2TGUKFGPV QH VJG 7PKVGF 5VCVGU

21675 TGFKTGEVU JGTG (QT VJG RQNKVKECN VCNM TCFKQEJCPPGN UGG 21675 5KTKWU :/(QT QVJGT WUGU UGG 2TGUKFGPV QH VJG 7PKVGF 5VCVGU

FKUCODKIWCVKQP (QT C NKUV UGG .KUV QH 2TGUKFGPVU QH VJG7PKVGF 5VCVGU

6JG President of the United States of America

POTUS=? KU VJG JGCF QH UVCVG CPF JGCF QH IQXGTPOGPVQH VJG 7PKVGF 5VCVGU 6JG RTGUKFGPV NGCFU VJG GZGEWVKXGDTCPEJ QH VJG HGFGTCN IQXGTPOGPV CPF KU VJG EQOOCPFGTKPEJKGH QH VJG 7PKVGF 5VCVGU #TOGF (QTEGU 6JKU RQUKVKQPRNCEGU KVU JQNFGT KP NGCFGTUJKR QH VJG PCVKQP VJCV JCU VJGNCTIGUV GEQPQO[ CPF VJG OQUV GZRGPUKXG OKNKVCT[ YKVJEQOOCPF CWVJQTKV[ QXGT VJG NCTIGUV CEVKXG PWENGCT CTUGPCN 6JG RTGUKFGPV KU HTGSWGPVN[ FGUETKDGF VQ DG COQPIVJG OQUV RQYGTHWN RGQRNG KP VJG YQTNF=?=?=?=?=?

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

1 Origin

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

108&34 "/% %65*&4

UWURKEKQPU COQPI OQUV QH VJG QVJGT UVCVGU VJG #PPCRQNKU FGNGICVGU ECNNGF HQT C EQPXGPVKQP VQ QGT TGXKUKQPU VQVJG #TVKENGU VQ DG JGNF VJG PGZV URTKPI KP 2JKNCFGNRJKC2TQURGEVU HQT VJG PGZV EQPXGPVKQP CRRGCTGF DNGCM WPVKN,COGU /CFKUQP CPF 'FOWPF 4CPFQNRJ UWEEGGFGF KP UGEWTKPI )GQTIG 9CUJKPIVQPU CVVGPFCPEG VQ 2JKNCFGNRJKCCU C FGNGICVG HQT 8KTIKPKC=?=?

9JGP VJG %QPUVKVWVKQPCN %QPXGPVKQP EQPXGPGF KP /C[ VJG UVCVG FGNGICVKQPU KP CVVGPFCPEG 4JQFG +UNCPF FKF PQV UGPF FGNGICVGU DTQWIJV YKVJ VJGO CP CEEWOWNCVGF GZRGTKGPEG QXGT C FKXGTUG UGV QH KPUVKVWVKQPCNCTTCPIGOGPVU DGVYGGP NGIKUNCVKXG CPF GZGEWVKXG DTCPEJGUHTQO YKVJKP VJGKT TGURGEVKXG UVCVG IQXGTPOGPVU /QUVUVCVGU OCKPVCKPGF C YGCM GZGEWVKXG YKVJQWV XGVQ QT CRRQKPVOGPV RQYGTU GNGEVGF CPPWCNN[ D[ VJG NGIKUNCVWTG VQ CUKPING VGTO QPN[ UJCTKPI RQYGT YKVJ CP GZGEWVKXG EQWPEKN CPF EQWPVGTGF D[ C UVTQPI NGIKUNCVWTG=? 0GY ;QTMQGTGF VJG ITGCVGUV GZEGRVKQP JCXKPI C UVTQPI WPKVCT[IQXGTPQT YKVJ XGVQ CPF CRRQKPVOGPV RQYGT GNGEVGF VQ CVJTGG[GCT VGTO CPF GNKIKDNG HQT TGGNGEVKQP VQ CP KPFGHKPKVG PWODGT QH VGTOU VJGTGCHVGT=? +V YCU VJTQWIJ VJGENQUGFFQQT PGIQVKCVKQPU CV 2JKNCFGNRJKC VJCV VJG RTGUKFGPE[ HTCOGF KP VJG 75 %QPUVKVWVKQP GOGTIGF

2 Powers and duties

2.1 Article I legislative role

0CBNB TJHOJOH MFHJTMBUJPO BU UIF 4GUQNWVG EFTL

6JG TUV RQYGT VJG %QPUVKVWVKQP EQPHGTU WRQP VJG RTGUKFGPV KU VJG XGVQ 6JG 2TGUGPVOGPV %NCWUG TGSWKTGU CP[DKNN RCUUGF D[ %QPITGUU VQ DG RTGUGPVGF VQ VJG RTGUKFGPVDGHQTG KV ECP DGEQOG NCY 1PEG VJG NGIKUNCVKQP JCU DGGPRTGUGPVGF VJG RTGUKFGPV JCU VJTGG QRVKQPU

5KIP VJG NGIKUNCVKQP VJG DKNN VJGP DGEQOGU NCY

8GVQ VJG NGIKUNCVKQP CPF TGVWTP KV VQ %QPITGUU GZRTGUUKPI CP[ QDLGEVKQPU VJG DKNN FQGU PQV DGEQOGNCY WPNGUU GCEJ JQWUG QH %QPITGUU XQVGU VQ QXGTTKFG VJG XGVQ D[ C VYQVJKTFU XQVG

6CMG PQ CEVKQP +P VJKU KPUVCPEG VJG RTGUKFGPVPGKVJGT UKIPU PQT XGVQGU VJG NGIKUNCVKQP #HVGT FC[U PQV EQWPVKPI 5WPFC[U VYQ RQUUKDNG QWVEQOGUGOGTIG

+H %QPITGUU KU UVKNN EQPXGPGF VJG DKNN DGEQOGUNCY

+H %QPITGUU JCU CFLQWTPGF VJWU RTGXGPVKPI VJGTGVWTP QH VJG NGIKUNCVKQP VJG DKNN FQGU PQV DGEQOG NCY 6JKU NCVVGT QWVEQOG KU MPQYP CU VJGRQEMGV XGVQ

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

2.2 Article II executive powers

2.2.1 War and foreign aairs powers

"CSBIBN -JODPMO UIF UI 1SFTJEFOU PG UIF 6OJUFE 4UBUFT TVDDFTTGVMMZ QSFTFSWFE UIF 6OJPO EVSJOH UIF "NFSJDBO $JWJM 8BS

"SUJDMF ** FYFDVUJWF QPXFST

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

6JG 2TGUKFGPV KU VQ DG EQOOCPFGTKPEJKGHQH VJG CTO[ CPF PCX[ QH VJG 7PKVGF 5VCVGU +V YQWNF COQWPV VQ PQVJKPI OQTG VJCP VJGUWRTGOG EQOOCPF CPF FKTGEVKQP QH VJG OKNKVCT[ CPF PCXCN HQTEGU YJKNG VJCV =VJG RQYGT?QH VJG $TKVKUJ MKPI GZVGPFU VQ VJG &'%.#4+0) QH YCT CPF VQ VJG 4#+5+0) CPF 4')7.#6+0) QH GGVU CPF CTOKGU CNN =QH? YJKEJ YQWNF CRRGTVCKP VQ VJG NGIKUNCVWTG=? ='ORJCUKU KP VJG QTKIKPCN?

