PREVALENCE OF GASTROINTESTINAL PARASITES OF CAT IN AND ARROUND TANDO MUHAMMAD KHAN

Project report

By

(Group leader)

ABDUL HUSSAIN MEMON 2K5-AV-16

(Group members)

JUNAID HUSSAIN MEMON 2K5-AV-86 KHUDA DINO DARS 2K5-AV-91

KALEEMULLAH TALPUR 2K5-AV-93 KHUDA BUX KHUSHIK 2K5-AV-96

Department of veterinary Medicine

faculty of animal husbandry and veterinary sciences Sindh agriculture university Tandojam

2010

PREVALENCE OF GASTROINTESTINAL PARASITES OF CAT IN AND ARROUND TANDO MUHAMMAD KHAN

BY

(Group leader) ABDUL HUSSAIN MEMON 2K5-AV-16

(Group members)

JUNAID HUSSAIN MEMON 2K5-AV-86 KHUDA DINO DARS 2K5-AV-91 KALEEMULLAH TALPUR 2K5-AV-93 KHUDA BUX KHUSHIK 2K5-AV-96

A PROJECT REPORT SUBMITTED THROUGH THE DEPARTMENT OF VETERINARY MEDICINE FACULTY OF ANIMAL HUSBANDRY AND

VETERINARY SCIENCES SINDH AGRICULTURE UNIVERSITY TANDO JAM IN CONNECTION WITH PARTIAL FULFILLMENT

OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE ID OF FINAL PROF. DVM

2010

DEDICATION

This humble effort is dedicated to

Our

Beloved Teacher

JAVAID GADAHI

TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER PARTICULARS PAGE

APPROVAL CERTIFICATE BY SUPERVISORY COMMITTEE

i

RESEARCH CERTIFICATE ii

PROJECT REPORT RELEASE FORM iii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT iv

LIST OF TABLES v

ABSTRACT vi

i INTRODUCTION 1

ii REVIEW OF LITRATURE 4

iii MATERIALS AND METHODS 12

iv RESULTS 14

v DISCUSSION 17

VI SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS 20

LITERATURE CITED 23

SYNOPSIS 25

PREVALENCE OF GASTROINTESTINAL PARASITES OF CAT IN AND ARROUND TANDO MUHAMMAD KHAN

BY

ABDUL HUSSAIN MEMON 2K5-AV-16

(GROUP LEADER)

JUNAID HUSSAIN MEMON 2K5-AV-86 KHUDA DINO DARS 2K5-AV-91 KALEEMULLAH TALPUR 2K5-AV-93 KHUDA BUX KHUSHIK 2K5-AV-96

APPROVAL CERTIFICATE BY THE SUPERVISORY COMMITTEE Supervisor MUJEEB-UR-RAHMAN MEMON

Assistant Professor Department of Vet. Medicine Faculty of Animal Husbandry And Veterinary Sciences

Sindh Agriculture University Tandojam

Co-Supervisor JAVAID GADAHI

Lecturer Department Of Veterinary Paracitology

Faculty of Animal Husbandry And Veterinary Sciences

Sindh Agriculture University Tandojam

DATE OF PROJECT DEFENCE _________________ 2010

DEPARTMENT OF VETERINARY MEDICINE FACULTY OF ANIMAL HUSBANDRY AND VETERINARY SCIENCES

SINDH AGRICULTURE UNIVERSITY TANDOJAM

RESEARCH CERTIFICATE

Certified that the research work entitled “PREVALENCE OF

GASTROINTESTINAL PARASITES OF CAT IN AND ARROUND TANDO

MUHAMMAD KHAN” embodied in project report has been carried out by the group of

final Prof. D.V.M students under my supervision and guidance in connection with the

partial fulfillment of the requirements for ID of Final Prof. D.V.M. I confirm that the

work is original.

MUJEEB-UR-RAHMAN MEMON Assistant Professor Department of Vet. Medicine Faculty of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Sciences Sindh Agriculture University Tandojam Date ____________________ 2010

SINDH AGRICULTURE UNIVERSITY TANDOJAM

PROJECT REPORT RELEASE FORM

We, Abdul Hussain Memon, Junaid Hussain Memon, Khuda Dino Dars,

Kaleemullah Talpur and Khuda bux Khushik, here by authorize Sindh Agriculture

University Tandojam to supply copies of our Project Report to libraries or individuals

upon request.

Date: …………….2010 (Abdul Hussain Memon)

(Junaid Hussain Memon)

(Khuda Dino Dars)

(Kaleemullah Talpur)

(Khuda bux Khushik)

ACKNOWLEDGMENT The authors express their most humblest, true, honest, deep, genuine and

sincerest words of thanks to Almighty ALLAH who bestowed upon us the ability

potential, courage, health, strength, wisdom and all the resources through which we

succeeded in preparing this manuscript and Who is the entire source of knowledge and

wisdom endowed to mankind. The authors offer their humblest thanks from the core of

their hearts to The Holy Prophet Muhammad (Peace Be Upon Him), who is a torch of

guidance and knowledge for humanity, a symbol of peace, tolerance and true leadership

for ever.

We wish to express our profound gratitude and sincere appreciation to our

respectable and worthy research Supervisor Mujeeb-ur-Rehman Memon, Assistant

Professor, Department of Veterinary Medicine and Co-supervisor Mr. Javaid Gadahi,

Department of Paracitology, Faculty of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Sciences,

Sindh Agriculture University, Tandojam, for their healthy suggestions, constructive and

positive criticism, sympathetic treatment and providing utmost facilities during the

research work.

We are affectionately thankful to our dear sisters, loving brothers,

passionately thankful to our juniors for their sweet company, moral support and innocent

love. Thanks are also extended to our parents, friends and class fellows who were always

helpful to us.

AUTHORS

LIST OF TABLES

TABLE PARTICULARS PAGE NO.

1 Summary of Review of Litrature 10

2 sex wise prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites. 14

3 age wise prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites.

15

4 species wise prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites 16

AN ABSTRACT OF PROJECT REPORT OF

2K5-AV-16 ,86 ,91 ,93 , 96 For ID OF FINAL PROF: D.V.M.

