o:lD doilog vllis llo fuch experirnelats as thefe cala powbly be madeQ l: tlwerefbre cotlgratulate a11 tlle loxrers of tcience on tlae fcce ful attelupt of WIr. P.eNkEER tV eSeCUlte {V CApit.Sl 3't) illarUrnellt as lle tans done cf tlwlis killd. Sucll {pirited atnd gerlercous exer tilas refleA hotlour on hilnS:Cjlf aad oll o-tlr coutatryv zlt is olaly to be sviMed tllat ssre could 11ave lell4ses of a ftnaller Iixe (vaz fiom x 2 to X 8 illclles diameter) l

and tke fee7ouing Coozvef on of tYater itto A4r. 4t 5 from them ; a1ad to mere opinions I have never {hewn myrClf much attachedO

Havil)g brtmerly olierved fevelul remarkal:)le challges in fiuld fufia3zces, ill confeqwence of lotag expofure to Ileat in glafs- veflels flermetically fealed (Of wllich an accoulat may be feell-: in tlhe fourtll Volutale Of 1ny PllilofoplAical ()lerVatioIls); I then fortned a defigtl of expoflrlg all kitlds of folid fuleJ}anc>s to gleat hears ill a f1lmilar fl:ate of corlfi1aetnelltX atld for that purpoSe provided mySelf stritll a caR-iron vedel uthicll r coul(l cloSe at one;endX like a digeRerX and of ftlch a letlgtla, that otle of theE ellds mig,-llt l)e red-llot, while the otlaer ss7as ;fuffi ciently ct)(31 to be h;llldlede 1>0 this end there svas a cock cvilzed:ed to (I tulDe, I)y rneans of svllich I could let off fieam, 014 air, ill ally period c)f the pl oceI9*

I itnagiaed, tha-t whetl fubItances coniL1Ritlg of parts So rola- tile as to fly of befiore they had att:ailled anv confiderable degree of heat, ill tlle ufual preflilre oiT the atlnobhere srere com pelled to bear great heats utade-r a greater preffilre, they might ailurne l1e6^r forms, anda ut1dergo remarkable changes fimilar to wlaat we tnay fuppofe to be the cafe ssTithill the lJowels of the earth, where9 bymeans of {;lbterraneotls fires, various fub Ilances ljeal great heats ul1der very great: preIlures >- I-l1ave had this il1titumetlt fiotne years; but it rvas fo ill con

ltrud:ed, that I could 110t make the uSe of it that I lhad origi l1ally intended I tllerefore lately fitted ul? fome gun-l)arrels t ixl the fatne rna:ntlerX and ma(le tny firR: experimel1t svitl1 limeZ Rotle; expeding - that svhen the fixed air, alld otlier volatile matters, that might le cotltaitwed in it,, Illotlld be compelled to bear a red 11eat without a poilbility of rnaking their efcape, the fubRance itSelf-might u1wdergo fotne change, but I laad tzo : particular expedatiotl concerning tShe 11ature of that chat1geQ

V9EJ LXXIIIX I i i ; I hadX

A AI 6 lArs PRStSTTjEY S 28dtZgdSfS Ywd kv.8g to Fffii7fors I hadX howe>7er beetl X- ofietu a-voured wst- valuable teEelts ifOmk X1Cft}yX pUttitl8; thlllgS ItltO *T.]w\V Iiti]$$tONoX t(1t) 1 \;VaS et-lcouraged to txp>azd li-{liculty irz ;etttw; a to-^ai that ur>)uid b- attbttt atld 1[team .ti llt >1tldCt4 10 gUtat a ptCrd S;r X M8tifhed to anp;

I s as nR>lltit>Jilitzg t-l&)ft idC-itS tO I4>itX4 AttrAt.T7 ttl %zlaOre neigh 3)o-Vlllwood I have tile T-lapluita>->yis t be 3ituXXae;d hen 1A.e m1e3:w vtotic-d a Iit i.; t R- L t 1 t a 1 X X t2- yi t ] g s