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

#NQPI YKVJ VJG CTOGF HQTEGU VJG RTGUKFGPV CNUQ FKTGEVU75 HQTGKIP RQNKE[ 6JTQWIJ VJG &GRCTVOGPV QH 5VCVGCPF VJG &GRCTVOGPV QH &GHGPUG VJG RTGUKFGPV KU TGURQPUKDNG HQT VJG RTQVGEVKQP QH #OGTKECPU CDTQCF CPF QH HQTGKIP PCVKQPCNU KP VJG 7PKVGF 5VCVGU 6JG RTGUKFGPV FGEKFGUYJGVJGT VQ TGEQIPK\G PGY PCVKQPU CPF PGY IQXGTPOGPVUCPF PGIQVKCVGU VTGCVKGU YKVJ QVJGT PCVKQPU YJKEJ DGEQOGDKPFKPI QP VJG 7PKVGF 5VCVGU YJGP CRRTQXGF D[ VYQVJKTFUXQVG QH VJG 5GPCVG#NVJQWIJ PQV EQPUVKVWVKQPCNN[ RTQXKFGF RTGUKFGPVU CNUQUQOGVKOGU GORNQ[ GZGEWVKXG CITGGOGPVU KP HQTGKIP TGNCVKQPU 6JGUG CITGGOGPVU HTGSWGPVN[ TGICTF CFOKPKUVTCVKXG RQNKE[ EJQKEGU IGTOCPG VQ GZGEWVKXG RQYGT HQT GZCORNG VJG GZVGPV VQ YJKEJ GKVJGT EQWPVT[ RTGUGPVU CP CTOGFRTGUGPEG KP C IKXGP CTGC JQY GCEJ EQWPVT[ YKNN GPHQTEGEQR[TKIJV VTGCVKGU QT JQY GCEJ EQWPVT[ YKNN RTQEGUU HQTGKIP OCKN *QYGXGT VJG VJ EGPVWT[ YKVPGUUGF C XCUV

GZRCPUKQP QH VJG WUG QH GZGEWVKXG CITGGOGPVU CPF ETKVKEU JCXG EJCNNGPIGF VJG GZVGPV QH VJCV WUG CU UWRRNCPVKPI VJG VTGCV[ RTQEGUU CPF TGOQXKPI EQPUVKVWVKQPCNN[ RTGUETKDGF EJGEMU CPF DCNCPEGU QXGT VJG GZGEWVKXG KP HQTGKIPTGNCVKQPU 5WRRQTVGTU EQWPVGT VJCV VJG CITGGOGPVU QGT CRTCIOCVKE UQNWVKQP YJGP VJG PGGF HQT UYKHV UGETGV CPFQTEQPEGTVGF CEVKQP CTKUGU

2.2.2 Administrative powers

5WEG KV VQ UC[ VJCV VJG 2TGUKFGPV KU OCFG VJG UQNG TGRQUKVQT[ QH VJG GZGEWVKXG RQYGTU QH VJG 7PKVGF 5VCVGU CPFVJG RQYGTU GPVTWUVGF VQ JKO CU YGNN CU VJG FWVKGU KORQUGFWRQP JKO CTG CYGUQOG KPFGGF9KNNKCO 4GJPSWKUV /JYPO W (FOFSBM 4FSWJDFT "ENJOJTUSBUJPO 433 U.S. 425 (1977) FKUUGPVKPI QRKPKQP

6JG RTGUKFGPV KU VJG JGCF QH VJG GZGEWVKXG DTCPEJ QH VJGHGFGTCN IQXGTPOGPV CPF KU EQPUVKVWVKQPCNN[ QDNKICVGF VQVCMG ECTG VJCV VJG NCYU DG HCKVJHWNN[ GZGEWVGF=? 6JGGZGEWVKXG DTCPEJ JCU QXGT HQWT OKNNKQP GORNQ[GGU KPENWFKPI OGODGTU QH VJG OKNKVCT[=?

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

CPF VJGKT CUUKUVCPVU CTG NQECVGF KP VJG 9JKVG *QWUG 1HEG

108&34 "/% %65*&4

2.2.3 Juridical powers

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

VJCV GZGEWVKXG RTKXKNGIG FKF PQV CRRN[ KP ECUGUYJGTG C RTGUKFGPV YCU CVVGORVKPI VQ CXQKF ETKOKPCN RTQUGEWVKQP 9JGP 2TGUKFGPV $KNN %NKPVQP CVVGORVGF VQ WUGGZGEWVKXG RTKXKNGIG TGICTFKPI VJG .GYKPUM[ UECPFCN VJG5WRTGOG %QWTV TWNGF KP $MJOUPO W +POFT 75

VJCV VJG RTKXKNGIG CNUQ EQWNF PQV DG WUGF KP EKXKNUWKVU 6JGUG ECUGU GUVCDNKUJGF VJG NGICN RTGEGFGPV VJCVGZGEWVKXG RTKXKNGIG KU XCNKF CNVJQWIJ VJG GZCEV GZVGPV QHVJG RTKXKNGIG JCU [GV VQ DG ENGCTN[ FGPGF #FFKVKQPCNN[HGFGTCN EQWTVU JCXG CNNQYGF VJKU RTKXKNGIG VQ TCFKCVG QWVYCTF CPF RTQVGEV QVJGT GZGEWVKXG DTCPEJ GORNQ[GGU DWVJCXG YGCMGPGF VJCV RTQVGEVKQP HQT VJQUG GZGEWVKXG DTCPEJEQOOWPKECVKQPU VJCV FQ PQV KPXQNXG VJG RTGUKFGPV=?

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

1SFTJEFOU (FPSHF 8 #VTI EFMJWFSJOH UIF 4UBUF PG UIF 6OJPO"EESFTT XJUI 7JDF 1SFTJEFOU %JDL $IFOFZ BOE 4QFBLFS PG UIF)PVTF /BODZ 1FMPTJ CFIJOE IJN

CPF CV GCTNKGT UVCIGU QH VJG NKVKICVKQP VJWU KP UQOG KPUVCPEGU ECWUKPI FKUOKUUCN QH VJG UWKVU DGHQTG TGCEJKPI VJGOGTKVU QH VJG ENCKOU CU KP VJG 0KPVJ %KTEWKVU TWNKPI KP.PIBNFE W +FQQFTFO %BUBQMBO *OD=?=?=? %TKVKEU QHVJG RTKXKNGIG ENCKO KVU WUG JCU DGEQOG C VQQN HQT VJG IQXGTPOGPV VQ EQXGT WR KNNGICN QT GODCTTCUUKPI IQXGTPOGPVCEVKQPU=?=?

