prestasjonsbestemmende faktorer i svømming

Bjørn Harald Olstad

Prestasjonsbestemmende faktorer i svømming

Outline


1. Forskningsstrategi

2. Hvem vi er og hvem vi samarbeider med

3. Prestasjonsbestemmende faktorer i svømming

4. Teknologiske mulighetera. Løpsanalyser (videokameraer med automatisk bevegelsesgjenkjenning)b. Hastighet, belastning/kraft og «power», og (motstand) med et bærbart vinsj system (og et landbasert

styrke system)c. Hjertefrekvens (optiske hjertefrekvensmålere)

5. Nytt forskningsprosjekt: Kartlegging av mental trening og mentale ferdigheter i norsk svømming



Forskningsstrategi – 3 hovedområder (IFP/IIM/IIS/ILF)

1. Prestasjonsbestemmende faktorer i svømming – Bjørn Harald Olstad og «Tomohiro Gonjo»

Prestasjonen i svømming vil avhenge av mange ulike faktorer, blant annet • Fysiske kapasiteter (styrke, utholdenhet og bevegelighet)

• Mentale faktorer (spenningsregulering, konsentrasjon, selvtillit)• Tekniske ferdigheter (svømmeteknikk)• Taktiske valg (under konkurranseløpet)

• Kroppssammensetning og antropometri

Hvordan flere av disse endrer seg med alder, kjønn og treningstilstand

Hvordan disse faktorene henger sammen og påvirker hverandre – et holistisk perspektiv

Hvilke faktorer er viktigst i forskjellige distanser og svømmearter

2. Svømmingens påvirkning på fysiologien til svømmere – May Grydeland, Trine Stensrud, Julie StangHvordan skjelett, lunger og hjerte påvirkes av opphold og trening i vann

3. Svømmeopplæring – «Bjørn Harald Olstad, May Grydeland»Svømmeopplæring er et viktig anliggende for samfunnet. Alle bør kunne svømme, det har med drukningssikkerhet å gjøre, men også folkehelse, aktiviteten passer alle aldre og funksjonsnivå.



Prestasjonsbestemmende faktorer – Holistisk perspektiv



Vilas-Boas, J.P. (2014). 'Building up' in swimming science. In B. Mason (Ed.), Proceedings of the XIIth International Symposium for Biomechanics and Medicine in Swimming (pp. 1-11). Canberra, Australia: Australian Institute of Sport.

NIH Swimming research team

Internasjonal

Brystsvømmingsgruppe

FRA, POR, CZE

Switzerland

Brazil

Lithuania

Japan

UK

Bjørn Harald Olstad Tomohiro Gonjo

Ola Eriksrud

May Grydeland Trine Stensrud

Julie Sørbø Stang

Institutt for

idrettsmedisi

nske fag

Institutt for

idrett og

samfunnsvite

nskap

Institutt for

lærerutdanning og

friluftslivs-studier

Svømmeopplæring for

barn 6-12 år - ALFAC

FRA-POR-GER-LIT-

BEL-POL…

Germany



Above water cameras

Underwater cameras placed behind windows


Inertial Measurement Units

Surface electromyography

Optical heart rate

Force platform

Body composition (DXA, InBody)

Lung function and volume

Anthropometrics

Technological possibilities

https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Bjorn-Olstad/research

https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Tomohiro-Gonjo/research

https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Bjorn-Olstad/research

https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Tomohiro-Gonjo/research

Race analysis technology



Above water cameras

Underwater cameras placed behind windows

Race analysis technology



Parameters analyzed during race analysis



Cossor, J. (2015). Analyzing Elite Swimming Performances. In S. Riewald & S. Rodeo (Eds.), Science of Swimming Faster (p. 256). Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.

