Presenter: Chris D’Acosta

Mr. D’Acosta was born and raised in Fort Worth, Texas. He graduated with a BS Industrial Engineering from Texas Tech University.

Mr. D’Acosta has worked in the oil & gas industry for over 30 years. His career began as a consultant for Andersen Consulting serving major international clients in US, Europe and Latin America.

Mr. D’Acosta was then hired by Koch Industries in Wichita Kansas serving in various senior management positions including Operations Reengineering, Regulatory Compliance Auditing and Mergers, Acquisitions & Divestitures. He also ran the Global Logistics & Supply Chain operation for a wholly-owned international petrochemical business.

In 2012, Mr. D’Acosta joined Swift Fuels, LLC as CEO. Swift Fuels is a global leader in the development of unleaded aviation gasoline products. The company is committed to delivering next generation high-performance aviation gasoline to the piston-engine fleet, while striving for operational excellence in all areas of health, safety, quality and regulatory compliance. The company is located in the Purdue University Research Park in West Lafayette, Indiana.

Swift Fuels Briefing

Airport Commission Workshop

Transition to Unleaded Aviation Gasoline

January 26, 2015

Chris D’Acosta

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tTpGj7ZGL-M

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Zmt0Zks1K9s https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=j6USPtdQG4A

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dhWwPPJhG_8&list=UUOrQgpZTgC15mVVdccSUy6Q&feature=player_detailpage http://www.wdsu.com/news/local-news/new-orleans/iteam-source-of-lead-contamination-found-flying-under-the-radar/29928388

Unleaded High-Performance Aviation Gasolines

http://vimeo.com/66586884

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US 100LL Avgas Sales (gallons / year)

US Demand for 100LL Avgas

200+ Million Gallons/Yr Avgas 167,000+ Piston Aircraft 19,000+ FBO/Airports/HP’s

EPA lowered the NAAQS standard for lead from 1,500 ng/m3 (90-day average) to 150 ng/m3 in 2008, citing new evidence that serious health effects occur

at much lower levels of lead in blood than previously Identified.

http://www.wdsu.com/news/local-news/new-orleans/iteam-source-of-lead-contamination-found-flying-under-the-radar/29928388

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31,136

15,715

9,850

6,218

3,383

1203

1000

754656

Aircraft

Cessna

Piper

Beech

Mooney

Cirrus

Robinson

Diamond

Grumman

Bellanca

Over 75,000 US Commercial Aircraft Require > 102 Octane Fuel Consuming > 75% of All US Avgas

31,136

15,715

9,850

6,218

3,383

1203

1000

754656

Aircraft

Cessna

Piper

Beech

Mooney

Cirrus

Robinson

Diamond

Grumman

Bellanca

Cost Efficient Performance: Firefighting Police Patrol Crop Dusting Pipeline Surveys Pilot Training Corporate Business Commercial Transport Alaska Couriers Others…

Aircraft Demand for Avgas

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1993 DOT/FAA/CT-93/65 MTBE MMT TAME ETBE

2004 DOT/FAA/AR-04/25 ETBE Ethanol Toluene M-Toluidine MMT

2008 DOT/FAA/AR-08/40 ETBE Tert-Butyl-Benzene Toluene M-Toluidine

Between 1993 and 2008, research using 245 avgas fuel formulations was conducted by FAA Technical Center and Coordinating Research Council, however,

“none of the fuels could satisfy all the performance requirements of 100LL.”

FAA’s Prior Industry Research Has Led to New Efforts: Creation of PAFI

1970/90 CAA -- Swift Fuels

Source: FAA UAT ARC Final Report Part I Body

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OXYGENATES

HYDROCARBONS METALS

AMINES

UL102 100LL 100/130

RACE FUELS AUTO GAS

JET FUEL

FAA’s Prior Industry Research Has Led to New Efforts: Creation of PAFI

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Challenges Using Auto Gas in Aviation

Generally, No Ethanol allowed in FAA certificated aircraft use… Caution: Motor Octane Number (MON) used in aviation engines is not R+M/2 (AKI) RVP in auto gas varies by state / area by month; FAA / OEM restrictions may apply Oxidation of autogas can cause severe gumming in storage / wet wings Non-standard distribution outside aviation standards of product control / liability

ASTM D4814 – United States Auto Gas RVP Specifications

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UNLEADED “All Hydrocarbon” Avgas 102+ Octane (MON)