2.2.4 Legislative facilitator

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

$SJUJDT PG QSFTJEFODZT FWPMVUJPO

OGPVU YJGP UKIPKPI EQPITGUUKQPCN NGIKUNCVKQP CDQWV JQYVJG[ WPFGTUVCPF C DKNN QT RNCP VQ GZGEWVG KV=? 6JKU RTCEVKEG JCU DGGP ETKVKEK\GF D[ VJG #OGTKECP $CT #UUQEKCVKQP CU WPEQPUVKVWVKQPCN=? %QPUGTXCVKXG EQOOGPVCVQT)GQTIG 9KNN YTQVG QH CP KPETGCUKPIN[ UYQNNGP GZGEWVKXGDTCPEJ CPF VJG GENKRUG QH %QPITGUU=?

#EEQTFKPI VQ #TVKENG ++ 5GEVKQP %NCWUG QH VJG %QPUVKVWVKQP VJG RTGUKFGPV OC[ EQPXGPG GKVJGT QT DQVJ JQWUGUQH %QPITGUU +H DQVJ JQWUGU ECPPQV CITGG QP C FCVG QH CFLQWTPOGPV VJG RTGUKFGPV OC[ CRRQKPV C FCVG HQT %QPITGUUVQ CFLQWTP

2.3 Ceremonial roles

1SFTJEFOU 8PPESPX8JMTPO UISPXJOH PVU UIF DFSFNPOJBM STU CBMMPO 0QFOJOH %BZ

#U JGCF QH UVCVG VJG RTGUKFGPV ECP HWNNN VTCFKVKQPU GUVCDNKUJGF D[ RTGXKQWU RTGUKFGPVU 9KNNKCO *QYCTF 6CHVUVCTVGF VJG VTCFKVKQP QH VJTQYKPI QWV VJG EGTGOQPKCN TUVRKVEJ KP CV )TKVJ 5VCFKWO 9CUJKPIVQP &% QPVJG 9CUJKPIVQP 5GPCVQTU 1RGPKPI &C[ 'XGT[ RTGUKFGPVUKPEG 6CHV GZEGRV HQT ,KOO[ %CTVGT VJTGY QWV CV NGCUVQPG EGTGOQPKCN TUV DCNN QT RKVEJ HQT 1RGPKPI &C[ VJG#NN5VCT )COG QT VJG 9QTNF 5GTKGU WUWCNN[ YKVJ OWEJHCPHCTG=?

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

2TGUKFGPVKCN VTCFKVKQPU CNUQ KPXQNXG VJG RTGUKFGPVU TQNG CUJGCF QH IQXGTPOGPV /CP[ QWVIQKPI RTGUKFGPVU UKPEG,COGU $WEJCPCP VTCFKVKQPCNN[ IKXG CFXKEG VQ VJGKT UWEEGUUQT FWTKPI VJG RTGUKFGPVKCN VTCPUKVKQP=? 4QPCNF 4GCICPCPF JKU UWEEGUUQTU JCXG CNUQ NGHV C RTKXCVG OGUUCIG QP VJGFGUM QH VJG 1XCN 1EG QP +PCWIWTCVKQP &C[ HQT VJG KPEQOKPI RTGUKFGPV=?

&WTKPI C UVCVG XKUKV D[ C HQTGKIP JGCF QH UVCVG VJG RTGUKFGPV V[RKECNN[ JQUVU C 5VCVG #TTKXCN %GTGOQP[ JGNF QPVJG 5QWVJ .CYP C EWUVQO DGIWP D[ ,QJP ( -GPPGF[ KP=? 6JKU KU HQNNQYGF D[ C UVCVG FKPPGT IKXGP D[ VJGRTGUKFGPV YJKEJ KU JGNF KP VJG 5VCVG &KPKPI 4QQO NCVGT KPVJG GXGPKPI=?

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

2.4 Critics of presidencys evolution

/CKP CTVKENG +ORGTKCN 2TGUKFGPE[

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

4&-&$5*0/ 130$&44

(FPSHF 8BTIJOHUPO UIF STU 1SFTJEFOU PG UIF 6OJUFE 4UBUFT

3 Selection process

3.1 Eligibility

/CKP CTVKENG #IG QH ECPFKFCE[

#TVKENG ++ 5GEVKQP %NCWUG QH VJG %QPUVKVWVKQP UGVU VJGTGSWKTGOGPVU VQ JQNF QEG # RTGUKFGPV OWUV

DG C PCVWTCNDQTP EKVK\GP QH VJG 7PKVGF 5VCVGU=PQVG ?

DG CV NGCUV VJKTV[XG [GCTU QNF JCXG DGGP C RGTOCPGPV TGUKFGPV KP VJG 7PKVGF 5VCVGUHQT CV NGCUV HQWTVGGP [GCTU

# RGTUQP YJQ OGGVU VJG CDQXG SWCNKECVKQPU KU UVKNN FKUSWCNKGF HTQO JQNFKPI VJG QEG QH RTGUKFGPV WPFGT CP[QH VJG HQNNQYKPI EQPFKVKQPU

7PFGT VJG 6YGPV[UGEQPF #OGPFOGPV PQ RGTUQPECP DG GNGEVGF RTGUKFGPV OQTG VJCP VYKEG 6JGCOGPFOGPV CNUQ URGEKGU VJCV KH CP[ GNKIKDNG RGTUQPYJQ UGTXGU CU RTGUKFGPV QT CEVKPI RTGUKFGPV HQT OQTGVJCP VYQ [GCTU QH C VGTO HQT YJKEJ UQOG QVJGT GNKIKDNG RGTUQP YCU GNGEVGF RTGUKFGPV VJG HQTOGT ECPQPN[ DG GNGEVGF RTGUKFGPV QPEG 5EJQNCTU FKUCITGGYJGVJGT CP[QPG PQ NQPIGT GNKIKDNG VQ DG GNGEVGF RTGUKFGPV EQWNF DG GNGEVGF XKEG RTGUKFGPV RWTUWCPV VQVJG SWCNKECVKQPU UGV QWV WPFGT VJG 6YGNHVJ #OGPFOGPV=?

7PFGT #TVKENG + 5GEVKQP %NCWUG WRQP EQPXKEVKQP KP KORGCEJOGPV ECUGU VJG 5GPCVG JCU VJG QRVKQP

QH FKUSWCNKH[KPI EQPXKEVGF KPFKXKFWCNU HTQO JQNFKPIQVJGT HGFGTCN QEGU KPENWFKPI VJG RTGUKFGPE[=?