Major VETERINARY MEDICINE

TITLE: PREVALENCE OF GASTROINTESTINAL PARASITES OF CAT IN

AND ARROUND TANDO MUHAMMAD KHAN

Study was conducted to record the Prevalence of Gastrointestinal parasites of

cat in and around Tando Muhammad Khan. A total of 100 fecal samples from cat (50 from

male and 50 from female) was collected from Tando Muhammad Khan and examined

regarding intestinal parasites presence. Samples was appropriately collected and transported

to the Department of Veterinary Parasitology, Faculty of Animal Husbandry, Sindh

Agriculture University, Tandojam for the Lab. Diagnosis. Animal data such as age, sex, and

breed will also be collected.

Overall of 100 faecal samples 24 samples are positive showing 24 percent 9

samples were found positive for Dipylidium caninum showing 9.00 percent infection, while 3

samples were found positive for Taenia taeniaeformis indicating 3.00 percent infection, 5

samples found positive for prevalence of Toxocara cati showing 5.00 percent infection of

small intestine. Similarly 5 samples were detected positive for Aeluroslonglun obstrusus with

overall infection of 5.00 percent, while 2 samples was found positive for prevalence of

Paragonimus kellikotti although had minor share in the infection upto 2.00 percent.

CHAPTER-I

INTRODUCTION

The cat (Felis catus), also known as the domestic cat or housecat to

distinguish it from other felines and felids, is a small domesticated carnivorous mammal

that is valued by humans for its companionship and its ability to hunt vermin and

household pests. Cats have been associated with humans for at least 9,500 years. Cats can

suffer from a wide range of health problems, including infectious diseases, parasites,

injuries and chronic disease. Vaccinations are available for many of these diseases, and

domestic cats are regularly given treatments to eliminate parasites such as worms and

fleas (National Geographic News, 2004-2007).

Domestic cats first arrived in North America with European colonists

several hundred years ago. Since that time, cats have multiplied and thrived as cherished

pets, unwanted strays, and semi-wild predators. Although often overlooked as a problem,

free-ranging cats affect other animals, often far from the homes and farms they share with

people. Because we brought the domestic cat to North America, we have a responsibility

to both the cats and to the wild animals they may affect. Here are some interesting and

perhaps surprising facts concerning the contemporary dilemma posed by free-ranging

domestic cats in the United States. Domestic cats originated from an ancestral wild

species, Felis silvestris, the European and African Wild Cat.

The domestic cat is now considered a separate species, named Felis catus.

In appearance, domestic cats are similar to their wild relatives, and many of their

behaviors, such as hunting and other activity patterns, remain essentially unchanged from

their ancestral form. Cats were first domesticated in Egypt around 2000 BC. Domestic

cats spread slowly to other parts of the globe, possibly because Egyptians prevented

export of the animal they worshiped as a goddess. However, by 500 BC the Greeks had

acquired domestic cats, and they spread cats throughout their sphere of influence. The

Romans introduced the domestic cat to Britain by 300 AD. (Serpell S.A, 1988).

The parasites that your cat can get are externals and internals. The

external cat parasites are most commonly fleas and ticks. However, your cat can get and

other external parasites like ear mites and lice. The internal cat parasites are primarily in

the form of a worm. And unfortunately for cats, these worms come in a variety of shapes

and sizes as well as bring a number of different health issues too. (Peter John

adams,2003).

Giardia is a common cat parasite. Symptoms may include foul-smelling

stools that may contain mucus, loss of appetite and weight loss. hookworms, tapeworms,

roundworms and whip worms attach to the intestinal wall of the cat and can cause serious

illness if not treated (iVillage Staff, 1999).

Gastrointestinal parasitism is a common problem in cats, with prevalence

rates as high as 45 percent. The parasites can be wormlike (e.g., stomach worms,

roundworms, hookworms, tapeworms) or one-celled (e.g, Isospora, Giardia,

Toxoplasma) organisms. The signs associated with parasite infections are fairly

nonspecific, such as a dull haircoat, coughing, vomiting, diarrhea, mucoid or bloody

feces, loss of appetite, pale mucous membranes, or a pot-bellied appearance. The

vomiting, diarrhea, anemia, and dehydration caused by intestinal parasites will weaken a

cat, making it more susceptible to viral and bacterial infections and diseases; thus robbing

your cat of good health. Furthermore, some parasites have the potential of infecting

humans.(American Association of Feline Practitioners,2006).

Internal parasites that are fairly common in cats include eye worms

(worms found in the eye of your cat that need to be removed only under anesthesia),

flukes (worms that get into the lungs and liver of your cat), and urinary worms (parasites

that are difficult to diagnose but cause an infection in your cat’s bladder).

The aim of this study is to determine the prevalence of gastrointestinal helminthes

parasites in pet and stray cats of Tando Muhammad Khan and its surrounding area.

OBJECTIVES

The main objectives of the study are

• To determine the over all prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites in cat.

• To determine the sex wise prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites of cat.

CHAPTER-II

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

v mircean et al (2010) study on prevalence of endoparasites in household

cat (Felis catus) populations from transylvania (Romania) and association with risk

factors overall prevalence of endoparasites in household cats was (34.3%) the detected

parasites were Toxocara cati (20.3%), Ancylostoma spp. (10.1%), Isospora rivolta

(8.9%), Isospora felis (5.3%), Aelurostrongylus abstrusus (5.6%), Strongyloides spp.

(3.4%), Capillaria aerophila (3.1%), Taenia taeniaeformis (2.7%), T. gondii/H.

hammondi (1.2%), Sarcocystis spp. (1%), Giardia duodenalis (0.7%) and Dypillidium

caninum (0.2%). Risk factors for infection with parasites in cats were identified to be age

and medium (rural or urban area). Thus, I. felis, I. rivolta and T. cati were more common

in cats less than/equal to 1-year old, and Ancylostoma spp. and A. abstrusus were more

prevalent in cats older than 1-year of age.

Mirzaei Mohammad (2010) conducted a study on prevalence of stray cat

with intestinal protozoan parasites. The overall prevalence was recorded as 13.26%.

species wise prevalence was recorded as 4.08% (Cryptosporidium) , 7.14% (Giardia spp)

and 5.1% (Isospora spp). Entamoeba spp. was not found in samples. 13.2% of the

female cats were eliminating cysts or oocysts of intestinal protozoan in their faeces, while

13.3% of the male cats were infected.

Overgaauw Paul A.M, et al (2009) studies on zoonotic parasites in fecal

samples and fur from dogs and cats in The Netherlands. A fecal and fur samples from in

total 224 investigated dogs and cats,. In the fur of 18 dogs (12.2%) and two cats (3.4%)

Toxocara eggs were found. From the remaining samples not enough material could be

extracted to perform PCR for the confirmation of these eggs as toxocara. Positive canine

hair samples for toxocara eggs originated from different breeds and fur length: seven

short, nine medium and two long hair breed the feces were also investigated all tested

negative for intestinal parasites from the cats.