Meets ASTM D7719 Specification Improves Range up to 8-13% per gallon

Pricing “On-Par” with 100LL Avgas

Swift Fuels: UL102 Avgas Solution

Transitioning from leaded avgas to UNLEADED is a global challenge Swift Fuels has a unique, viable and proprietary global solution

2009 FAA Tech Center Results - ‘Favorable’

LEADED Avgas100-Octane

Meets ASTM D910 Specification

Aviation Gasoline Subcommittee

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Cessna Piper Cirrus Beechcraft Robinson Others

Lycoming Continental Motor Rotax Pratt & Whitney Others

ExxonMobil Shell Air BP Chevron Phillips 66 Others

SWRI Dixie Services Fuels Experts Others

ASTM Research Report

ASTM Production Specification

FAA / Purdue Engine Tests Independent Flight Tests Environmental Toxicology

Material Compatibility Independent Laboratory Tests 4-years Analysis & Test Spec

ASTM International Industry Assessment of UL102

INDEPENDENT TESTING: FAA Tech Center Purdue University Lewis University Embry-Riddle University Clemson University Univ. of Dayton Research Inst. Baere Aerospace Lycoming Cirrus GAMI Dixie Services / Intertek Others

The first unleaded, 100+ octane avgas production specification approved by ASTM Swift will also ballot 102AA fuel for test specification soon

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Regulatory Environment

http://www.epa.gov/otaq/aviation.htm http://www.faa.gov/about/initiatives/avgas/

FAA / Industry Sponsored PAFI Effort Underway 2014 - 2018 Transitioning to 102-Octane Unleaded Avgas

EPA can set exhaust emissions standards under CAA section 231 – States are preempted under CAA

PAFI

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Piston Alternative Fuels Initiative (PAFI) 2014 - 2018

PAFI Structure Funded by Congress Co-chaired by FAA and Industry Liaison In-Kind expertise and resources provided from US engine and airframe OEM’s Overseeing Phase-1 and Phase-2 Fuel Testing program

Broad Industry Participation AOPA – Aircraft Owners and Pilots Association API – American Petroleum Institute EAA – Experimental Aircraft Association GAMA – General Aviation Manufacturers Association NATA – National Air Transportation Association NBAA – National Business Aircraft Association FAA – Federal Aviation Administration

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PHASE 1

Of the 17 unleaded fuel formulations initially submitted to FAA in July 2014, only 4 were accepted for the Phase-1 PAFI testing program:

https://www.faa.gov/news/press_releases/news_story.cfm?newsId=16975

PAFI - Fuel Selection for Phase-1 Test

Key Criteria for Evaluating Fuels

ANTI-DETONATION

COST

MATERIAL COMPATIBILITY

AVAILABILITY

WEIGHT

ENERGY DENSITY

TOXICOLOGY EMISSIONS

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT

vs. 100LL

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PAFI - Fuel Evaluation Criteria

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Swift Fuels Industry Collaborators Cross-Industry Testing, Mentors & Experts

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FAA Tech Center: Engine Detonation Testing

FAA Tech Center: Engine Performance Testing

FAA Tech Center: UL102 + 100LL Comingled Fuels Testing

Lycoming Engine / Fuel Pump Inspection

Embry Riddle University Inflight Cold-Soak Restart Test

Approved ASTM Research Report – Part I

200+ Hours Experimental Flight Testing

Beare Aerospace Material Compatibility Testing

Univ. Dayton Research Institute Material Compatibility Testing

Cirrus Aircraft Composites Material Compatibility Testing

Clemson University Environmental & Toxicology Assessment

Approved ASTM Research Report – Part II

Approved ASTM Production Specification

ASTM D7719 Issued Nov 2013

PAFI & OEM TC’s w/FAA Approvals Now In-Progress

The Transition to Unleaded Avgas is Underway Swift Fuels’ UL102 Fuel

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Swift Fuels - Avgas Blending Facility Lafayette, Indiana

Fire-Safe Outdoor Blend Station with Mass Flow Meters 130,000 Gallons Unleaded Fuel Storage Capacity 6,000 sq. ft. office, fuel test center and warehouse onsite 24-hour surveillance and onsite security EPA, IDEM Permits and SPCC Plans on-file Top avgas distribution companies in close collaboration

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Visit Our New Business Office Location Purdue Research Park

Swift Fuels, LLC 1435 Win Hentschel Boulevard, Suite 205

West Lafayette, IN 47906 (765) 237-3195

www.swiftfuels.com