How to utilize race analysis

Segment contribution

• The importance of each segment to the finishing time



The contribution of each segment to the finishing time

Start 6.89 ± 0.21 11.23 ± 0.23

Clean swimming 23.95 ± 0.43 39.00 ± 0.39Turns 27.29 ± 0.25 44.46 ± 0.54Finish 3.26 ± 0.11 5.31 ± 0.12

Break time start + turns 23.56 ± 1.16 38.39 ± 2.09

Men 100-m SC breaststroke Men 50-m SC butterfly Women 50-m SC front crawl

Tot. sec Contribution %



Henrik Wathne, Rebecca Karlsson, Gard Øvergaard, Tomohiro Gonjo, Bjørn Harald Olstad

7.28 ± 0.32 26.48 ± 0.51

9.04 ± 0.29 32.89 ± 0.368.33 ± 0.30 30.31 ± 0.36

2.82 ± 0.12 10.27 ± 0.197.26 ± 0.96 26.45 ± 3.24

Tot. sec Contribution % Tot. sec Contribution %

6.28 ± 0.29 24.82 ± 0.518.48 ± 0.36 33.56 ± 0.61

7.92 ± 0.37 31.31 ± 0.352.61 ± 0.15 10.31 ± 0.19

8.70 ± 1.37 34.61 ± 6.55


Start 6.89 ± 0.21 11.23 ± 0.23






7.28 ± 0.32 26.48 ± 0.51

9.04 ± 0.29 32.89 ± 0.368.33 ± 0.30 30.31 ± 0.36

2.82 ± 0.12 10.27 ± 0.197.26 ± 0.96 26.45 ± 3.24


6.28 ± 0.29 24.82 ± 0.51

8.48 ± 0.36 33.56 ± 0.617.92 ± 0.37 31.31 ± 0.35

2.61 ± 0.15 10.31 ± 0.198.70 ± 1.37 34.61 ± 6.55




Start 6.89 ± 0.21 11.23 ± 0.23






7.28 ± 0.32 26.48 ± 0.51

9.04 ± 0.29 32.89 ± 0.368.33 ± 0.30 30.31 ± 0.36

2.82 ± 0.12 10.27 ± 0.197.26 ± 0.96 26.45 ± 3.24


6.28 ± 0.29 24.82 ± 0.51

8.48 ± 0.36 33.56 ± 0.617.92 ± 0.37 31.31 ± 0.35

2.61 ± 0.15 10.31 ± 0.19

8.70 ± 1.37 34.61 ± 6.55






Component contribution

• Identifying which components determine the performance



Components determining the performanceMen's 50 m butterfly short-course (start and turn performance)

Mean underwater kick velocity has a large impact on the 15 m start and 10 m turn-out time

• Start: -0.689, p<0.05 and Turn: -0.951, p<0.01

• Regardless of initial velocity (entry/push-off) or the velocity deceleration during underwater kicking





• Start: -0.689, p<0.05 and Turn: -0.951, p<0.01

• Regardless of the initial velocity (entry/push-off) or the velocity deceleration during underwater kicking

First kick velocity is essential for the mean underwater kick velocity during the start

• First kick velocity 0.838, p<0.01 and Last kick velocity 0.508, p>0.05

• Fast swimmers controlled their swimming direction and Body Angle (BA) to maximize the horizontal component of the swimming velocity

• Fast swimmers tried not to change their BA (shoulder/hip) much after the entry to minimize the drag

• A slight posture change would cause a severe deceleration




Mean underwater kick velocity has a large impact on the 15 m start and 10 m turn-out time• Start: -0.689, p<0.05 and Turn: -0.951, p<0.01



• First kick velocity 0.838, p<0.01 and Last kick velocity 0.508, p>0.05• Fast swimmers controlled their swimming direction and Body Angle (BA) to maximize the horizontal component of

the swimming velocity• Fast swimmers tried not to change their BA (shoulder/hip) much after the entry to minimize the drag

• A slight posture change would cause a severe deceleration

Last kick velocity is important for the mean underwater kick velocity during the turn• First kick velocity 0.550, p>0.05 and Last kick velocity 0.677, p<0.05• The change in BA from the entry or pushoff to the first kick was approximately 21 and 8.5˚ in the

start and turn segment





• Start: -0.689, p<0.05 and Turn: -0.951, p<0.01



• First kick velocity 0.838, p<0.01 and Last kick velocity 0.508, p>0.05

• Fast swimmers controlled their swimming direction and Body Angle (BA) to maximize the horizontal component of the swimming velocity