t11tit Ibnae (Rzrpear>(zilces 1tl tile u-OR:$kitag ot tliJ tir-Ctzgine l^;Xad icel -Xtu to expeR t]wiss He tt-zoub77At tTat if t}Ca1n cou(1 be -nade redtwor Co thtlt a]l ttS 1Glte-3t I1eat ffiiotel be cota-Vertnd ;nto fel1ti)le 1-1eat titl-er tIine ot}ter chcnge vould pCOl)AlUlFt tA1Mst plRCt tIl itS C(DLl0ttCUltiOl lr 4 1ac ldtld mwore particu1adxr to tzXy fot rner prom 1'2S Of a t^Xtn1lar t1ature and I began uXit-h itu>fioz-)eX in lIlg to rlXy t11e eEEed Of givitzg a red lzeat tt3 lilme ln xvhlch svater oU5 art)- not iSagi21I.lg t1AAt it could Iazake arwy difL rewce svlzether the la:me fe p1*eparedS ffiould tective its heat

an earthen retort ot ill a ve-Eel of ircatl or glaXe Proceed trag, he3wever i-wthistmat12er Ifo.undthat-nothilagcanzeover in the form o5J9Mvt7ZS but thatutlaere xras aggreat quantity of sGrs -feveral laundredi t;tues more than the 1)u1k 6Jf the waterX aadl at

5 that

and Aefer}Xzg C>tverJWou f ArmZ X w"/-^ + 7 .

. . <

that tituW there was i:l it a confiderable pr-oportioll O fiNrCd AiZ whicIl 1 lmagitled nuight either be tlwat wtlxich had tlOt been ifficierttly expeLled beilae>- or 3mxg:ht be comp-oWed of fome plllogifEtc rnatter eontai1wed in the lilues alld the purer atr that svas yihelded by the water * fbr I owrl I thell concIudetlS tl1at the air wIlich I get (and whichS xnthel1 the fixed air was txtra2ed frorn it sras fuch as- a candle vould JuI} birt n) carne from the waterS efpecially as th fome of the proce-iSe$ the wexght of the air I caught was ve tlearltrf ; f not quite equal to that: of X the waters atld ltlterpofing a larg;e glafs ballxtz between the 5rerort and the recipietut it the air, I obServed that 1t remailled periStly coo:l and dry during the svhole pr

+ X 8 Dr PuT EiSPr t- BYS Exper1X8 nSs re/ttmg n w>/SzXIl4ara alxra;)rs folue lOlb of t1le ealtll IL1 ttit cloudinefi of tti aAS nntlaenever ttwe produlSiotl of it svas rapide Ira a tw1ture precefi I 11ad abtltldatlt proof tiat tEle air did no-t corne f}^otu atay cartlay luat-ter svitll wlaicil the srater lanWd beetl conSixaecl

LI;therto I tlad no idebl bt-t that a11 tl1at vvas aecdary to tI

vvd tEua fc?emtg .Casverfin of 2 S7t-l6r :Xato Arv + r y oll- ol iroll-filitlgs to tIte lime,, I got notilirlg firo;tm thefe Inix tures itl glClfS retorts l)etdes Rentu atd itlRarnInable ail^ frou tl-le decof:llpotioll of tleSe fubRatlces cOtltELiTlillg plllOgi2Oll

fI>Ilat there sv^*s llotlairlg irl tile tnaterials of uZllicl} tIXe- cartllern retol^t svas mado thtt lleceIlXtritly producecli the- ai>t s \\rElS er7iclellt fiotn: Iny IlOt fucceedilwg svhell I pottacld a- b^roke retortX ad 11eate(1 itS -laixedss7itll waterX itl otwe of glafst

Beillg f>ltisfiPed tllat the produEtiota of air depelltS-ed: very tuucIs . upotl the retort itfel:lE, I tllought of utixlg the retort tlly svith waterS butsvithout al1ylimeS orea3*tl-ly fubRalace; andI foutSlc it {Llcceed ir beyoaldX my expeEttcltiojn. i'or svhell I put a fizlu quailtity of svater itltO one of tlzele retortsX: and etldeavoured to diRtl it getat157 I never failed to procure about an 11ualdred ounce 1neaEllres of air; atld tllis I could do as often as I pleafed svith the fame retort, and wttllout its long any weight > andfthe- air produced itl tlis manner had nes7er ally portion of Exetl air in it, aIld was always but: very little inferior to that of the armofphereX

Ill all thefe proceSes I obi:erved, that very little of: tllis ail: was procured Ltill all jthe wYater tllat could be poured o-ut of tI-ores of the retortS and which had been itl fome mearure united to the fllURance of it,, that llad contributed to this produEtion of atr