7PFGT 5GEVKQP QH VJG (QWTVGGPVJ #OGPFOGPV PQRGTUQP YJQ UYQTG CP QCVJ VQ UWRRQTV VJG %QPUVKVWVKQP CPF NCVGT TGDGNNGF CICKPUV VJG 7PKVGF 5VCVGUECP DGEQOG RTGUKFGPV *QYGXGT VJKU FKUSWCNKECVKQP ECP DG NKHVGF D[ C VYQVJKTFU XQVG QH GCEJ JQWUGQH %QPITGUU

3.2 Campaigns and nomination

/CKP CTVKENGU 7PKVGF 5VCVGU RTGUKFGPVKCN RTKOCT[ 7PKVGF5VCVGU RTGUKFGPVKCN PQOKPCVKPI EQPXGPVKQP 7PKVGF 5VCVGURTGUKFGPVKCN GNGEVKQP FGDCVGU CPF 7PKVGF 5VCVGU RTGUKFGPVKCN GNGEVKQP

6JG OQFGTP RTGUKFGPVKCN ECORCKIP DGIKPU DGHQTG VJGRTKOCT[ GNGEVKQPU YJKEJ VJG VYQ OCLQT RQNKVKECN RCTVKGUWUG VQ ENGCT VJG GNF QH ECPFKFCVGU DGHQTG VJGKT PCVKQPCNPQOKPCVKPI EQPXGPVKQPU YJGTG VJG OQUV UWEEGUUHWN ECPFKFCVG KU OCFG VJG RCTV[U PQOKPGG HQT RTGUKFGPV 6[RKECNN[ VJG RCTV[U RTGUKFGPVKCN ECPFKFCVG EJQQUGU C XKEGRTGUKFGPVKCN PQOKPGG CPF VJKU EJQKEG KU TWDDGTUVCORGFD[ VJG EQPXGPVKQP 6JG OQUV EQOOQP RTGXKQWU RTQHGUUKQP D[ 75 RTGUKFGPVU KU NCY[GT=?

0QOKPGGU RCTVKEKRCVG KP PCVKQPCNN[ VGNGXKUGF FGDCVGU CPFYJKNG VJG FGDCVGU CTG WUWCNN[ TGUVTKEVGF VQ VJG &GOQETCVKECPF 4GRWDNKECP PQOKPGGU VJKTF RCTV[ ECPFKFCVGU OC[DG KPXKVGF UWEJ CU 4QUU 2GTQV KP VJG FGDCVGU0QOKPGGU ECORCKIP CETQUU VJG EQWPVT[ VQ GZRNCKP VJGKTXKGYU EQPXKPEG XQVGTU CPF UQNKEKV EQPVTKDWVKQPU /WEJQH VJG OQFGTP GNGEVQTCN RTQEGUU KU EQPEGTPGF YKVJ YKPPKPI UYKPI UVCVGU VJTQWIJ HTGSWGPV XKUKVU CPF OCUU OGFKCCFXGTVKUKPI FTKXGU

3.3 Election and oath

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

7BDBODZ PS EJTBCJMJUZ

66

5

4

12

7

55

3

3

9

11

3

4

38

7

6

5

3

310

10

206

10

6

86 9 16

29

91511

811 18 5 13

2029

4

16

DC 3MD 10DE 3NJ 14

MA 11RI 4CT 7

NH 4VT 3

GainedLostNo Change

"NBQ PG UIF 6OJUFE 4UBUFT TIPXJOH UIF OVNCFS PG FMFDUPSBM WPUFTBMMPDBUFE UP FBDI TUBUF GPMMPXJOH SFBQQPSUJPONFOU CBTFE PO UIF DFOTVT FMFDUPSBM WPUFT BSF SFRVJSFE GPS B NBKPSJUZ PVUPG PWFSBMM

VQ C LQKPV UGUUKQP QH VJG KPEQOKPI %QPITGUU YJKEJ YCUGNGEVGF CV VJG UCOG VKOG CU VJG RTGUKFGPV2WTUWCPV VQ VJG 6YGPVKGVJ #OGPFOGPV VJG RTGUKFGPVUVGTO QH QEG DGIKPU CV PQQP QP ,CPWCT[ QH VJG [GCTHQNNQYKPI VJG GNGEVKQP 6JKU FCVG MPQYP CU +PCWIWTCVKQP&C[ OCTMU VJG DGIKPPKPI QH VJG HQWT[GCT VGTOU QH DQVJVJG RTGUKFGPV CPF VJG XKEG RTGUKFGPV $GHQTG GZGEWVKPIVJG RQYGTU QH VJG QEG C RTGUKFGPV KU EQPUVKVWVKQPCNN[TGSWKTGF VQ VCMG VJG RTGUKFGPVKCN QCVJ

+ FQ UQNGOPN[ UYGCT QT CTO VJCV + YKNNHCKVJHWNN[ GZGEWVG VJG 1EG QH 2TGUKFGPV QH VJG7PKVGF 5VCVGU CPF YKNN VQ VJG DGUV QH O[ #DKNKV[ RTGUGTXG RTQVGEV CPF FGHGPF VJG %QPUVKVWVKQP QH VJG 7PKVGF 5VCVGU=?

#NVJQWIJ PQV TGSWKTGF RTGUKFGPVU JCXG VTCFKVKQPCNN[RCNOGF C $KDNG YJKNG UYGCTKPI VJG QCVJ CPF JCXG CFFGF5Q JGNR OG )QF VQ VJG GPF QH VJG QCVJ=? (WTVJGTCNVJQWIJ VJG QCVJ OC[ DG CFOKPKUVGTGF D[ CP[ RGTUQP CWVJQTK\GF D[ NCY VQ CFOKPKUVGT QCVJU RTGUKFGPVU CTG VTCFKVKQPCNN[ UYQTP KP D[ VJG %JKGH ,WUVKEG QH VJG 7PKVGF 5VCVGU

3.4 Tenure and term limits

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

'SBOLMJO % 3PPTFWFMU XBT FMFDUFE UP GPVS UFSNT CFGPSF UIF BEPQUJPO PG UIF 5XFOUZTFDPOE "NFOENFOU

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

3.5 Vacancy or disability

5GG CNUQ 6YGPV[HVJ #OGPFOGPV VQ VJG 7PKVGF 5VCVGU%QPUVKVWVKQP 7PKVGF 5VCVGU RTGUKFGPVKCN NKPG QH UWEEGUUKQP 2TGUKFGPVKCN 5WEEGUUKQP #EV CPF +ORGCEJOGPV KPVJG 7PKVGF 5VCVGU

8CECPEKGU KP VJG QEG QH 2TGUKFGPV OC[ CTKUG WPFGT

$0.1&/4"5*0/

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

DGEQOGU CEVKPI RTGUKFGPV 6JG NKPG VJGP GZVGPFU VQ VJG2TGUKFGPV RTQ VGORQTG QH VJG 5GPCVG HQNNQYGF D[ GXGT[OGODGT QH VJG %CDKPGV KP C UGV QTFGT 5RGEKCN GNGEVKQPUCTG PGXGT JGNF HQT VJG QEG QH 2TGUKFGPV

4 Compensation

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

KOOGFKCVG HCOKN[ OGODGTU CPF QVJGT RTQOKPGPV RGTUQPUCPF NQECVKQPU CTG CUUKIPGF 5GETGV 5GTXKEG EQFGPCOGU=?6JG WUG QH UWEJ PCOGU YCU QTKIKPCNN[ HQT UGEWTKV[ RWTRQUGU CPF FCVGU VQ C VKOG YJGP UGPUKVKXG GNGEVTQPKE EQOOWPKECVKQPU YGTG PQV TQWVKPGN[ GPET[RVGF VQFC[ VJGPCOGU UKORN[ UGTXG HQT RWTRQUGU QH DTGXKV[ ENCTKV[ CPFVTCFKVKQP=?