• Fast swimmers tried not to change their BA (shoulder/hip) much after the entry to minimize the drag

• Hydrodynamic resistance is critical after the entry, and a slight posture change would cause a severe deceleration

Last kick velocity is important for the mean underwater kick velocity during the turn

• First kick velocity 0.550, p>0.05 and Last kick velocity 0.677, p<0.05

• The change in BA from the entry or pushoff to the first kick was approximately 21 and 8.5˚ in the start and turn segment

Forward velocity at the last kick before the breakout was not different between the segments

Time underwater was similar between start and turn• A larger number of kicks with higher kick frequency in the start than the turn segment





Men's 1500-m turn and

swimming performance

WC Hangzhou 2018

WC Gwangju 2019

Turn performance could be the

distinguishing factor in World-

championship 1500 m freestyle

races (5-m inn and out)

Turn performance affected final

ranking in 6 (short-course) and

in 3 (long-course) out of 8 World

championships finalists.

Components determining the performance

Differences between elite and sub-elite swimmersin a 100 m breaststroke

Elite swimmers are characterized by larger clean-swimming and glide velocity

• Particularly beginning of the glide segment

• Most of the clean-swimming except for the beginning of this segment

No differences in the pull-out and at the beginning of the clean-swimming phases

• Techniques to produce fast clean-swimming speed does not necessarily guarantee fast underwater pullout and transition stroke velocity



Arm – leg coordination during the underwater pull-out sequence in the 50, 100 and 200 m breaststroke start

Swimmers did not change the complex inter-limb coordination between the competitive events

• Modified the least complex movement, gliding, to adapt to the swimming speed of the respective events



Bjørn H. Olstad, Tomohiro Gonjo, Ana Conceição, Jan Šťastný, Ludovic Seifert




Gliding was a major part of the underwater sequence (duration between 47-53%, distance covered 61-67%)







Gliding was a major part of the underwater sequence (duration between 47-53%, distance covered 61-67%)

Timing of the dolphin kick showed no difference between the events

• High inter-individual variability suggests to individually manage the time separating the end of the dolphin kick and the beginning of the arm pull-out

• The first gliding phase of the underwater sequence possess the most hydrodynamic body position, meaning that it is beneficial to initiate and complete the dolphin kick with this position to maximize the velocity generated by the kick

• It is unclear whether the 0.4 s gap is indeed an optimal timing









Race modelling

• Compare yourself to the "gold standard" / others / yourself

• Identify individual strengths and weaknesses



Race modelling



Green within 0.00-0.09 s, Yellow within 0.10-0.19 s, Red over 0.20 s slower than the best performance

Henrik Wathne, Bjørn Harald Olstad

From 60.55 sec to 58.69 sec (0.98 seconds only from pivot times)

Race modelling



Notable differences from

the pull-out to the

beginning of the clean-

swimming

When the data points of

these parts of each

swimmer’s trial were

replaced with the fastest

data among the two

swimmers, the theoretical

finishing times for both

swimmers became under

60 s

Time Start Start Start Start Start Start Start Start Start Start Start

15m start Block Time(BT) Flight time Entry Time Flight Distance Entry velocity Underwater time Underwater distance Breakout time Breakout distance Peak velocity Min velocity

1 8.17 0.64 0.30 0.94 2.69 3.97 3.76 7.49 4.70 10.18 4.65 0.37

2 7.73 0.73 0.40 1.13 3.23 4.52 5.12 9.90 6.25 13.13 4.52 0.11

3 8.37 0.67 0.35 1.03 2.88 4.30 4.26 8.05 5.29 10.93 4.37 0.15

Identify individual strengths and weaknesses



Finishing Time Time Time Time Time Time Time % of race % of race % of race % of race % of race % of race Lap time 1 Lap time 2 DropOFF(s) Clean swim(s) Clean swim(s)

0-50m 15m start Clean swim Turns 5m finish Breakouts Start+Turns 15m start Clean swim Turn Finish Breakouts Start+Turns 0-25m 25-50m Lap2 vs Lap1 15-20m 35-45m