Thefe retorts (which Mre WEDGEWOOD itaforrns lue are made of: a mixture of freffiL ald of burtlt DesTonIkire plpe clay) are perYious to waterX tllough s1ot to air; fo tlzat whlle the air is

l.reduced

44O Dr; PRlEStLEYS Eerincen-tsreAatzizg to /7eH089 prod6Aced flona that water wllich has etateled the po*eJsf the 1fleR ;s forutiwle!SS vYSlly tualiitzg its eScape ill the foXn eiS a eopious fttele otl tlle outSde It was evidelltly irnpolE1lDleS houreverS atld colltrvlrsT to aV11 the 1asvs of hydroRatics3 tllat air Ou1c1 c)-ter bv t}1e 1atn1e pores by svlic}l th-e svatet OL ReRM svas e>(caz XO) awd at tIte; fai-Xat titme lthalt :tFs endeavour to force its way out of the retort wtas luch tllat it OveRcanlt a couE1derable t {iRatXce Wotn tI1e colurrlll of svatbrS at tlle tnouth of my rect picRts Air xatlgllt have esteX tIlrough atay ulwobServed pores in ttle retertX but tlorlecollldhave entetedthatway: and lf elzere sncls tne leaR fetlfible crack iIl any pal4t of tlle retort: :t svas llever able to colle& any air at a11s

13ut ti1-e fblloNVing experime21tS tnayX perhapsf {hew that it sIS fufficitut fbr the procluSiorl of air that Reanz cotnt ilto cow taA svith 1ay fufficiently heatede Betsveen a copper Rill atld the ,1afs ttlbe commelaicatilg sv;t1a tuv recipietlt for aira I in troduced the Item of a tobacco-pipe n and by meatls of a ftnalf furnace, I lept abellt thtee itlches of tEle rri1ddle part of it nederfately re-hXe It1 this ltaeS rnaking the svater boilf t unifiortnly receivel airS though mixed svith ReamS at the rate 0f Sve oullte mieafures in twelve minut:es for tnore than aa hour; but when I let the p-ipe coolS norllitzg but Reatn tas dew llvered by it without any ait- at allO TIzere \vA5 no fiXed air- in this produces and it was all I;lch as a ca-tldle would hardly have bu-rtled it. It mightX I thouglat have beetz better atld alfo snor-e itl quantity if 3 had not uSed the llem- of a folit pl-S)ee Btle when- I uid a clean pipe itl the fime manner? I did t-ot find the air muchX if at- a11 iluprove-d Sufpehi1lg thls to al4ife from tlae- lleari con taft of tlle fuel g I ltl cloSed the tobacco-pipe ln an tarthen tubey alld l;hetl I had a;t as good as I had gerlerally

get.

gnd tte /Ser'ng Cwtoe-Z/ToB of :[1led to it, was llet dryX or per}

+zz Do>. va TESTLEY5S Experi7nents reiZaZing to Phlogiflons I ke}zt the svhole retort in a red heat for feveral llours, atad tllets iound t5zatS befldes lofizg thoSe tllree graitls it weighed eight gl aiNS lefs thall it did at SrRe

Befiore tllis I 11ad foulld9 that the calcined vvhiting which I had uSed ill tlle firil experiluent cotllcl llOt9 AS fome fuppoIedS attraE froln tlie atmofphere a1ly conflderable part of the air wvhich I get frotn it, after cotnbitlitag srrater svith it: f

rvedRet*Ontls: f at-znto W:ir. 4oJ .. t

hl6efl -X35 the filmne compo]tioil witll t}le retort, atld putting a iittle water ill its placed EitS furroundect with falldS itl a glafs v-eflelg, AIld tshis again:, ffnrroullded alfo utitll falld, in atl iron

, .

o1ze; and ret the heat traniinitted throup,ll all tllefe futbllatIce6 enal31ed +:the -eat thell stub.e to give air5 itl tile llle :: prOpOI tiOtls

and of the ^ fame qzualEit-> X6 it svouldL have dolle if -it had bees expofed toltLe;llaked fire.

Havirlg }low;procur.ed airs by tne-atls of a *vater, it} a very fmple andX as I thoutg all ullexceptionable mallner,, 1Xxilh to makeit in greater quantities o1-1 proportion to tlit xvatel cmr ployed , atld: for this iperpofe I firIt thouglle of itlcreafitlg tl-le fige or the thicknefs of the porous retorts; but I thougllt it migElt atlfwer astwellizft pUt illtOthe retortS illpowder, tlle tnaterials d which they we-re made,; or other ftlbRatlces of tEle:: fame kzilld.