2TGUKFGPVKCN COGPKVKGU 6JG 9JKVG *QWUG %COR &CXKF $NCKT *QWUG 2TGUKFGPVKCN UVCVG ECT #KT (QTEG 1PG /CTKPG 1PG

5 Post-presidency

1SFTJEFOUT (FSBME 'PSE 3JDIBSE /JYPO (FPSHF ) 8 #VTI3POBME 3FBHBO BOE +JNNZ $BSUFS EFEJDBUF UIF 3POBME 3FBHBO1SFTJEFOUJBM -JCSBSZ JO

$GIKPPKPI KP CNN NKXKPI HQTOGT RTGUKFGPVU YGTGITCPVGF C RGPUKQP CP QEG CPF C UVC 6JG RGPUKQPJCU KPETGCUGF PWOGTQWU VKOGU YKVJ %QPITGUUKQPCN CRRTQXCN 4GVKTGF RTGUKFGPVU PQY TGEGKXG C RGPUKQP DCUGFQP VJG UCNCT[ QH VJG EWTTGPV CFOKPKUVTCVKQPU ECDKPGV UGETGVCTKGU YJKEJ YCU GCEJ [GCT KP =? (QTOGT RTGUKFGPVU YJQ UGTXGF KP %QPITGUU OC[ CNUQ EQNNGEVEQPITGUUKQPCN RGPUKQPU=? 6JG (QTOGT 2TGUKFGPVU #EVCU COGPFGF CNUQ RTQXKFGU HQTOGT RTGUKFGPVU YKVJ VTCXGNHWPFU CPF HTCPMKPI RTKXKNGIGU 2TKQT VQ CNN HQTOGTRTGUKFGPVU VJGKT URQWUGU CPF VJGKT EJKNFTGP WPVKN CIG YGTG RTQVGEVGF D[ VJG 5GETGV 5GTXKEG WPVKN VJG RTGUKFGPVUFGCVJ=?=? +P %QPITGUU RCUUGF NGIKUNCVKQP NKOKVKPI UGETGV UGTXKEG RTQVGEVKQP VQ PQ OQTG VJCP [GCTUHTQO VJG FCVG C RTGUKFGPV NGCXGU QEG=? 1P ,CPWCT[

1SFTJEFOUT (FPSHF ) 8 #VTI (FPSHF 8 #VTI #JMM $MJOUPO BOE+JNNZ $BSUFS XJUI 1SFTJEFOUFMFDU #BSBDL 0CBNB JO UIF 0WBM0DF PO +BOVBSZ

2TGUKFGPV 1DCOC UKIPGF NGIKUNCVKQP TGKPUVCVKPI NKHGVKOG UGETGV UGTXKEG RTQVGEVKQP HQT JKO )GQTIG 9 $WUJCPF CNN UWDUGSWGPV RTGUKFGPVU=? # URQWUG YJQ TGOCTTKGUKU PQ NQPIGT GNKIKDNG HQT UGETGV UGTXKEG RTQVGEVKQP=?

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

.KXKPI HQTOGT RTGUKFGPVU Jimmy Carter &VJ UGTXGF D CIG

4&& "-40

George H. W. Bush 4UV UGTXGF D CIG

Bill Clinton &PF UGTXGF D CIG

George W. Bush 4TF UGTXGF D CIG

5.1 Presidential libraries

/CKP CTVKENG 2TGUKFGPVKCN NKDTCT[

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

6 Timeline of Presidents

6JKU KU C ITCRJKECN VKOGNKPG NKUVKPI QH VJG 2TGUKFGPVU QH VJG7PKVGF 5VCVGU

7 See also

7.1 Lists relating to the United States pres-idency

.KUV QH 2TGUKFGPVU QH VJG 7PKVGF 5VCVGU

.KUVU QH ECPFKFCVGU HQT 2TGUKFGPV QH VJG 7PKVGF 5VCVGU

.KUVU QH EVKQPCN 2TGUKFGPVU QH VJG 7PKVGF 5VCVGU

.KUVU QH JQPQTU CPF CYCTFU TGEGKXGF D[ 2TGUKFGPVU QH VJG7PKVGF 5VCVGU.KUVU QH 7PKVGF 5VCVGU LWFKEKCN CRRQKPVOGPVU D[ RTGUKFGPV8KEG RTGUKFGPE[ QH VJG 7PKVGF 5VCVGUTGNCVGF NKUVU.KUV QH DWTKCN RNCEGU QH 2TGUKFGPVU QH VJG 7PKVGF 5VCVGU.KUV QH 2TGUKFGPVU QH VJG 7PKVGF 5VCVGU.KUV QH 2TGUKFGPVU QH VJG 7PKVGF 5VCVGU D[ CIG#OGTKECP 2TGUKFGPVU .KHG 2QTVTCKVU.KUV QH 7PKVGF 5VCVGU RTGUKFGPVKCN CUUCUUKPCVKQP CVVGORVUCPF RNQVU#UUCUUKPCVKQP VJTGCVU CICKPUV $CTCEM 1DCOC.KUV QH CWVQDKQITCRJKGU D[ 2TGUKFGPVU QH VJG 7PKVGF5VCVGU.KUV QH PKEMPCOGU WUGF D[ )GQTIG 9 $WUJ.KUV QH 7PKVGF 5VCVGU RTGUKFGPVKCN ECPFKFCVGU.KUV QH EJKNFTGP QH VJG 2TGUKFGPVU QH VJG 7PKVGF 5VCVGU.KUV QH 2TGUKFGPVU QH VJG 7PKVGF 5VCVGU D[ GFWECVKQP.KUV QH 75 EQWPVKGU PCOGF CHVGT 75 2TGUKFGPVU.KUV QH 2TGUKFGPVU QH VJG 7PKVGF 5VCVGU D[ FCVG QH DKTVJ.KUV QH 2TGUKFGPVU QH VJG 7PKVGF 5VCVGU D[ FCVG QH FGCVJ.KUV QH 2TGUKFGPVU QH VJG 7PKVGF 5VCVGU YJQ FKGF KP QEG.KXKPI (KTUV .CFKGU QH VJG 7PKVGF 5VCVGU.KUV QH 7PKVGF 5VCVGU 2TGUKFGPVKCN TUVU*CPFGFPGUU QH 2TGUKFGPVU QH VJG 7PKVGF 5VCVGU*GKIJVU QH RTGUKFGPVU CPF RTGUKFGPVKCN ECPFKFCVGU QH VJG7PKVGF 5VCVGU*KUVQTKECN RQNNKPI HQT 75 2TGUKFGPVKCN GNGEVKQPU*KUVQTKECN TCPMKPIU QH 2TGUKFGPVU QH VJG 7PKVGF 5VCVGU.KUV QH KPVGTPCVKQPCN VTKRU OCFG D[ VJG 2TGUKFGPV QH VJG7PKVGF 5VCVGU75 2TGUKFGPVKCN +3 JQCZ$KDNKQITCRJ[ QH 6JQOCU ,GGTUQP.KUV QH 2TGUKFGPVU QH VJG 7PKVGF 5VCVGU D[ LWFKEKCNCRRQKPVOGPVU$KDNKQITCRJ[ QH #DTCJCO .KPEQNP.KUV QH QDUGTXCPEGU KP VJG 7PKVGF 5VCVGU D[ RTGUKFGPVKCNRTQENCOCVKQP.KUV QH RJQVQITCRJU QH #DTCJCO .KPEQNP.KUV QH 75 OKNKVCT[ XGUUGNU PCOGF CHVGT 2TGUKFGPVU.KUV QH 7PKVGF 5VCVGU RTGUKFGPVKCN GNGEVKQPU D[ RQRWNCTXQVG OCTIKP.KUV QH 9JKVG *QWUG UGEWTKV[ DTGCEJGU.KXKPI 2TGUKFGPVU QH VJG 7PKVGF 5VCVGU.[PFQP $ ,QJPUQP DKDNKQITCRJ[$KDNKQITCRJ[ QH 9KNNKCO /E-KPNG[.KUV QH OGGVKPIU DGVYGGP VJG 2QRG CPF VJG 2TGUKFGPV QHVJG 7PKVGF 5VCVGU.KUV QH 7PKVGF 5VCVGU 2TGUKFGPVU D[ OKNKVCT[ TCPM.KUV QH 2TGUKFGPVU QH VJG 7PKVGF 5VCVGU D[ OKNKVCT[ UGTXKEG