1 31.84 8.17 10.66 9.64 3.37 9.15 17.81 25.64 33.45 30.26 10.59 28.77 55.90 14.79 17.05 2.26 3.47 7.19

2 32.39 7.73 11.43 9.78 3.45 11.79 17.51 23.87 35.28 30.20 10.64 36.42 54.07 14.61 17.78 3.17 3.68 7.75

3 32.85 8.37 10.91 10.16 3.41 10.30 18.53 25.46 33.19 30.93 10.37 31.40 56.39 15.15 17.70 2.55 3.54 7.37

4 33.60 8.56 11.11 10.36 3.57 11.01 18.92 25.48 33.07 30.83 10.61 32.77 56.31 15.54 18.06 2.52 3.71 7.40

5 33.71 8.79 11.12 10.39 3.42 11.18 19.17 26.06 32.97 30.81 10.14 33.16 56.88 15.73 17.98 2.25 3.60 7.52

6 33.86 8.50 11.57 10.29 3.51 12.65 18.78 25.09 34.15 30.38 10.36 37.37 55.47 15.72 18.14 2.42 3.70 7.86

7 33.95 8.34 11.57 10.28 3.76 10.32 18.62 24.55 34.07 30.27 11.08 30.41 54.82 15.42 18.53 3.11 3.68 7.89

Women’s 50 m Breaststroke

0-5m (m/s) 5-10m (m/s) 10-15m (m/s) 15-20m (m/s) 20-25m (m/s) 25-30m (m/s) 30-35m (m/s) 35-40m (m/s) 40-45m (m/s) 45-50m (m/s)

1 3.22 1.67 1.38 1.44 1.59 1.83 1.33 1.37 1.42 1.48

2 3.20 2.14 1.31 1.36 1.56 1.74 1.35 1.30 1.28 1.45

3 3.14 1.66 1.33 1.41 1.54 1.74 1.23 1.37 1.34 1.47

https://nihno-my.sharepoint.com/personal/bjornho_nih_no/Documents/Desktop/OUTPUT_50m_breaststroke_24-Mar-2021%2020_44_18.xls?web=1






Race modelling

• Compare yourself to the "gold standard" / others / yourself

• Identify individual strengths and weaknesses

Compare after training

• If training improved your specific performance criteria



Compare after training

At testing

Lap Avg. distance left arm Avg. distance right arm1 1.05 0.99

2 1.02 0.97

50-m front crawl: Left / right stroke distance

After1 1.04 1.022 1.02 1.01



What we are currently working on

Race analysis from the European long course championships• Identify benchmarks for high level performance for men and women in all events

Butterfly underwater dolphin kick movement variability• Underwater, transition and swim kick• Velocity, frequency and length of kick

Performance determining factors in 50 m front crawl and butterfly

Breaststroke underwater pull-out sequence• Differences between the first and last pull-out in 100 and 200 m breaststroke• Variability between the seven breaststroke turns in the 200 m breaststroke

• What is the optimal strategy for the underwater pull-out sequence

“Speed curve analysis between 21-22-23 sec 50 m freestyle swimmers”



Strength & power – land and water technologyLoad-velocity profiles (belastning- og hastighetsprofiler)



Swimmers have changed

https://myswimpro.com/blog/2016/05/24/dramatic-changes-in-swimmers-

physiques-over-the-past-century/

It’s clear that today’s top-

level swimmers are more

powerful and look physically

stronger than ever before!



and also the view on strength training

Methods 1980 (selection):

• Development of strength-endurance is

crucial for landtraining

• Usage of swimming benches

• Movement velocity during strength

training should be the same as during

competition

• 1 RM muscle contraction with unspecific

velocity is not meaningful

• (Low maximal-)strength requirements in

swimming

• High force peaks are not necessary for

propulsion

KRAFTKONZEPT 2016, 14.11.2016



Strength training can improve the performance during

starts and turns

Requirement for Olympic Games final:

Squat Jump

Norwegian requirements for strength in swimming

Event Men Women

50 m front crawl > 45 cm > 40 cm




800 m front crawl > 30 cm

1500 m front crawl > 35 cm

100 m butterfly > 45 cm > 40 cm

200 m butterfly > 40 cm > 35 cm

100 m breaststroke > 45 cm > 40 cm

200 m breaststroke > 40 cm > 35 cm

100 m backstroke > 45 cm > 40 cm

200 m backstroke > 40 cm > 35 cm



How strong is strong enough?https://www.britishswimming.org

Frequently observed 1rep max scores on key exercises in elite senior swimmers

BW = Body Weight

Gender Distance Chin Up (BW + kg) Bench Press (kg) Back Squat (kg)

Female Sprint 25 75 85

Middle 20 65 80

Distance 15 55 75

Male Sprint 50 120 130

Middle 35 100 115

Distance 30 90 100



Specific force requirementsFully-tethered swimming

Performance is determined by the ability to produce and maintain the highest forward swimming velocity

• Achieved by maximizing and minimizing propulsive and resistive forces, respectively (Maglischo, 2003)






Tethered forces present moderate to very large relationships with swimming velocity, and associations between forces diminish as swimming distance increases (Amaro et al., 2017)







It is essential for swimmers to have both an ability to produce a large muscular force and proper technical skill to apply the force to the water (Maglischo, 2003)







It is essential for swimmers to have both an ability to produce a large muscular force and proper technical skill to apply the force to the water (Maglischo, 2003)

One major limitation with this approach is that it is not possible to assess how the propulsive force measured in this method is transferred to the velocity due to the lack of resistive force information



Semi-tethered swimmingLoad-velocity profiles (Belastning- og hastighetsprofiler)



Load-velocity profiles (Belastning- og hastighetsprofiler)

A reliable sport specific method to assess a swimmer’s strength (load/belastning) and (velocity/hastighet) production capabilities

• If a swimmer is strong enough, and/or has a good capability to reduce resistance

• Able to transfer strength into velocity

• Strength or velocity dominated

• Predict and assess swimming performance



Vadj, adjusted horizontal velocity;

V0, predicted maximum velocity;

L0, predicted maximum load


Theoretically, V0 corresponds to maximal free-swimming velocity, and L0 equal the fully tethered swimming force

• Assess both individual strength and velocity capabilities during swimming

• The slope of the load-velocity profile can identify

• Is the maximum swimming velocity achieved by a high propulsive force production (flatter slope)

• Or from drag minimizing abilities (steeper slope)



Jumping

Swimming


Theoretically, V0 corresponds to maximal free-swimming velocity, and L0 equal the fully tethered swimming force

• Assess both individual strength and velocity capabilities during swimming

• The slope of the load-velocity profile can identify

• Is the maximum swimming velocity achieved by a high propulsive force production (flatter slope)

• Or from drag minimizing abilities (steeper slope)

A load-velocity profile with a large L0 but with a small V0 (and consequently a flat slope) implies that the swimmer is capable of applying a large force to the water but has a limited ability to use it effectively (or exposed to a large resistive force when moving forward) to produce a large velocity (blue swimmer)



Jumping

Swimming

Relevant for performance



Correlation coefficients between variables obtained from load-velocity and 50 m swimming, males

Correlation coefficients between variables obtained from load-velocity (girls 11-13-16 yrs)

Comparing the performance of young, female swimmers using the Load-Velocity profile

Flatter slope = a better for performance

To a certain extent??

How to utilize load-velocity profiles (Belastning- og hastighetsprofiler) i treningsarbeidet

Trener kan følge (f.eks. den langsiktige utviklingen) eller sammenligne (mellom svømmere) deres evne til å utvikle fremdriftsskapende kraft (styrke) og evnen til å skape fri svømmehastighet

Compare between swimmers (Men sprint butterfly)

Relative

Predicted V0 versus actual swimming Vmax

The swimming velocity is influenced by the start and turn technique of the swimmer with subsequent underwater swimming movements (Veiga and Roig, 2017)

The load-velocity profile can therefore offer a practical advantage with estimating the theoretical maximal swimming velocity independent of the start and turn effect (Gonjo et al., 2021)



#1 1.90 1.93

#2 1.84 1.89#3 1.83 1.83

Men’s 50 m SC Butterfly

V0 Vmax

What we are currently working on

The load-velocity profile of sprint swimmers• Men and women for the four strokes

Intervention studies• Resisted and assisted sprint protocols to enhance performance based on the slope

The load-velocity profile of middle- and long-distance swimmers

The load-velocity profile of international level swimmers• Establish requirements to perform at different performance levels

Is there an individual optimal slope for swimming similar to jumping???