Esmaeilzadeh M, et al (2009) carried out Prevalence of Protozoa and

Gastrointestinal Helminthes in Stray Cats in zanjan Province, North-West of Iran. Forty-

two percent of cats were infected with intestinal protozoan parasites, 33% were infected

with cestodes and 39% infected with gastrointestinal nematodes. Four species protozoan

parasites and eight gastrointestinal helminthes were recovered from the animals,

including taenia taeniaeformis, dipylidium spp., Joyeuxiella pasqaulei, Toxocara cati,

Physaloptera praeputialis, Rectalaria spp., Onicolla, Cystoisospora spp., Toxoplasma

gondii, and Sarcocystis spp.

Arbabi Mohsen (2008) performed Gastrointestinal parasites of stray cats

in Kashan, Iran From a total 113 stray cats examined, 67(59.3%) were male and

46(40.7%) were female overall 108 cats (95.6%) have been infected parasites found were

nematodea:Toxocara cati 13.3%, Physaloptera preputialis 39.8%, rictularia 52.2% and

uncinaria stenocephala 1.8%; cestodea: mesocestoides lineatus 7.1%, taenia

taeniaformis 15%, diplopylidium nolleri 64.6%, dipylidium caninum 68.1% and

joyeuxiella echinorhyncoides 85%; sporozoea: Isospora rivolta 5.3%, Isospora felis

5.3%, sarcocystis spp 8%, blastocystis spp 16.8% and giardia felis 0.9% and

trichomonas spp 1.8%.

Sathaporn, et al (2007) estimated Gastrointestinal Parasites of Stray Cats

in Bangkok Metropolitan Areas, Thailand the total of 1,485 fecal samples were collected

from stray cats resided in monasteries of 50 districts of Bangkok areas, performed ethyl-

acetate centrifugation to identify parasites’ eggs, cysts and oocysts and examined under

light microscopy. Overall prevalence of GI parasites in stray cats was 11.9%. Cats of less

than 1 year were highly infected for 12.3 %. Ancylostoma spp, (9.9 %) Toxocara cati spp,

(3.5 %) Isospora spp (1.01 %) and Dipylidium caninum (0.07 %) were the most prevalent

parasites in stray cats

Zibaei Mohammad et al (2007) observed Prevalence of toxocara cati and

other intestinal helminthes in stray cats in shiraz, Iran The overall infection rates in stray

cats infected with cestoda and nematoda were 105(99.1%) and 101(95.3%) respectively.

The detected cestodes were joyeuxiella pasqualei (34.3%), dipylidium caninum (49.5%),

taenia taeniaeformis (12.3%), spirometra sp. (3.8%) and the detected nematodes were

physaloptera sp. (44.6%), toxocara cati (42.6%) and toxascaris leonina (12.9%). The

study revealed that T. cati was one of the most frequently detected intestinal helminths,

which is an important source of zoonotic helminths.

Changizi et al (2007) conducted a study on the gastrointestinal helminthic

Parasites in Stray Cats (Felis catus) from North of Iran. The prevalence of infection was

90%, with those of individual parasites being diplopylidium nolleri 54%, physaloptera

praeputialis 32%, ancylostoma tubaeforme 20%, Joyeuxiella pasqualei 10%, toxocara

cati 8%, pterygodermatites affinis 6%, ancylostoma caninum 4%, and taenia

taeniaeformis 2%. Concurrent infections with two or more parasites were recorded in

34% of the individuals.

J Lopez et al (2006) carried out a study on Intestinal parasites in dogs and

cats with gastrointestinal symptoms in Santiago, Chile. Protozoa were found in 66.5% of

cats and helminthes in 45.2% of cats Species found in cats were Blastocystis sp. in 37%,

Ameba sp. In 30%, G intestinalis in 19%, Chilomastix sp. in 12%, Isospora sp. in 12%,

Toxocara cati in 10%, D caninum in 7%, Sarcocystis sp. in 5%, Trichomona sp. in 5%,

Toxoplasma gondii in 4%, Taenia sp. in 2% and Physaloptera sp. in 1%. and 49% found

in cats have zoonotic potential.

Sohn Woon-Mok (2005) investigate the infection status with helminth in a

group of feral cats in Korea. More than 29 helminth species including adults or eggs

among these were a host of nematodes, including toxocarids, Ancylostoma sp. and the

larva of Anisakis simplex; trematodes, including Clonorchis sinensis, Paragonimus

westermani, Eurytrema pancreaticum, Pharyngostomum cordatum, Metagonimus spp.,

Heterophyes nocens, Pygidiopsis summa, Heterophyopsis continua, Stictodora fuscata,

Stictodora lari, Acanthotrema felis, Stellantchasmus falcatus, Centrocestus armatus,

Procerovum varium, Cryptocotyle sp., Echinostoma revolutum, Echinostoma hortense,

Echinochasmus japonicus, Stephanoprora spp., Plagiorchis muris, Neodiplostomum sp.

and diplostomulum. We also detected a variety of cestodes, including Spirometra

erinacei, Taenia taeniaeformis and unidentified species of tapeworm.

Gustavo et al (2004) investigated Prevalence of intestinal parasites in dogs

and cats under veterinary care in Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil The total

amount of examined samples was 1,761, being 1,473 (83.6%) from dogs and 288 (16.4%)

from cats. Positive results 26.6% (392) for dog samples and to 20.5% (59) for cat

samples. In both hosts, ancylostoma spp., aoxocara spp., isospora spp. And giardia spp.

were the more frequent parasites. the rates of 39.5% for dogs and 29.5% for cats. Highest

infection rates were diagnosed for isospora spp. And toxocara spp. Importantly, our

findings showed the prevalence of intestinal parasites in dogs and cats that cause zoonotic

diseases.

Carleton Renee E, et al (2003) investigated that prevalence of dirofilaria

immitis and gastrointestinal helminths in cats euthanized at animal control agencies in

northwest Georgia Cats euthanized at six northwest Georgia animal control agencies

were examined for adult Dirofilaria immitis in heart and lung tissue and presence of

gastrointestinal helminth ova by fecal flotation. D. immitis were found in 4 of 184 cats

(2.1%). The prevalence of gastrointestinal helminth ova were found in 39.6% of the fecal

samples examined and 6.1% of the samples contained two or more species.