.KUV QH OWNVKNKPIWCN RTGUKFGPVU QH VJG 7PKVGF 5VCVGU

.KUV QH 2TGUKFGPVU QH VJG 7PKVGF 5VCVGU D[ PCOG

.KUV QH 7PKVGF 5VCVGU 2TGUKFGPVU D[ PGV YQTVJ

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

7.2 Categories

%CVGIQT[7PKVGF 5VCVGU RTGUKFGPVKCN JKUVQT[

7.3 Articles

%WTUG QH 6KRRGECPQG 'ZGEWVKXG 1EG QH VJG 2TGUKFGPV QH VJG 7PKVGF5VCVGU

+ORGTKCN 2TGUKFGPE[ 5IF *NQFSJBM 1SFTJEFODZ +ORGTKNGF RTGUKFGPE[ 2TGUKFGPV QH VJG %QPVKPGPVCN %QPITGUU

2TGUKFGPVKCN %QKP 2TQITCO 5GEQPFVGTO EWTUG 7PKVGF 5VCVGU RTGUKFGPVKCN NKPG QH UWEEGUUKQP KP EVKQP

8KEG 2TGUKFGPV QH VJG 7PKVGF 5VCVGU 9JKVG *QWUG 1EG

8 Notes

=? (QTGKIPDQTP #OGTKECP EKVK\GPU YJQ OGV VJG CIG CPFTGUKFGPE[ TGSWKTGOGPVU CV VJG VKOG VJG %QPUVKVWVKQP YCUCFQRVGF YGTG CNUQ GNKIKDNG HQT VJG RTGUKFGPE[ *QYGXGTVJKU CNNQYCPEG JCU UKPEG DGEQOG QDUQNGVG

9 References

=? *QY 6Q #FFTGUU 6JG 2TGUKFGPV *G +U 0QV ;QWT 'ZEGNNGPE[ 1T ;QWT *QPQT $WV /T 2TGUKFGPV 5IF /FX :PSL5JNFT #WIWUV

=? 75)5 %QTTGURQPFGPEG *CPFDQQM %JCRVGT 7UIUIQX ,WN[ 4GVTKGXGF 0QXGODGT

=? /QFGNU QH #FFTGUU CPF 5CNWVCVKQP +VCFQEIQX 4GVTKGXGF 5GRVGODGT

=? *'#&5 1( 56#6' *'#&5 1( )18'40/'06/+0+56'45 (14 (14'+)0 #((#+45 2TQVQEQN CPF.KCKUQP 5GTXKEG 7PKVGF 0CVKQPU 4GVTKGXGF QP 0QXGODGT

=? 6JG 9JKVG *QWUG 1EG QH VJG 2TGUU 5GETGVCT[ 5GRVGODGT 4GOCTMU D[ 2TGUKFGPV 1DCOC 2TGUKFGPV/WDCTCM *KU /CLGUV[ -KPI #DFWNNCJ 2TKOG /KPKUVGT0GVCP[CJW CPF 2TGUKFGPV #DDCU $GHQTG9QTMKPI &KPPGT8IJUF)PVTFHPW 4GVTKGXGF ,WN[

=? 'ZEJCPIG QH .GVVGTU 2GTOCPGPV 1DUGTXGT /KUUKQP QH2CNGUVKPG VQ VJG 7PKVGF 0CVKQPU 5GRVGODGT 4GVTKGXGF ,WN[

=? 5CTG 9KNNKCO 1EVQDGT 1P NCPIWCIG 21675 CPF (.1675 /FX :PSL 5JNFT 0GY ;QTM 6JG0GY ;QTM 6KOGU %QORCP[ 4GVTKGXGF /C[

=? 0QGT /KEJCGN 2GTNTQVJ 0KEQNG 0QXGODGT 6JG 9QTNFU /QUV 2QYGTHWN 2GQRNG 'PSCFT 4GVTKGXGF5GRVGODGT

=? 6JG /QUV 2QYGTHWN /CP KP VJG 9QTNF KU C $NCEM /CP 6JG .QU #PIGNGU 5GPVKPGN .CUGPVKPGNPGV 4GVTKGXGF5GRVGODGT

=? 9JQ UJQWNF DG VJG YQTNFU OQUV RQYGTHWN RGTUQP! 5IF(VBSEJBO .QPFQP ,CPWCT[

=? ,QP /GCEJCO &GEGODGT /GCEJCO 6JG*KUVQT[ QH 2QYGT /FXTXFFL 4GVTKGXGF 5GRVGODGT

3&'&3&/$&4

=? (CTGGF

=? 2GVGT 'KUNGT /CTEJ %NKPVQPRCRGTU TGNGCUGDNQEMGF 75# 61 4GVTKGXGF 0QXGODGT (QTOGT RTGUKFGPV %NKPVQP KUUWGF RCTFQPU QP JKUNCUV FC[ KP QEG KPENWFKPI UGXGTCN VQ EQPVTQXGTUKCN IWTGU UWEJ CU EQOOQFKVKGU VTCFGT 4KEJ VJGP C HWIKVKXGQP VCZ GXCUKQP EJCTIGU 4KEJU GZYKHG &GPKUG EQPVTKDWVGF KP VQ *KNNCT[ %NKPVQPU 5GPCVG ECORCKIP VQ C TGNCVGF RQNKVKECN CEVKQP EQOOKVVGG CPF VQ C HWPF UGV WR VQ DWKNF VJG %NKPVQP NKDTCT[

