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Basic RiggingAnd 

Wire Rope

Presented By Master Builders of Iowa 

Basic Rigging and Wire Rope Topics‐ Four Commandments of Rigging‐ Sling Angles‐ Types Of Hitches‐ Types Of Slingsyp g‐ Types Of Rigging Devices‐ OSHA Rigging Regulations‐Wire Rope

Four Commandments of Rigging

1  Know Thy Weight2  Know Thy Capacityo y apac ty3  Retain Thy Load4  Control Thy Load

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•Sling Angle:  Position Of Sling Relative To Horizontal‐ Tension In Sling Increases As Angle To Horizontal      Decrease

•Note Changes From Left To Right‐ Sling Tension Doubles, Weight Remains The 

Same

•Good Practice To Keep Sling Angle Above 45 Degrees (Good) 60 Degrees (Best)

•Avoid Going Below 30 Degrees

•Types Of Hitches

Straight PullOr

Vertical

Choker Basket

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• Straight Pull (or vertical)‐ Simplest‐ Low Load Retention & Control

•Choker Hitch‐ Highest Load Retention And Control‐Weaker Than Straight Pull

Caution:Do Not Use AsA Single Hitch

For  Loose Material

•To Determine Strength Reduction:‐ D/d Ratio

‐ D = Diameter of Bend‐ d = Diameter of Slingl h‐ Applies To Any Hitch

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•Strength Of Choker = 75% of Straight Pull If: ‐ Sharp Corners Protected‐ Sling Angles Not Less Than 45

•Pounding Down the eye

•Double‐Wrap Choker‐Makes 360 Deg Contact, Squeezes     Load‐ High Retention

•Basket Hitch‐ Conditions For Maximum Capacity‐ Retention Varies With Load‐ Low Control

CautionThis Hitch Is TheThis Hitch Is The Biggest Cause For Cranes Loosing Their Loads

CautionMost Basket Hitches Do Not Meet The Spec.For The Full Basket Capacity Because Of Sling Angle or D/d.

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•Avoid Excess Spread•Best Practice Keep Sling Angle  Above 60 Degrees

60 Degrees or More

•Double Wrap Basket Hitch‐Makes 360 Degree Contact, Squeezes

‐ Legs Need Adjustment During Take‐Up‐ High Load Retention‐ Higher Control Than With Basket‐ Higher Control Than With Basket

•Bridles‐ Combinations Of Hitches‐ Sling Angle Factor Usually A Concern‐ Problems With Load Share

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•Wire Rope Slings‐Most Common‐ Economic, Lightweight, Flexible, Durable‐ Damage Easily Detectable‐ Tags Not Required But Good IdeaE‐ Eyes

‐ Thimbles

•Wire Rope Slings (continued)‐ OSHA Requirements

Not Allowed For Slings, Bridles, AndBull Wires on Construction Projects

•Wire Rope Slings (continued)‐ Remove From Service If:

‐10 Broken Wires In 1 Lay‐5 Broken Wires In 1 Strand 1 LaySevere Abrasion‐Severe Abrasion‐Distorted Rope Structure‐End Attachments Damaged Or Worn‐1/3 Wear of Outside Wire‐Heat Damage

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•Synthetic Web Slings‐ Easy To Use, Lightest, Less Likely   To Damage Load

‐ Easily Damagedl‐ Use Special Fittings

‐ Tags Required‐ Safety Yarn

•Chain Slings‐ Highly Resistant To Heat And    

Abrasion‐ Prone To Weak‐Link FailureProne To Weak Link Failure‐Must Use Proper Chain And Fittings

Caution Use Only 

Chain ApprovedFor Hoisting

•Chain Slings (continued)‐ Be Carful Not To Bend Links

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•Chain slings (continued)‐Wear‐ Reach‐ Tables

Check TablesFor Minimum

Measure a KnownNumber of LinksWhen New andCompare With Future Lengths

•Chain slings (continued)‐ Readable Tags Required

•Shackles‐ Recommended Types:‐ Screw Pin‐ Bolt

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•Shackles (continued)‐ Do Regular Inspections

•Shackles (continued)-No Welding or Cutting-No Bolts To Replace Plus

•Shackles (continued)-Proper Choking

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•Shackles (continued)- Avoid Eccentric Loads- De-rate

Not Professional

•Shackles (continued)-Can Be Symmetrically Side Loaded Without Derating

120 DegreeMaximum

•Shackle Size

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•Hooks-Proper Use And Inspection Very Important-Do Not Ignore

•Hooks (continued)-Proper Load-Number of Slings-Exception For Shake-Outs

•Hooks (continued)-Working Safety Latches-Exceptions

Latch

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•Hooks (continued)-Inspect Regularly-Take Out of Service if:

•10% Wear Saddle•Open up 15%•Twist 10 deg.