Peter John adams (2003) conducted a survey of gastro-intestinal parasites

was conducted on faecal samples collected from 379 feral cats and 851 native fauna from

16 locations throughout Western Australia. the prevalence of Common helminth parasites

detected in feral cats included Ancylostoma spp. (29.8%), Oncicola pomatostomi

(25.6%), Spirometra erinaceieuropaei (14%), Taenia taeniaeformis (4.7%), Physaloptera

praeputialis (3.7%) and Toxocara cati (2.6%). The most common protozoan parasites

detected in feral cats were Isospora rivolta (16.9%) and I. felis (4.5%). Several species of

Eimeria were detected in the marsupials whilst unidentified species of Entamoeba and

coccidia were common in most of the native fauna.

Barutzki D and Schaper R (2002) study on endoparasites in dogs and cats

in Germany In the investigation. 771 cats (24.3%) have been infected with

endoparasites. In the 771 infected cats the following prevalences of parasites have been

found: Class Nematodea: Toxocara mystax: 26.2%, Ancylostoma tubaeforme: 0.3%,

Capillaria spp.: 7.0%, Aelurostrongylus abstrusus: 2.7%; Class Cestodea: Taeniidae:

2.6%, Dipylidium caninum: 0.1%, Class Sporozoea: Sarcocystis spp.: 2.2%,

Cystoisospora spp.: 21.9%, C. felis: 15.3%, C. rivolta: 7.9%, Toxoplasma/Hammondia:

4.5%; Class Zoomastigophorea: Giardia spp.: 51.6%.

Table-1 Summary of Review of Litrature

Reference Year Species Result

v mircean et al 2010 Cat Toxocara cati, Ancylostoma spp Aelurostrongylus abstrusus, Isospora felis, Isospora rivolta , Taenia taeniaeformis, Giardia duodenalis, Sarcocystis spp, Dypillidium caninum, Capillaria aerophila, Strongyloides spp, gondii/H. hammondi

Mirzaei Mohammad

2010 Cat Giardia spp , Isospora spp Entamoeba spp , oocysts

Overgaauw Paul A.M, etal

2009 Cat and Dog

Toxocara

Esmaeilzadeh M, et al

2009 Cat Taenia taeniaeformis , Dipylidium spp Joyeuxiella pasqaulei, Toxocara cati, Physaloptera praeputialis, Rectalaria spp , Onicolla, Cystoisospora spp , Toxoplasma gondii, and Sarcocystis spp

Arbabi Mohsen 2008 Cat Toxocara cati, Physaloptera preputialis, Rictularia, Mesocestoides lineatus, Taenia taeniaformis, Diplopylidium nolleri, Dipylidium caninum, Joyeuxiella echinorhyncoides, Isospora rivolta, Isospora felis, Sarcocystis spp, Blastocystis spp, Trichomonas spp, Giardia felis

Zibaei Mohammad, et al

2007 Cat Joyeuxiella pasqualei , Dipylidium caninum , Taenia taeniaeformis Spirometra spp, Physaloptera, Toxocara cati, Toxascaris leonina

Changizi et al

2007

Cat

Diplopylidium nolleri, Physaloptera praeputialis, Ancylostoma tubaeforme, Joyeuxiella pasqualei, Toxocara cati, Pterygodermatites affinis, Ancylostoma caninum, Taenia taeniaeformis

In above studies these species were found similarly in present study we

also find species of Class: Nematodea: Toxocara cati, Aelurastronglum obstrusus ,

Class: Cestodea:Taenia taeniaformis, Dipylidium caninum and Class: Trematodea:

Paragonimus kellikotti

Sathaporn et al 2007 Cat Ancylostoma spp Toxocara spp

J Lopez et al 2006 Cat D. caninum,Blastocystis sp Toxocara cati ,Isospora sp ,Trichomona sp ,Sarcocystis sp ,Toxoplasma gondii , Taenia sp ,Physaloptera sp

Sohn Woon-Mok 2005 Cat Toxocarids, Ancylostoma sp. Clonorchis sinensis, Paragonimus westermani, Taeniaeformis, Taenia Cryptocotyle, Pharyngostomum cordatum, Acanthotrema felis

Gustavo et al 2004 Cat and Dog

Ancylostoma spp, Toxocara spp, Isospora spp, Giardia spp, Toxocara spp, Isospora spp.

Carleton Renee. .E, et al

2003 Cat D. immitis

Peter John adams

2003 Cat and Native fauna

Ancylostoma spp , Oncicola pomatostomi , Spirometra Erinaceieuropaei , Taenia taeniaeformis, Physaloptera Praeputialis , Toxocara cati, Rivolta, Isospora

Barutzki D and Schaper R

2002

Cat and Dog

Toxocara mystax, Ancylostoma tubaeforme, Aelurostrongylus Obstrusus, Capillaria spp, Dipylidium caninum, Sarcocystis spp, Cystoisospora spp, Giardia spp

CHAPTER-III

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Sample collection:

A total of 100 fecal samples from cat (50 from male and 50 from

female) were collected from the Tando Muhammad Khan and examined regarding

intestinal parasites presence. Samples were appropriately collected and transported to the

Department of Veterinary Parasitology, Faculty of Animal Husbandry, Sindh Agriculture

University, Tandojam for the Lab. Diagnosis. Animal data such as age, sex, and breed

were also be collected.

Parasitological Procedure:

Fecal samples was examined using flotation technique in saturated

sodium chloride solution. One sample of each animal was examined, and the result was

considered as positive when at least one parasite egg or cyst was observed in one of each

employed technique.

The principle for the simple flotation method was the same as for the

simple test tube flotation method. Approximately 3 g of faeces with a precalibrated

teaspoon was put into Container 1. 50 ml of flotation fluid into Container was poured

mixed (stir) the contents thoroughly with a stirring device (tongue blade, fork). Pour

the resultant faecal suspension through a tea strainer or a double-layer of cheesecloth into

Container 2. Container was leaved to stand for 10 minutes. Test tube was pressed into the

bottom of the filtrate, lift it quickly and transfer a few drops adhering to the surface to a

microslide. The test tube ought to touch the microslide for at least 2-4 seconds for the

drops to run off. Mount the coverslip on the microslide for microscopical examination.