Accordilglty

424 Drs PRIESTLZYtS Bxperiimenes relaxing o PPlog0ton irm of powder. By tllis means it would eafily pour out of tIze retort ;rhen the experirnent sstas over

The sveight of the water expellded ill this pl>edud3:io-n of aiLo I atcertainedX in tl-we moR ullexceptionable manner, luy sveigTw lllg the retorte Wittl 11 its cotlteiltsS before atld after the po cefBv I fhall explaill this bY the rcfult of tszro of the pocedeso f11 orie of tlaernX tSwc retort and tnoiItelled clay togetlaet lolt itx \vCjigllt I OE. + dV^rtie I 2 gl-Sx ACS yieldig 74I O'ULlCia Ie:RrLrCS oF ail^) svilicl1 (l11 tlle 3roportiC3t- of r< graitls- te cal> ounce meaSure) svouiLcl laave wtejgtlect tS dui-ts. I: grsX atld CO1lC- qut-1t1>7 thrpe-fcurtlls of the snrei,-lt of rlle svater

itl the other pl*OCtfiS the Tofs of sveight was I 5 d-tse I 8 grs after yielditig 556 c)unce meaiures of air, ssrIaicll would have weighed 3ds-vts. zt grsO Tloe proportiorsS therefore betsveen the ^ rsiglat of the air and that of the water svas I I I to s I 6>

. ,

or neal-ly l3me terS the bulb of wh-ich svas immerfed- itl the c]asatS tas flil:t ol-lly at the heat of boiling watere

Itl al1 thefe procei:NesS honvevers there nas evdenty fQ1X lofs of water forX excepting tlle firflt experitnenb s.Vltl the lilne9 I never got t:he whole weight of the svater 1XX ailZ ) a$5d

and tAe JfetZXX Cotvf rfon a>F A;rGa/r &f/?tt '. 4z 5 0lt tnig,ht be faid tlaut GE (3nly expPlle>el the air lefo< cotltailaed itl zthe w1te-) tI:lough hvo-1n theIW t;^}peritnetts it al3penzecl to c(3S1- taitl muell rn(re air thatl it hal been tholugtitSszxpable of cor -taitlitg. t1fl{3 -Obv-iate t1:liS oVjeAin3n I colitlived to cat-th all the

z6 L)re Pr IE$TLEY $ XperiE7Xea/! telvgiSg to p+Xs cJ7lindlelca1 glafs tulze divided accol@ding to outaces and pats of outces of nraterf it svas not eafy to avoid a trOr of a few gUn-^lill-Se 9t t OttltIs tilllCS the-re was aIl er1-O1 of a ftna 11 tsj3gL te ttlde ot1 tT:Le other {ide0 13ut it sv;11 aP1)ea-r Isereaiters ttant xuore

9atN Il1U haXrt eScaped inviflbly at tShO oTtICtz t-nouth o f tla-e rot1 tUIe tlt-1all I was avvare OfBe - l Iant tlothizy RINmOrX;tLg thO Tvulb of it iw H}eRGllys COt'blinCd iN 1] iloll V6ffi@ie Il t11CO cilcurnItances I olJtaiLacd ail as uftlalX onlr the prsduce was taot -.ifO rOlpial 11 th;S \vayS! t10\vCVCf X 3l-ocured :at)oVe an htltldled OUt1CC' meaIures of air fro1n lazolRetled clay 9 atld I diScontzIlued the proceii rvlthout perctis7itag awy terrnirlatioll of ;t@ 13ut the rnoment the rerort svas xaifed out of t1ze me1-c-vlrvS 1t gave air three titnes as faR as it lad dolae beiSoreo T1Ae quality of the-- nir was the fatne Xl bot1w caSesS viz. a little s7(>Xfe rlaa)< that of the atmofphe1*ee

I even colleEted thirty Ov1tlCe lneafure3 of air Whell the bulb of tIa@ fame retort: was iLnalerIed 1Il 1A0t lit-lfeed oils but the pro dU&iOI] Of air gradually ceafedS atid tlle tlext clay I foutad the ;retort altnoR fu11 of the oils which l:zad foaked through ita DiRillin$ thts eil I get 3oo ounce meafures of ail wholly itl flalr 1 naght fXd x; tXe az1 xlrxr ls really a coaIlituert part of

o

v;ssrf te tref7rsg Car-;;erfn of 7zZer *arto fr. 4z7 fflf -and I10t what it might h-ave itlabibed after its formatiolla I made a qualltitby of both dephlogifticated alld itwflalutnable air il fuch a malltler as that tleither of theln Ihoulcl everj come into contadt urith l^7ater, receivwing thetu as tlley svele produced iil mercury;. tlA.e forlner firom llitre, alld itw tlle middle of the procefs (10I1g afitel the water of cryfiallizatioll \vslS COlMC os er)! alld the latter f;-otn perfeflcly-made chalcoul. TIle tsro liinds. of air thus produced I decom?ofed by fis-ilzg tlaeln together by. t4e eletotric explofil* and foutld a tnallifiefl depofitioll of sv-aters aIld to -appearallce ill tlle falue ;aantit5*r as if both tlle ltillds o ar Ilasl l)eeIl prexrou{ly confilltd bv svater.*