•Hooks (continued)-No Welding Or Cutting

Never

•Wire Rope Clips-Most Common Use On Cranes

Crosby Says Tail Is 6 Rope Diameters Except ForRotation Resistant Which Is 20 Rope Diameters.

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•Wire Rope Clips (continued)-OSHA Prohibited Use On Slings-Allowed Uses-ANSI Requirement

Forged                   Forged Malleable

•Wire Rope Clips (continued)- Proper Direction

Never SaddleA Dead Horse

U boltSaddle

Dead End

•Wedge Socket‐Most Commons Method To Terminate Crane Rope‐ Easy To Use‐ Parts Must All Match In Size

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•Wedge Socket (continued)- Correct Rope Installation

Yes No

•Eye Bolts- Must Have Load Rating- Loading Bolts Without - Shoulders- Loading Bolts With Shoulders

Shouldered Eye Bolts May Be 

ShoulderlessEye Bolts MayOnly Be LoadedIn This Direction

yLoaded Between 45 and 90 Deg.

90 Deg.45 Deg.

•Spreader Beams- Two Uses

•Spreaders•Equalizers

Spreader Equalizer Unequalizer

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•Spreader Beams (continued)- Often Custom Fabricated- ANSI Considered As Load

This EqualizerThis EqualizerBecomes AnUnequalizer IfIt Gets Out OfLevel

Cap. 22 Tons

•Rigging Equipment

- Regular Inspection Required- Must Take Damaged Or Defective Out Of ServiceService

- Do Not Overload- Custom-Made Equipment

•Slings

- Protect From Sharp Edges & Corners

- Must Not Contain KinksMust Not Contain Kinks- Cannot Be Pulled From Under

Load

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•Slings (continued)

- Means of Shortening- No Wire Rope Clips To FormNo Wire Rope Clips To Form

Eyes

•Slings (continued)

- Web Sling Require Readable Tags- Wire Rope Slings Do Not Require p g q

Tags- Requirements For Removal From

Service

•Chain Slings

- Allowed If Proper MaterialRequire Readable Tags- Require Readable Tags

- Required Written Inspection Records

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Wire Rope

•Important Piece Of Equipment•Requires Proper Use•Requires Proper Use, Lubrication And Inspection

•Types Of Wire Rope- Abbreviations Used- Abbreviations Give Information About:

• Strand Construction• Strand Construction• Lay• Core• Grade

•Strand Construction

-PRF….. Preformed-NP ….. Non-Preformed-S ….. Seale-W ….. Warringtong-WS ….. Warrington Seale-FW ….. Filler Wire

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•Lay Types

-RRL ….. Right Regular Lay-LRL ….. Left Regular Lay-RLL ….. Right Lang Lay-LLL Left Lang LayLLL ….. Left Lang Lay

•Core Types

-FC ….. Fiber Core-IWRC .. Independent Wire Rope Core-PPC Polypropylene Rope CorePPC …. Polypropylene Rope Core-SC …. Strand Core

•Common Rope Grades (wire)

-MPS ….. Mild Plow Steel-PS ….. Plow Steel-IPS ….. Improved Low Steel-XIP ….. Extra Improved Plow Steel-XXIP …. Extra Extra Improved Plow

Steel

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•Interpreting Abbreviations

-1 1/8” - 6x31, WS, RRL, EIPS, PRF, IWRC

-1” – 6x25 FW, RLL, IPS, PRF, IWRC

-Assumptions If Direction Omitted-If Preform Designation Omitted

•Rotation-Resistant Rope

- Forbidden On Boom Hoist Systems –Fiber Core Also

- Manufacturer’s Direction For Use Of SwivelsSwivels

17x7 18x7 34x7 12x6 over 3x4

•Rotation Resistant Rope (continued)- Difficult To Find Damage- Higher Safety Factors- Removal From Service

2 broken wires in 6 rope diameters or4 broken wires in 30 rope diameters

Core Failure CausingReduction in Diameter

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•Lay- Three Meanings

1 Direction Of Strands

Right Lay Left Lay

•Lay (continued)2 Appearance Of Individual Wires

Right Regular Lay Right Lang Lay

•Lay (continued)3 Length Of Rope

Lay LengthLay Length

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•Caring For Wire Rope -Keep Clean-Keep Lubricated

Brush ApplicationShown There AreOther MethodsAvailable