CHAPTER-IV

RESULTS

The study was carried out during the year 2010 on prevalence of

gastrointestinal parasites in feline (cats) in and around Tando Muhammad Khan district

of sindh province. A total of hundred samples were collected from both male and female

of cats including 50 faecal samples from male and 50 faecal samples from female. The

sample and data were subjected in laboratory analysis for prevalence of gastrointestinal

parasites in the faecal samples.

Table-2 sex wise prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites

The overall prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites by sex wise was 24.00

percent. In females 14 samples were positive showing 28.00 percent and in males 10

samples were positive showing 20.00 percent ( Table-2)

Sex No . of sample analyzed

No. of samples

+ve

Infection rate

positive (%)

Female 50 14 28%

Male 50 10 20%

Total 100 24 24%

Table-3 age wise prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites

The overall prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites by age wise

prevalence is 24.00 percent. Seventy samples were collected from adult and 15 samples

were positive showing 21.42 percent. While in kitten collected sample were 30 and

positive samples were 9 showing 30 percent prevalence. ( Table-3)

Parasites identified in cats

Out of 100 faecal samples 9 samples were found positive for Dipylidium

caninum showing 9.00 percent infection, while 3 samples were found positive for Taenia

taeniaeformis indicating 3.00 percent infection, 5 samples found positive for prevalence

of Toxocara cati showing 5.00 percent infection of small intestine. Similarly 5 samples

were detected positive for Aeluroslonglun obstrusus with overall infection of 5.00

percent, while 2 samples was found positive for prevalence of Paragonimus kellikotti

although had minor share in the infection upto 2.00 percent.( Table-4)

Age No . of sample analyzed

No. of samples

+ve

Infection rate

positive (%)

Adult 70 15 21.42

Kitten 30 9 30

Total 100 24 24%

Table-4 species wise prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites

Species No .of sample

analyzed

No. of samples +ve Infection

rate positive (%)

Dipylidium caninum

Toxocara cati

Aelurostronglun Obstrusus

Taenia taeniaeformis

Pargonimus kellikotti

100

9

5

5

3

2

9%

5%

5%

3%

2%

Total 100 24 24%

CHAPTER-V

DISCUSSION

The result and present study revealed that coverall prevalence of

gastrointestinal parasites was 24 percent Out of 100 faecal samples 9 samples were found

positive for Dipylidium caninum showing 9.00 percent infection, while 3 samples were

found positive for Taenia taeniaeformis indicating 3.00 percent infection, 5 samples

found positive for prevalence of Toxocara cati showing 5.00 percent infection of small

intestine. Similarly 5 samples were detected positive for Aeluroslonglun obstrusus with

overall infection of 5.00 percent, while 2 samples was found positive for prevalence of

Paragonimus kellikotti although had minor share in the infection upto 2.00 percent .

In parallel to present study v mircean et al (2010) study on prevalence of

endoparasites in household cat (Felis catus) populations from transylvania (Romania) and

association with risk factors overall prevalence of endoparasites in household cats was

(34.3%) the detected parasites were Toxocara cati (20.3%), Ancylostoma spp. (10.1%),

Isospora rivolta (8.9%), Isospora felis (5.3%), Aelurostrongylus abstrusus (5.6%),

Strongyloides spp. (3.4%), Capillaria aerophila (3.1%), Taenia taeniaeformis (2.7%), T.

gondii/H. hammondi (1.2%), Sarcocystis spp. (1%), Giardia duodenalis (0.7%) and

Dypillidium caninum (0.2%).

The result of over study also revealed by the overall prevalence of

gastrointestinal parasites by sex wise prevalence is 24.00 percent. In females 14 samples

were positive showing 28.00 percent and in males 10 samples were positive showing

20.00 percent. And from the study of Arbabi Mohsen (2008) performed Gastrointestinal

parasites of stray cats in Kashan, Iran From a total 113 stray cats examined, 67(59.3%)

were male and 46(40.7%) were female overall 108 cats (95.6%) have been infected

parasites found were nematodea:Toxocara cati 13.3%, Physaloptera preputialis 39.8%,

rictularia 52.2% and uncinaria stenocephala 1.8%; cestodea: mesocestoides lineatus

7.1%, taenia taeniaformis 15%, diplopylidium nolleri 64.6%, dipylidium caninum 68.1%

and joyeuxiella echinorhyncoides 85%; sporozoea: Isospora rivolta 5.3%, Isospora felis

5.3%, sarcocystis spp 8%, blastocystis spp 16.8% and giardia felis 0.9% and

trichomonas spp 1.8%. in parallel to above study we also found nematodea:Toxocara

cati cestodea: Taenia Taeniaformis, Dipylidium Caninum. And Zibaei Mohammad, et al

(2007) observed Prevalence of toxocara cati and other intestinal helminthes in stray cats

in shiraz, Iran the overall infection he also found stray cats infected with cestoda and

nematode.

Changizi et al (2007) conducted a study on the gastrointestinal helminthic

Parasites in Stray Cats (Felis catus) from North of Iran. The prevalence of infection was

90%. Where over present study the infection was 24%. Sathaporn (2007) examined the

overall prevalence of GI parasites in stray cats of Bangkok areas and says the most

prevalent parasite detected in stray cats and toxocara spp. (3.5%) was the second mostly

found in cats . in present result we also revealed that the second mostly found species in

cat is toxocara cati spp. (5%). Esmaeilzadeh M, et al (2009) carried out Prevalence of

Protozoa and Gastrointestinal Helminthes in Stray Cats in zanjan Province, North-West

of Iran he found four species of parasites and in present study we found difference of

species from above studies we found five species of parasites. Overgaauw Paul A.M, et

al (2009) studies on zoonotic parasites in fecal samples and fur from dogs and cats in

The Netherlands Toxocara eggs were found. From the remaining samples not enough

material could be extracted to perform PCR for the confirmation of these eggs as

Toxocara. we found all species of gastrointestinal parasites by Flotation methods.

CHAPTER-VI

SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS

Summary

In order to study prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites (GIT) parasites of

feline (cats) in and around Tando Muhammad khan, district of sindh province. The study

was carried out during the year 2010 on prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites in feline

(cats) in and around Tando Muhammad Khan district of sindh province . A total of

hundred samples were collected from both male and female of cats including 50 faecal

samples from male and 50 faecal samples from female of cat. the sample and data were

subjected in laboratory analysis for prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites in the faecal

samples.