II1 order to Jvudg$ tnol-e accurcltely of tlze (lt-latatity ofwater fo depofited, aild to compare it with tlle sveight of the air de- compofed. I carefillly ssTeiU>lacd a ?iece of filtcrilzg paper, aIld thetl 1laVitg BtipCd \itiloittall tle lllf-de of the glaIs sZeiScl iil w1aicll-4 tlle air had 13een decompofed,< xveig,lled it agaitl, aIad 1 always foutld, as llearly as I. could jutlge tlae sreigllt of the decompofed air i the m-ifiure acqpired ty tl-le ?a?e-..

As tllere is a fource o deceptiots ;11 tllis ex l?eriinell t, ill the finalI ;lobules;.of melctll-y. vilicil are aptX to adhele to- tl e illfde of the glaSs vefiel, alibl teV) lDetallietl t11? 1)y tlle p.swrer svitll xvl)icll. it is vip@do I fametitl3es ssreitlled tlle izaper vitll tlle InoiRul-c alwd tlle lmercur,v adherillg eQ it ; alld tl-lell exporlag it il] a svarin place, lvhele trlle vatelt lvoul;l evapolate, t)tltlsottlle naerct1ly, eiglled it ag

4 7 8 Dre PA IE$ T L EY $ XperiE7Xea/! relvgiSg to P+Xs ( =

Atlother p-eI5tlmptioll ill f:avotlr-of -the generation of ttz atmoSphereO ALlcl the-degree vf lleat requirlte to produces t it''t ere ig,reateL -tha m-ay be given by the rays os tlflt fun 3!tl C-81^63tt). cvitcvX-tStX< ciL1tlely tvlfFiciellt for tlle purpoSe9 as it appcars to bw fuicnFiX5t tor tI-e converfiotl of svater into refpir611)1e airs tEat ie con*Re 131tO CO1ltAa \vittl cl9y and perhaps nzany obher tarthy fub Stances Tl the fol*tzl of vapoure I muIt, hosveverS obtervet tlaat- s^7hetl I threw the focus of a burning lens upon a quatltitys of ^noiR clay, tither ia tacao, ols itz commoll airD, 1 got tao ai>

.

;frotn tX : 9 I tnade tE

rPtheJneatszag Convefor of Mater 28/0 Air 4tg or wh-at is called ;the principle of hear with the water, it ap gpears to lme to be frifficiellotly allalogous to: other changes, OLX -atller cotntiiXnatiolls of ftlbRalaces. Is laot th:e acid of nitley and alSo that :of vitriol, Xa thitlg as ullilte to alr as vater is rlatir properties beilag as remsarkably different > And yet it is detnollfir.ll)le, t-hat t}le acid of itre is coalvertible itltO tlle purett tefpilealule air7 a.lld prol3ably by tlle uzliot-w vf tlle fatz-XeJ pritaciple of heatj

It is trtle, vllat Ream is a tluing veloy difEere]t frOIM SX1, atld; I 8fillci tElat it is tnot able to decompofe nitrous air; but theIlX though it has acqllired fetlfible lleat, it 11aa got llO latent laeat fe

g tw.ituately cotmlitled svitIa it as it is t\titl] air; and for the fame reaSo-nS perllapsn the rapour of 1aitrotls acid is xlotzdephlogiRi cated air.

By the fame procefs by svhich reEpiral)le air is tnade t3y means of water, itlflamnable fair tnay be made frotn liquicl fiubRances contaitlitlg plllogifiotlv Makitlg fpirit of svtne to boit iz a glafs retort, I rnade tile vapour pafs through the Ren of a Taot tobacco-pipeg :atld fourud that it ixvas all feemillgly conveltec3 into itlflatn1nable air and it was of that kitld xvllicll L)urns svitl-z a lambent wilite flame. 13ut whetl I let 0 the D pipe cool no airx xvas producedZ but ola]y vapoul" svllich nvas itwlItaIltly cot1 denfed in the water.