“Reliability of measuring active drag”



Heart rate in swimming

https://www.forbes.com/sites/jenniferhicks/2016/02/28/polar-the-original-fitness-tracker-and-heart-rate-monitor/#7aa282cb5fe9

OH1

H10

M430 M600



How accurate is optical heart rate?

OH1 M600 H10



How accurate is optical heart rate?



How to utilize heart rate

Monitoring intensity / training load:

• VO2max (calculate velocities)

• Lactate (calculate velocities)

• Step-test, Critical Swim Speed (calculate velocities)

• Heart rate (% of maxHR)

• RPE (subjective)

Swim training is predominantly based on velocity (from lactate, step-tests and Critical Swim Speed)

• Continuously monitor training intensity

• Teaching intensity control

• Maximal heart rate land and water

• Protocol for achieving maximal heart rate in swimming



Maximal Heart Rate for Elite Swimmers

Different protocol to achieve maximal heart rate (maxHR) in sprinters compared to middle-distance swimmers?

To determine the difference in maxHR between front crawl swimming and running/cycling

• Three different maxHR step-test protocols

• MaxHR test in running/cycling






Three different maxHR protocols: 50 m, 100 m and 200 m step-test protocol


No differences in maxHR between the swimming protocols:

• 200 m: 192.0 ± 6.9 bpm (mean ± SD)

• 100 m: 190.8 ± 8.3 bpm

• 50 m: 191.9 ± 8.4 bpm

No differences in maxHR between sprinters and middle-distance for swimming protocols

MaxHR was 6.7 ± 5.3 bpm lower for swimming compared to 199.9 ± 8.9 bpm for running (cycling)






Three different maxHR protocols: 50 m, 100 m and 200 m step-test protocol


No differences in maxHR between the 200 m (mean ± SD; 192.0 ± 6.9 bpm), 100 m (190.8 ± 8.3 bpm) or 50 m protocol (191.9 ± 8.4 bpm).

• No differences in maxHR between sprinters and middle-distance for swimming protocols

MaxHR was 6.7 ± 5.3 bpm lower for swimming compared to running 199.9 ± 8.9 bpm (cycling)

All step-test protocols were suitable to achieve maxHR during front crawl swimming

No separate protocol is needed for swimmers specialized in sprint or middle-distance

Important to conduct sport-specific maxHR tests for different sports that are targeted to improve the aerobic capacity among elite swimmers of today (triathletes)



Kartlegging av mental trening og mentale ferdigheter i norsk svømming

Flere av verdens beste utøvere benytter seg av mental trening for å prestere bedre både i trening og i konkurranse

Målet med studien:

1. I hvilken grad bruker norske elitesvømmere mentale ferdigheter i trening og konkurranse? Hvilke ferdigheter har de?

2. I hvilken grad har trenere for norske elitesvømmere kunnskap om mental treningHvordan vektlegger de dette i arbeidet med sine utøvere?

Rebecca Karlssonn

Mental trening og mentale ferdigheter

Kartlegging av mental trening og mentale ferdigheter i norsk svømming

Rebecca Karlssonn

Mental trening og mentale ferdigheter

Anonym Trener- og Utøverundersøkelse

• To ulike nettbaserte spørreskjemaer

• Tar ca. 20 min å besvare

Hvem kan delta?

• Aktive utøvere over 16 år som deltok på NM (jr. og/eller sr.) i 2020

• Trenere og assistenttrenere for utøvere på dette nivået

Når?

• Spørreundersøkelsen blir utsendt i uke 39

• Vi håper dette er noe som kan gjennomføres i høstferien, på borte eller hjemmeleir ☺

Bidra til kunnskap om mental trening i svømming!

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