The overall prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites by sex wise

prevalence is 24.00 percent. In females 14 samples were positive showing 28.00 percent

and in males 10 samples were positive showing 20.00 percent. The overall

prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites by sex wise prevalence is 24.00 percent. Seventy

samples were collected from adult and 15 samples are positive showing 21.42 percent.

While in kitten collected sample were 30 and positive samples are 9 showing 30 percent

prevalence.

Out of 100 faecal samples 9 samples were found positive for Dipylidium

caninum showing 9.00 percent infection, while 3 samples were found positive for Taenia

taeniaeformis indicating 3.00 percent infection, 5 samples found positive for prevalence

of Toxocara cati showing 5.00 percent infection of small intestine. Similarly 5 samples

were detected positive for Aeluroslonglun obstrusus with overall infection of 5.00

percent, while 2 samples was found positive for prevalence of Paragonimus kellikotti

although had minor share in the infection upto 2.00 percent.

Conclusions

It was concluded from the present studies that little care is being

taken by the owners for the health of their animals, particularly of cats. Most for the

faecal samples of cats in disrtrict Tando Muhammad khan were found negative and the

species of positive samples are, Class: Nematodea: Toxocara cati, Aelurastronglum

obstrusus, Class: Cestodea:Taenia taeniaformis, Dipylidium caninum and Class:

Trematodea: Paragonimus kellikotti are found in (GIT) parasites species.

Suggestions

On the basis of findings of the present investigations, the following

suggestions could be offered.

1. special project may be launched to examine the cats of district

Tando Muhammad khan for for prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites and give free

treatment may be given to animals at government veterinary hospital Tando Muhammad

khan.

2. The cats owners and social workers may be given training to

care their animals, particularly to guide them the causes of gastrointestinal parasites

infection

LITERATURECITED

American association of Feline Practitioners (2006) Gastrointestinal Parasites of Cats

Cornell University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, New York 14853-6401

Arbabi Mohsen and Hossein H (2008) Gastrointestinal parasites of stray cats in Kashan. Trop Biomed :26(1):16-22.

Barutzki D and Schaper R (2002) Endoparasites in dogs and cats in Germany Parasitol

Res:90(32): 148-50 Changizi E , I Mobedi , MR Salimi-Bejestani and A Rezaei-Doust (2007)

gastrointestinal helminthic Parasites in Stray Cats (Felis catus) from North of Iran. Iranian J Parasitol: 2(4) :25-29

Carleton Renee E. and Mary Katherine Tolbert (2004) prevalence of dirofilaria

immitis and gastrointestinal helminths in cats euthanized at animal control agencies in northwest Georgia. Veterinary Parasitology :119 319–326.

Esmaeilzadeh M, M Shamsfard, A Kazemi, and SA Khalafi (2009) Prevalence of Protozoa and Gastrointestinal Helminthes in Stray Cats in zanjan Province, North-West of Iran. Iranian J Parasitology.

Gustavo Loriezni, Tiana TASCA and Geraldo Attilio De CARLI (2004) intestinal

parasites in dogs and cats under veterinary care in Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil Braz. J. vet. Res: 44(2):137-145

iVillage Staff (1999) Common Cat Parasites ON Jan 1, 1999 at 12:00PM

J Lopez, Abarca K and Paredes P (2006) Intestinal parasites in dogs and cats with

gastrointestinal symptoms in Santiago, Chile Rev Med Chil:134(2):193-200

Mirzaei Mohammad (2010) Prevalence of Stray cats with Intestinal Protozoan Parasites. American Journal of Animal and Veterinary Sciences 5 (2): 86-90

National Geographic News.( 2004-2007) Burial Found on Cyprus" Oldest Known Pet

Cat 9500-Year-Old

Overgaauw Paul A.M., Linda van Zutphen , Denise Hoek and Felix O. Yaya (2009) Zoonotic parasites in fecal samples and fur from dogs and cats in The Netherlands. VETPAR-4790

Peter John adams (2003) parasites of native fauna from werstren Australia the

applications of molecular study of parasitic infection in Australia. J. (Nat. Sci.) 03 : 12 – 26

Sathaporn Jittapalapong, Tawin Inparnkaew and Nongnuch Pinyopanuwat (2007)

prevalence of GI parasites in stray cats of Bangkok. Kasetsart J. (Nat. Sci.) 41 : 69 – 73

Serpell S.A. (1988). The domestication of the cat. In: D.C. Turner and P. Bateson (eds.)

The Domestic Cat: The Biology of Its Behaviour. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge,151-158

Sohn Woon-Mok and Jong-Yil Chai (2005) infection status with helminth in a group of

feral cats in Korea. Korean J Parasitol :43(3)

V mircean, Titilincu A and, Vasile C (2010) Prevalence of endoparasites in household cat (Felis catus) populations from Transylvania (Romania) and association with risk factors Vet Parasitolgy.:171(1-2):163-6

Zibaei Mohammad, Seyed Mahmoud Sadjjadi and Bahador Sarkari (2007)

Prevalence of toxocara cati and other intestinal helminthes in stray cats in shiraz, Iran. Tropical Biomedicine 24(2): 39–43

SYNOPSIS

SYNOPSIS OF THE PROPOSED RESEARCH WORK TO BE DONE IN CONNECTION WITH PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF REQUIREMENT FOR THE ID PURPOSE OF FINAL PROF. DVM TO BE SUBMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF VET MEDICINE (SINDH AGRICULTURE UNIVERSITY TANDOJAM).

BY

ABDUL HUSSAIN MEMON 2K5-AV-16 (GROUP LEADER) JUNAID HUSSAIN MEMON 2K5-AV-86

KHUDA DINO DARS 2K5-AV-91 KALEEMULLAH TALPUR 2K5-AV-93 KHUDA BUX KHUSHIK 2K5-AV-96

TITLE: PREVALENCE OF GASTROINTESTINAL PARASITES OF CAT IN AND ARROUND TANDO MUHAMMAD KHAN

INTRODUCTION

The cat (Felis catus), also known as the domestic cat or housecat to

distinguish it from other felines and felids, is a small domesticated carnivorous mammal

that is valued by humans for its companionship and its ability to hunt vermin and

household pests. Cats have been associated with humans for at least 9,500 years

(National Geographic News, 2004).