Beitag Ilosv tnaRer of a tlew alld eatt procefsg i was willltlg to exteild it to other liqtlid fdi3Iarlces; atld I preSetltly folltad9 as I thetl itnagz}ed7 tlwatS by this tnealls, I could give a per snallellt nerial forn to atly liqtlid fubStallce that 1wad 13eetl pre-:

.

vloufly tlwrovvn into the form of vapour. - VVhetl 1[ lr.ade the VApOUl of fpiloit of tlitret llented itl a

glafs retort7 pafs tl-wrougil tlle Re*n: of the Elot toleacco-pipe, I got as pl.lre deplllogiIticated air as ever I llave proctlred from

K 1 k 4 aitreX

to Dr. PRIES14LE,S .Evatgrgf72aS!s re.ld-;;r3C /a^PtXinn +iltre thotlgll thz cork, by which the retort utas conile&e}

with the plpe) Bras cliOlve) alld tnuti haare contriSuted to COleltam11late itv alld giVe it d 0;g1lt a^lixture of fi ed air

SY1t1:1 Q11 oi virio3 i S(?L a*8:r coilEdercbly plllogifticated7 i tlttlwicTl wab dttioVed irt tE1e prcCeS. tI8he re futt was Ilearly tI+ StnQ w}wetl GL vlfed w*(1ter ltnptegllated woitIl witriol acid ail ) tilougll tne cork xvas Ll()t difiolved But tl- atld aven tlle comrnon air X} tlle- retort txeire vlle procefs properly beban@

In thls Rate of tlle experiments I tllilll [ nzay venture to fay that no perfotl could tave f9en thenz witllout cocluding that there was a real convertiotl cf water into airS there being 1o hnozn prilcwle or d X1 phlloipl

ud tbeewttg ConqJerfon ff tYater znfo 241vr 43 4 nany perAlu to fuIi?e& a fillacy ill the caIb. Irl this therefbreS I lnuR have acquieked as illdeed did all tny acquaintalwe, even thofe who had beerl rlle mo itlcredulolls on the i:ubJe&> efter thetr had thetnSelves Seen the experimetlts. But I wa-s 1ecl to the farther profecutsn of tllls bulineSs, irl colltiquenfce of havitlg obirved that the pUttt of the air which I procured de pended upon the Rate of that which was ilnmediately contit guous to the earthen retort or tube ill wlwich I ippoldd the converfionxto have beerl made; atld that folue commllicatior} with the attnofphere was neceSary to the ptoduEtiotl of any airS as in the experitnetlt with the digeRerS and thoWe with tlw-e clay and the burning lens. And Ence pure est:ernal air ssras znecelSary in order to procure good atrf it was concluded- by iveral of my friellds and efpecially WIr %rttt7 that the ope ration of the carthen retort wasy to tranfmit phlogiflorl from the water cotltained ill the clay to the exterllal aiL ; arld tllat the water5 thus depllloglfticated, ssras capable of beillg eollverted into refipiralble air by the illtimate utliorl of tlle p3+ttlciple of heat ;

II1 orclex to afcertEaill what the i-tlfluence of the external air ia this cafe really :was, I inclofed an earthen retort filled with moiRenec:l clay irl a large glafi receiver, open at both elldsy ttlrough the upper orifice of svllictl (leillg 1larrow) I tllruR the ncck o; the retortX lutill> it fo as to be pet-fE2ly air-tigiat ) 2;tad plAClI3g xtile rece;srer ill a bain of wtaterX by whicll tIe atl- witin svas c-ut eiT frcXaa al1 cornInutwicatioll with vlwlte extertw.R1 airX l fitted

.

.

to t1ze rwouth oS t-he retort a gla1i ttlb t11toug31 which t co}all receive wlwatever w;s plod zeed ill the proceSO It1 tElis f*Vlatkotz

lzeated tlle retort by zueans of *MI'o P t}tEEtRS CSCe1LCL< llr:l ;Xng lells7 wllell air was tvceived tllroug;ll ttlle tube comrxlulwi catillg wit'tt- the itltie-e a:f tl-S-e reC;rt as vlltu4)l ) but aF t11e Ine