=? /KNNJKUGT +CP ,WPG 'ZGEWVKXG 2TKXKNGIG %GPVGT HQT #OGTKECP 2TQITGUU 4GVTKGXGF 1EVQDGT

=? 2CTV +++ QH VJG QRKPKQP KP .PIBNFE W +FQQFTFO %BUBQMBO %CUGNCYPFNCYEQO 4GVTKGXGF 0QXGODGT

=? (TQUV #OCPFC (NQTGPEG ,WUVKP 4GHQTOKPI VJG5VCVG 5GETGVU 2TKXKNGIG 2&( #OGTKECP %QPUVKVWVKQP5QEKGV[ 4GVTKGXGF 1EVQDGT

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

=? 5CXCIG %JCTNKG 5GRVGODGT %QWTV &KUOKUUGU C%CUG #UUGTVKPI 6QTVWTG D[ %+# 5IF /FX :PSL 5JNFT4GVTKGXGF 1EVQDGT

=? (KPP 2GVGT 5GRVGODGT 5WKV FKUOKUUGF CICKPUVTO KP %+# TGPFKVKQP ECUG 5IF 8BTIJOHUPO 1PTU 4GVTKGXGF 1EVQDGT

=? )TGGPYCNF )NGPP (GDTWCT[ 6JG FGITGGTGXGTUCN QH 1DCOCU 5VCVG 5GETGVU RQUKVKQP 4BMPO 4GVTKGXGF 1EVQDGT

=? #OGTKECP %KXKN .KDGTVKGU 7PKQP ,CPWCT[ $CEMITQWPF QP VJG 5VCVG 5GETGVU 2TKXKNGIG #%.7 4GVTKGXGF 1EVQDGT

=? 'TKE %CPVQT ,WN[ 1DCOCU %\CTU 5IF8BTIJOHUPO 1PTU 4GVTKGXGF 5GRVGODGT

=? &CPC & 0GNUQP 1EVQDGT 6JG WPKVCT[ GZGEWVKXG SWGUVKQP -PT "OHFMFT 5JNFT 4GVTKGXGF 1EVQDGT

=? 6TCPUETKRV 4C[ 5WCTG\ CPF QVJGTU ,WN[ 2TGUKFGPVU 7UG QH 5KIPKPI 5VCVGOGPVU 4CKUGU %QPUVKVWVKQPCN %QPEGTPU 2$5 1PNKPG 0GYU*QWT 4GVTKGXGF0QXGODGT 6JG #OGTKECP $CT #UUQEKCVKQP UCKF

2TGUKFGPV $WUJU WUG QH UKIPKPI UVCVGOGPVU YJKEJ CNNQYJKO VQ UKIP C DKNN KPVQ NCY DWV PQV GPHQTEG EGTVCKP RTQXKUKQPU FKUTGICTFU VJG TWNG QH NCY CPF VJG UGRCTCVKQP QH RQYGTU .GICN GZRGTVU FKUEWUU VJG KORNKECVKQPU

=? )GQTIG ( 9KNN QRGF EQNWOPKUV &GEGODGT /CMKPI %QPITGUU /QQV 5IF 8BTIJOHUPO 1PTU 4GVTKGXGF 5GRVGODGT

=? &WIICP 2CWN #RTKN $CNMKPI CV VJG (KTUV 2KVEJ5IF 8BTIJOHUPO 1PTU R #

=? )TKGT 2GVGT #RTKN 6JG PQV UQ UGETGV JKUVQT[ QH VJG 9JKVG *QWUG 'CUVGT 'II 4QNN 5IF $ISJTUJBO4DJFODF .POJUPS 4GVTKGXGF /C[

=? *GUUG /QPKEC 0QXGODGT 6WTMG[ 2CTFQPU6JG 5VWPI QH *KUVQTKE .GIGPF 5IF 8BTIJOHUPO 1PTU4GVTKGXGF /C[

=? )KDDU 0CPE[ 0QXGODGT *QY 2TGUKFGPVU2CUU 6JG 6QTEJ 5JNF 4GVTKGXGF /C[

=? &QTPKPI /KMG ,CPWCT[ # PQVG HTQO $WUJUVCTVU OQTPKPI KP VJG 1XCN 1EG $IJDBHP 5SJCVOF 4GVTKGXGF /C[

=? ,COGU # #DDQVV CPF 'NCKPG / 4KEG %FTJHOJOH $BNFMPU 5IF ,FOOFEZ 8IJUF )PVTF 3FTUPSBUJPO 8CP0QUVTCPF 4GKPJQNF RR +5$0

=? 6JG9JKVG *QWUG 5VCVG &KPPGT 2&( 5IF8IJUF )PVTF)JTUPSJDBM "TTPDJBUJPO 4GVTKGXGF /C[

=? 4CEJGN &[MQUMK 0QXGODGT $QQM PQVG 2TGUKFGPVKCN KFQNCVT[ KU $CF HQT &GOQETCE[ 6YKP %KVKGU&CKN[ 2NCPGV 4GVTKGXGF 0QXGODGT &CPC &0GNUQPU DQQM OCMGU VJG ECUG VJCV YGXG JCF [GCTUQH RTQRCICPFK\GF NGCFGTUJKR

=? ,QJP 0GPIGT #RTKN &GOQETCVU XU 4DJFODF9J[ 9GTG 5Q &COP )QQF CV .QUKPI 'NGEVKQPU )VJOHUPO 1PTU 4GVTKGXGF 0QXGODGT DCEM KPVJG U .GUNG[ 5VCJN QH /KPWVGU TCP C RKGEG UMGYGTKPI 4GCICPU RQNKEKGU QP VJG GNFGTN[ $WV YJKNG JGTXQKEGQXGT FGNKXGTGF C UECVJKPI ETKVKSWG VJG XKFGQ HQQVCIGYCU CNN FTCYP HTQO ECTGHWNN[UVCIGF RJQVQQRU QH 4GCICP UOKNKPI YKVJ UGPKQTU CPF CFFTGUUKPI NCTIG ETQYFU &GCXGT VJCPMGF 5VCJNHQT DTQCFECUVKPI CNN VJQUG KOCIGU QH 4GCICP NQQMKPI JKU DGUV

=? &CPC & 0GNUQP $CF HQT FGOQETCE[ JQY VJG2TGUKFGPE[ WPFGTOKPGU VJG RQYGT QH VJG RGQRNG 7 QH/KPPGUQVC 2TGUU +5$0 4GVTKGXGF0QXGODGT KP TKEJ FGVCKN JQY -GPPGF[ FTGYQP VJG RQYGT QH O[VJ CU JG HTCOGF JKU GZRGTKGPEG FWTKPI9QTNF 9CT ++ YJGP JKU 26 DQCV YCU UNKEGF KP JCNH D[ C,CRCPGUG

=? &CPC & 0GNUQP $CF HQT FGOQETCE[ JQY VJG2TGUKFGPE[ WPFGTOKPGU VJG RQYGT QH VJG RGQRNG 7QH /KPPGUQVC 2TGUU +5$0 4GVTKGXGF 0QXGODGT 'XGP DGHQTG -GPPGF[ TCPHQT %QPITGUU JG JCF DGEQOG HCUEKPCVGF VJTQWIJ JKU *QNN[YQQF CESWCKPVCPEGU CPF XKUKVU YKVJ VJG KFGC QH KOCIG