Domestic cats first arrived in North America with European colonists

several hundred years ago. Since that time, cats have multiplied and thrived as cherished

pets, unwanted strays, and semi-wild predators. Although often overlooked as a problem,

free-ranging cats affect other animals, often far from the homes and farms they share with

people. Because we brought the domestic cat to North America, we have a responsibility

to both the cats and to the wild animals they may affect. Here are some interesting and

perhaps surprising facts concerning the contemporary dilemma posed by free-ranging

domestic cats in the United States. Domestic cats originated from an ancestral wild

species, Felis silvestris, the European and African Wild Cat. The domestic cat is now

considered a separate species, named Felis catus. In appearance, domestic cats are similar

to their wild relatives, and many of their behaviors, such as hunting and other activity

patterns, remain essentially unchanged from their ancestral form. Cats were first

domesticated in Egypt around 2000 BC (Serpell, 1988).

Parasites are the most common causes of gas-trointestinal disease in

domestic cats. Stray cats provide a potential reservoir of helminthic parasites to domestic

cats, especially in rural areas (Calvete, 1998). Rural cats prowl in urban and rural regions

near residential areas. They are reservoir of many zoonotic infestations such as

hookworm & ascariasis (Fisher, 2003 and Laberthe 2004). Excretion of large quantities

of faeces by rural cats, presents a health hazard to the human population especially

children.

Gastrointestinal parasitism is a common problem in cats, with prevalence

rates as high as 45 percent. The parasites can be wormlike (e.g., stomach worms,

roundworms, hookworms, tapeworms) or one-celled (e.g., Isospora, Giardia,

Toxoplasma) organisms. The signs associated with parasite infections are fairly

nonspecific, such as a dull haircoat, coughing, vomiting, diarrhea, mucoid or bloody

feces, loss of appetite, pale mucous membranes, or a pot-bellied appearance. The

vomiting, diarrhea, anemia, and dehydration caused by intestinal parasites will weaken a

cat, making it more susceptible to viral and bacterial infections and diseases; thus robbing

your cat of good health. Furthermore, some parasites have the potential of infecting

humans.

The aim of this study is to determine the prevalence of gastrointestinal

helminthes parasites in pet and stray cats of Tando Muhammad Khan and its surrounding

area.

OBJECTIVES:

• To determine the over all prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites in cat.

• To determine the sex wise prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites of cat.

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

Mirzaei Mohammad (2010) conducted a study on prevalence of stray cat

with intestinal protozoan parasites. The overall prevalence was recorded as 13.26%.

species wise prevalence was recorded as 4.08% (Cryptosporidium) , 7.14% (Giardia spp)

and 5.1% (Isospora spp). Entamoeba spp. was not found in samples. 13.2% of the

female cats were eliminating cysts or oocysts of intestinal protozoan in their faeces, while

13.3% of the male cats were infected.

Esmaeilzadeh M, et al (2009) carried out Prevalence of Protozoa and

Gastrointestinal Helminthes in Stray Cats in Zanjan Province, North-West of Iran. Forty-

two percent of cats were infected with intestinal protozoan parasites, 33% were infected

with cestodes and 39% infected with gastrointestinal nematodes. Four species protozoan

parasites and eight gastrointestinal helminthes were recovered from the animals,

including Taenia taeniaeformis, Dipylidium spp., Joyeuxiella pasqaulei, Toxocara cati,

Physaloptera praeputialis, Rectalaria spp., Onicolla, Cystoisospora spp., Toxoplasma

gondii, and Sarcocystis spp.

Overgaauw Paul A.M, et al (2009) studies on zoonotic parasites in fecal

samples and fur from dogs and cats in the Netherlands. A fecal and fur samples from in

total 224 investigated dogs and cats, the average weight of the fur samples, collected after

thorough combing, was 0.129 g for the dog and 0.037 g for the cat (range: 0.0026–

0.4725). In the fur of 18 dogs (12.2%) and two cats (3.4%) Toxocara eggs were found.

The average number of eggs per sample was 3.5 (1–31) and recalculating to eggs per

gram fur resulted for the dogs in a mean of 94 (3.8–1065) and a median of 17. For the cat

a mean as well as median epg of 28 (22.9–32.5) was found. The eggs in five examined

samples were fertilized (25%), except one egg (from the sample of 31 eggs) and

measured from 65–80 mm. Out of the 20 samples there was sufficient remaining material

of only five samples to perform PCR and these eggs were confirmed as Toxocara. From

the remaining samples not enough material could be extracted to perform PCR for the

confirmation of these eggs as Toxocara. The viability of the eggs was examined after 6

weeks culturing in sulphur acid solution. None of these eggs were viable. Positive canine

hair samples for Toxocara eggs originated from different breeds and fur length: seven

short, nine medium and two long hair breed. The average age of the dogs was 6.5 years

(0.5–13). From nine dogs with egg-positive hair samples, the feces were also

investigated. These all tested negative for intestinal parasites. From the two cats, one had

no outdoor access.

Sathaporn (2007) examined the overall prevalence of GI parasites in stray

cats of Bangkok areas were 11.9% Infection with only one species of parasite was more

common (9.5%) than multiple infections (2.4%). Cats less than a year were highly

infected by GI parasites (12.3%) compared to cats with 1- 3 years (11.9%) and cat more

than 3 years (6.5%). Males (12.1%) had the higher rates of infection than females

(11.7%). Ancylostoma spp. (9.9%) was the most prevalent parasite detected in stray cats

and Toxocara spp. (3.5%) was the second mostly found in cats .

Changizi et al. (2007) conducted a study on the Gastrointestinal

Helminthic Parasites in Stray Cats (Felis catus) from North of Iran. The prevalence of

infection was 90%, with those of individual parasites being Diplopylidium nolleri 54%,

Physaloptera praeputialis 32%, Ancylostoma tubaeforme 20%, Joyeuxiella pasqualei

10%, Toxocara cati 8%, Pterygodermatites affinis 6%, Ancylostoma caninum 4%, and

Taenia taeniaeformis 2%. Concurrent infections with two or more parasites were

recorded in 34% of the individuals.

Gustavo Lorenzini et al (2007) estimated the Prevalence of intestinal

parasites in dogs and cats under veterinary care in Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul,

Brazil fecal samples from dogs (1,473) and cats (288) were examined regarding intestinal

parasites presence. All samples were from animals from Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do

Sul, Brazil that received veterinary care. Samples were appropriately collected and sent to

Laborvet (Veterinary Laboratory), including animal data such as age, sex, and breed.