t . e t . T

9 tX .st.JiX t f \ } . . ]. t i 2,

4J2 Dr. PRIES14LE,S E>ttgr*f2azZs rel-;;r3 aFp2Cnn tilue the xvater llo{e svlthin the ftCtiYC5e tt'his effczA might be O>vAf'itlg to a p}11Ol0-iCiitiOll 0 ttld air witl-zitl t}:e rectirter; tt it rvas foon (lilmitai{hed far beyotld the utnntift lilmit OX- that prc cefs fo tEat very little of tit retmatned n and exatnitlitlg tI-ais airS I fouzld it to lJe 1)ut ve;1Sy little sv6)1^1i t}wan tlwat of tl-le at fphereS as tIuat svil-9tc1Ul catale o1n t1we t-ettrt Was {(1 Xittle lJette-*

ttlais experitnetlt nzade it probable) tlaat the a;1 oSz tIze ovItfid$ of tltat receiver hadl adluvllJy patd thrtugla it- o}aly a Iittle p rified in its pa>.igeX alad yet it x07as contraxv to al1 tTae- klaosva principles o1 hydro{tatics) ant1 evetl atly tIait$; hitIatt*to RI1V8vIl itl chelmiRrv) that air Aaould bc tranItmitted tilrough a veITel ef tlais kit1d and itl ( direStell cotzraty to that ita uvEwicTl it svotld have beetl brced by t};we pl-tITilre of the atlnoSpllere 9 svlile the \vttiaS Witl] vvlaich tI-Se -C1ay svas troi{letwed,: svct1t Fhe other ssray lSor had the retol*t beexw pervious to ai1* as tIze ixllide llad a f-ee cotnnauilCatiotl vitta tlle (

dal thcvffliolffi,r Corzverflon af 3mfer into Air. 6433 as; Rrongly it-aflalminable as ever by t11e tu1oe c:Ornmuljiccti]g vith the illE;de of t svlaile the watcr rofe withitl rlae receiver9 atid terell covered tile retort, Whicil vvas fixed at tile very to of itX fo thwt Eltrdly ally of tile iIflaliari7 tt n70tlid I dollbt IlOtv lwave beew tl-ougl

*34 l)Z^ PRIESTt.EY9S }Exper?Xetts rGlAtXeGg Pbtogt/dogg &o tilaN NIra CAVENI:MISH S eXpefirnltilt 011 ftldlng water on the -tlecompolittoxl of air

l Cal.l20t COIlClLUdO ttAiS Sccount: wlthout ackrzow1edgin; mLy oUligation to Mr@ vaRx:Er for the uSe of lhis illcomparable lensS and ls ohllgigIJr ailIling me in the management of to ItldeedS srrithout this arerv inRrurnexltg ol one of greaterpower than my ownS I do not ltllOW that tlle laft mentior3ed experiments could Xave been -Xmade at a11 2 certaillly not to fo much Iiatisi&xono

Article Contentsp. 398p. 399p. 400p. 401p. 402p. 403p. 404p. 405p. 406p. 407p. 408p. 409p. 410p. 411p. 412p. 413p. 414p. 415p. 416p. 417p. 418p. 419p. 420p. 421p. 422p. 423p. 424p. 425p. 426p. 427p. 428p. 429p. 430p. 431p. 432p. 433p. 434