R

3&'&3&/$&4

=? .GZKPIVQP ,WN[ 6JG %WNV QH VJG 2TGUKFGPE[5IF &DPOPNJTU 4GVTKGXGF 0QXGODGT )GPG*GCN[ CTIWGU VJCV DGECWUG XQVGTU GZRGEV VJG RTGUKFGPV VQFQ GXGT[VJKPI 9JGP VJG[ KPGXKVCDN[ HCKN VQ MGGR VJGKTRTQOKUGU XQVGTU UYKHVN[ DGEQOG FKUKNNWUKQPGF ;GV VJG[PGXGT NQUG VJGKT TQOCPVKE KFGC VJCV VJG RTGUKFGPV UJQWNFFTKXG VJG GEQPQO[ XCPSWKUJ GPGOKGU NGCF VJG HTGG YQTNFEQOHQTV VQTPCFQ XKEVKOU JGCN VJG PCVKQPCN UQWN CPF RTQVGEVDQTTQYGTU HTQO JKFFGP ETGFKVECTF HGGU

=? /KEJKMQ -CMWVCPK DQQM TGXKGYGT ,WN[ 7PEJGEMGF CPF 7PDCNCPEGF 5IF /FX :PSL 5JNFT 4GVTKGXGF 0QXGODGT VJG HQWPFKPI HCVJGTU JCF UECPVCGEVKQP HQT UVTQPI GZGEWVKXGU NKMG 'PINCPFU MKPI CPF $WUJ 9JKVG *QWUGU ENCKOU CTG TQQVGF KP KFGCU CDQWV VJGFKXKPG TKIJV QH MKPIU CPF VJCV EGTVCKPN[ FKF PQV PFVJGKT YC[ KPVQ QWT HQWPFKPI FQEWOGPVU VJG &GENCTCVKQP QH +PFGRGPFGPEG CPF VJG %QPUVKVWVKQP QH

=? 6JG %QPSWGUV QH 2TGUKFGPVKCNKUO )VOHUPO 1PTU #WIWUV 4GVTKGXGF 5GRVGODGT

=? KPVGTXKGY D[ &CXKF 5EJKOMG 5GRVGODGT1EVQDGT 2TGUKFGPVKCN 2QYGT VQ VJG 2GQRNG #WVJQT &CPC & 0GNUQP QP YJ[ FGOQETCE[ FGOCPFU VJCV VJG PGZV RTGUKFGPV DGVCMGP FQYP C PQVEJ 6UOF 3FBEFS 4GVTKGXGF 5GRVGODGT

=? 4QUU .KPMGT 5GRVGODGT %TKVKECN QH 2TGUKFGPE[ 2TQH )KPUDGTI CPF %TGPUQP WPKVG 6JG ,QJPU*QRMKPU 0GYUNGVVGT 4GVTKGXGF 0QXGODGT RTGUKFGPVU UNQYN[ DWV UWTGN[ ICKP OQTG CPF OQTG RQYGT YKVJDQVJ VJG RWDNKE CV NCTIG CPF QVJGT RQNKVKECN KPUVKVWVKQPU FQKPI PQVJKPI VQ RTGXGPV KV

=? /KEJKMQ -CMWVCPK DQQM TGXKGYGT ,WN[ 7PEJGEMGF CPF 7PDCNCPEGF 5IF /FX :PSL 5JNFT 4GVTKGXGF 0QXGODGT 70%*'%-'& #0& 70$#.#0%'& 2TGUKFGPVKCN 2QYGT KP C 6KOG QH 6GTTQT $[(TGFGTKEM # 1 5EJYCT\ ,T CPF #\K\

=? 7PKVGF 5VCVGU 5GETGV 5GTXKEG 2TQVGEVKQP 7PKVGF 5VCVGU5GETGV 5GTXKEG 4GVTKGXGF 1EVQDGT

=? 1DCOC UKIPU RTQVGEVKQP DKNN HQT HQTOGT RTGUKFGPVU 5IF8BTIJOHUPO 5JNFT ,CPWCT[ 4GVTKGXGF #WIWUV

=? 5JQEM CPF #PIGT (NCUJ 6JTQWIJQWV VJG 7PKVGF 5VCVGU#UUQEKCVGF 2TGUU /CTEJ 4GVTKGXGF /CTEJ

=? (174 24'5+&'065 4GCICP 2TGUKFGPVKCN .KDTCT[0CVKQPCN #TEJKXGU CPF 4GEQTFU #FOKPKUVTCVKQP 4GVTKGXGF #RTKN

=? $KQITCRJ[ QH 4KEJCTF / 0KZQP 6JG 9JKVG *QWUG

=? 75% h

10 Further reading

$WOKNNGT 'NKUCDGVJ ,CPWCT[ +PUKFG VJG2TGUKFGPE[ /BUJPOBM (FPHSBQIJD 215

%QWEJ 'TPKG 1SFTJEFOUJBM 5SJWJB 4WVNGFIG *KNN2TGUU /CTEJ +5$0

.CPI , 5VGRJGP 5IF $PNQMFUF #PPL PG 1SFTJEFOUJBM5SJWJB 2GNKECP 2WDNKUJKPI +5$0

.GQ .GQPCTF 6CTCPVQ ,COGU $GPPGVV 9KNNKCO, 1SFTJEFOUJBM -FBEFSTIJQ 3BUJOH UIF #FTU BOE UIF8PSTU JO UIF 8IJUF )PVTF 5KOQP CPF 5EJWUVGT +5$0

1SFTJEFOUJBM 4UVEJFT 2VBSUFSMZ RWDNKUJGF D[ $NCEMYGNN 5[PGTI[ KU C SWCTVGTN[ CECFGOKE LQWTPCN QP VJGRTGUKFGPE[

YKVE\CM 9CUKNGYUMC +YQPC 5IF 5PVHIFTU 4FBTPO JO UIF 8IJUF )PVTF 5IF 3IFUPSJDBM 1SFTJEFODZBOE UIF 4UBUF PG UIF 6OJPO "EESFTT 2J& VJGUKU 7PKXGTUKV[ QH *GNUKPMK +5$0 1PNKPGXGTUKQP

9CNFOCP /KEJCGN 5VGRJCPQRQWNQU )GQTIG .Z'FMMPX "NFSJDBOT 5IF .PTU *NQPSUBOU 4QFFDIFT PG"NFSJDBT 1SFTJEFOUT GSPN (FPSHF 8BTIJOHUPO UP(FPSHF 8 #VTI 5QWTEGDQQMU 6TCFG +5$0

9KPFGT /KEJCGN - 1SFTJEFOUT BOE 1SPQIFUT 5IF4UPSZ PG "NFSJDBT 1SFTJEFOUT BOE UIF -%4 $IVSDI%QXGPCPV %QOOWPKECVKQPU +5$0

,CEQDU 4QP +PVGTXKGY YKVJ ,QUGRJ ) 2GUEJGM CPF9KNNKCO )TQXGT CWVJQTU QH 5IF 6OTVTUBJOBCMF 1SFTJEFODZ C DQQM QGTKPI CP CPCN[UKU QH VJG TQNG VJG75 2TGUKFGPV RNC[U KP GEQPQOKEU CPF RQNKVKEU

11 External links

Ocial

'ZGEWVKXG 1EG QH VJG 2TGUKFGPV 4GVTKGXGF ,CPWCT[

9JKVG *QWUG 4GVTKGXGF 1EVQDGT

Presidential histories

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12 Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses

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