Lefkaditis and smithb (2006) carried out a stoudy on the Prevalence of

Dipylidium caninum, in domestic cats from the city of Thessaloniki, Greece.Prevalence

of infected cats with D. caninum, 117 were (17.70% from totally 661)Domestic

shorthaired, 4 (7.41% from totally 54) Siamese and 1 (7.69 % from 13) Persian race, 58

(16.71% from totally 347) males, 66 (17.32% from totally 381) females, 51 (17.35%

from totally 294) young, 72 (16.59% from totally 434) adults. The prevalence of D

caninum in this study was higher in European race than Siamese, in females than males,

in young than adults.

Thomas J. Nolan (2006) studied on time series analysis of the prevalence

of endoparasitic infections in cats presented to a veterinary teaching hospital. The overall

mean monthly prevalence of feline infections was 16% for ascarids, 0.9% for

hookworms, 4.0% for tapeworms, 2.4% for Giardia spp. and 4.2% for coccidia. The

overall mean monthly prevalence of canine infections was 5.7% for ascarids, 9.7% for

hookworms, 9.7% for whipworms. 1.8% for tapeworms, 4.7% for Giardia spp. and 3.1%

for coccidian.

Coati N. et al (2004) investigation on the prevalence of gastrointestinal

nematodes in cats from France and Germany.approximately 60% of the positive cats live

in urban, 40% in rural environment, 20% on agricultural farms. About 20% of the

positive cats were housed indoors without any access to outdoor environments.

Furthermore the study showed that a frequency of anthelmintic treatment 3-4 times per

year reduced the prevalence significantly,.80% of the cats were dewormed less than 3

times per year, only 2% of the more frequent dewormed cats (3-4 times per year of more

often) belong to the study included population.

PLANE OF WORK Sample collection

A total of 100 fecal samples from cat (50 from male and 50 from female)

will be collected from the Tando Muhammad Khan and examined regarding intestinal

parasites presence. Samples will be appropriately collected and transported to the

Department of Veterinary Parasitology, Faculty of Animal Husbandry, Sindh Agriculture

University, Tandojam for the Lab. Diagnosis. Animal data such as age, sex, and breed

will also be collected.

Parasitological Procedure

Fecal samples will be examined using flotation technique in saturated

sodium chloride solution. One sample of each animal will be examined, and the result

will considered as positive when at least one parasite egg or cyst will be observed in one

of each employed technique.

The principle for the simple flotation method is the same as for the simple

test tube flotation method. Approximately 3 g of faeces into Container 1. Pour 50 ml of

flotation fluid into Container 1. Mix (stir) the contents thoroughly with a stirring device

(tongue blade, fork). Pour the resultant faecal suspension through a tea strainer or a

double-layer of cheesecloth into Container 2. Leave the container to stand for 10 minutes.

Press a test tube to the bottom of the filtrate, lift it quickly and transfer a few drops

adhering to the surface to a microslide. The test tube ought to touch the microslide for at

least 2-4 seconds for the drops to run off. Mount the coverslip on the microslide for

microscopical examination.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Calvete ,C (1998). Gastrointestinal helminth parasites in stray cats from the mid-Ebro

Valley, Spain. Vet Parasitol :75:235–240. Changizi, E , I Mobedi , M. R Salimi-Bejestani and A Rezaei-Doust (2007).

Gastrointestinal Helminthic Parasites in Stray Cats (Felis catus) from North of Iran. Iranian J Parasitol: .2 (4): 25-29.

Coati N., Hellmann K., Mencke N. and Epe C.(2004). Recent investigation on the

prevalence of gastrointestinal nematodes in cats from France and Germany. Veterinary parasitology :90,146-147

Esmaeilzadeh .M (2009). Prevalence of Protozoa and Gastrointestinal Helminthes in Stray Cats in Zanjan Province, North-West of Iran. Iranian Journal of Parasitology: 4(3) : 71-75

Fisher, M, (2003). Toxocara cati an underestimated zoonotic agent. Trends

Parasitol:19:167-170. Gustavo Lorenzini (2007). Prevalence of intestinal parasites in dogs and cats under

veterinary care in Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil Braz. J. vet. Res. anim. Sci., São Paulo: 44(2) 137-145.

Sathaporn Jittapalapong (2007) Gastrointestinal Parasites of Stray Cats in Bangkok

Metropolitan Areas, Thailand. Kasetsart J. (Nat. Sci.) 41 : 69 - 73 Laberthe, N, (2004). Survey of gastrointestinal helminthes in cats of the SI metropolitan

region of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Vet Parasitol: 123:131-9. Lefkaditis.A.M. and Koukeri Smaragda E. (2006). Prevalence of Dipylidium caninum,

in domestic cats from the city of Thessaloniki, Greece. Scientia Parasitologica: 1-(2), 100-103.

Mirzaei, Mohammad (2010). Prevalence of Stray cats with Intestinal Protozoan

Parasites. American Journal of Animal and Veterinary Sciences 5 (2): 79-83

National Geographic News.( 2004-2007) Burial Found on Cyprus" Oldest Known Pet Cat 9500-Year-Old

Overgaauw ,Paul, A.M. (2009) .Zoonotic parasites in fecal samples and fur from dogs

and cats in The Netherlands G Model VETPAR-4790. Serpell ,S.A. (1988). The domestication of the cat. In: D.C. Turner and P. Bateson (eds.)

The Domestic Cat: The Biology of Its Behaviour. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge,151-158

Thomas.J.Nolana, and Gary.Smithb (2006). Time series analysis of the prevalence of

endoparasitic infections in cats and dogs presented to a veterinary teaching hospital. Veterinary Parasitology 59 (2) : 87-96.

Duration of work One Semester

Place of study

Department of Vet. Parasitology

Educational unit involved

Department of Vet. Medicine Faculty of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Sciences Sindh Agriculture University, Tandojam.

Research Supervisor

Mujeeb-ur-Rahman Memon Assistant Professor Department of Veterinary Medicine Faculty of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Sciences Sindh Agriculture University, Tandojam.

APPROVED BY

STUDENTS

MUJEEB-UR-RAHMAN MEMON) Assistant Professor

Department of Veterinary Medicine Faculty of Animal Husbandry and

Veterinary Sciences, Sindh Agriculture University

Tandojam.

(Abdul Hussain Memon) 2K5-AV-16

(Junaid Hussain Memon) 2K5-AV-86

(Khuda Dino Dars) 2K5-AV-96

(Kaleemullah Talpur)

2K5-AV-93

(Khuda bux Khushik)

2K5-AV-96