Issue Table of ContentsPhilosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Vol. 73 (1783), pp. i-504Front Matter [pp. i-iv]A Letter from William Herschel, Esq. F. R. S. [pp. 1-3]On the Diameter and Magnitude of the Georgium Sidus; With a Description of the Dark and Lucid Disk and Periphery Micrometers. By William Herschel, Esq. F. R. S. [pp. 4-14]Conclusion of the Experiments and Observations concerning the Attractive Powers of the Mineral Acids. By Richard Kirwan, Esq. F. R. S. [pp. 15-84]A Description of a Species of Sarcocele of a Most Astonishing Size in a Black Man in the Island of Senegal; With Some Account of Its Being an Endemial Disease in the Country of Galam. By J. P. Schotte, M. D.; Communicated by Sir Joseph Banks, Bart. P. R. S. [pp. 85-93]A Description of a New Construction of Eye-Glasses for Such Telescopes as May be Applied to Mathematical Instruments. By Mr. Ramsden; Communicated by Sir Joseph Banks, Bart. P. R. S. [pp. 94-99]Account of Several Lunar Iris. By Marmaduke Tunstall, Esq. F. R. S. in Two Letters to Sir Joseph Banks, Bart. P. R. S. [pp. 100-103]Account of an Earthquake. By John Lloyd, Esq. in a Letter to Sir Joseph Banks, Bart. P. R. S. [pp. 104-105]An Account of a New Eudiometer. By Mr. Cavendish, F. R. S. [pp. 106-135]Experiments upon the Resistance of the Air. By Richard Lovell Edgworth, Esq. F. R. S. In a Letter to Sir Joseph Banks, Bart. P. R. S. [pp. 136-143]An Answer to the Objections Stated by M. De la Lande, in the Memoirs of the French Academy for the Year 1776, against the Solar Spots Being Excavations in the Luminous Matter of the Sun, Together with a Short Examination of the Views Entertained by Him upon That Subject. By Alexander Wilson, M. D. Professor of Practical Astronomy in the University of Glasgow; Communicated by Nevil Maskelyne, D.D. F. R. S. and Astronomer Royal [pp. 144-168]An Account of the Earthquakes Which Happened in Italy, from February to May 1783. By Sir William Hamilton, Knight of the Bath, F. R. S.; in a Letter to Sir Joseph Banks, Bart. P. R. S. [pp. 169-208]Account of the Earthquake Which Happened in Calabria, March 28, 1783. In a Letter from Count Francesco Ippolito to Sir William Hamilton, Knight of the Bath, F. R. S.; Presented by Sir William Hamilton [pp. 209-vii]Account of the Black Canker Caterpillar, Which Destroys the Turnips in Norfolk. By William Marshall, Esq. in a Letter to Charles Morton, M. D. F. R. S. [pp. 217-222]A Letter from Mr. Edward Nairne, F. R. S. to Sir Joseph Banks, Bart. P. R. S. Containing an Account of Wire Being Shortened by Lightning. [pp. 223-225]An Account of Ambergrise, by Dr. Schwediawer; Presented by Sir Joseph Banks, P. R. S. [pp. 226-241]Extract of a Register of the Barometer, Thermometer, and Rain, at Lyndon, in Rutland, 1782. By Thomas Barker, Esquire [pp. 242-245]On the Proper Motion of the Sun and Solar System; With an Account of Several Changes That Have Happened among the Fixed Stars since the Time of Mr. Flamstead. By William Herschel, Esq. F. R. S. [pp. 247-283]Some Experiments upon the Ochra Friabilis Nigro Fusca of Da Costa, Hist. Foss. p. 102.; and Called by the Miners of Derbyshire, Black Wadd. By Josiah Wedgwood, F. R. S. [pp. 284-287]Memoire Sur la Maniere de Preparer, Avec le Moins de perte Possible, le Sel Fusible d'Urine Blanc, et pur, et l' Acide Phosphorique Parfaitement Transparent. By the Duke de Chaulnes; F. R. S. Presented by Sir Joseph Banks, Bart. P. R. S. [pp. 288-302]Experiments for Ascertaining the Point of Mercurial Congelation. By Mr. Thomas Hutchins, Governor of Albany Fort, in Hudson's Bay [pp. 303-370]Observations on Mr. Hutchins's Experiments for Determining the Degree of Cold at Which Quicksilver Freezes. By Henry Cavendish, Esq. F. R. S. [pp. 303-328]History of the Congelation of Quicksilver. By Charles Blagden, M. D. F. R. S. Physician to the Army [pp. 329-397]Experiments Relating to Phlogiston, and the Seeming Conversion of Water into Air. By Joseph Priestley, LL. D. F. R. S.; Communicated by Sir Joseph Banks, Bart. P. R. S. [pp. 398-434]Description of an Improved Air-Pump, and the Account of Some Experiments Made with It. By Mr. Tiberius Cavallo, F. R. S. [pp. 435-452]Extract of a Letter from the Rev. James Augustus Hamilton, M. A. to the Rev. Nevil Maskelyne, D. D. F. R. S. Giving an Account of His Observation of the Transit of Mercury Over the Sun, of Nov. 12, 1782, Observed at Cook's-Town, Near Dungannon, in Ireland [pp. 453-455]Methodus Inveniendi Lineas Curvas ex Proprietatibus Variationis Curvaturae. Auctore Nicolao Landerbeck, Mathes. Profess. in Acad. Upsaliensi Adjuncto: Communicated by Nevil Maskelyne, D. D. F. R. S. and Astronomer Royal [pp. 456-473]A Series of Observations on, and a Discovery of, the Period of the Variation of the Light of the Bright Star in the Head of Medusa, Called Algol. In a Letter from John Goodricke, Esq. to the Rev. Anthony Shepherd, D. D. F. R. S. and Plumian Professor at Cambridge [pp. 474-482]Errata [p. 502]Errata [p. 503]Back Matter [pp. 483-501]