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A brief statement which expresses an observation on life, usually intended as a wise observation.
Aphorism
a noun or noun substitute placed next to
(in apposition to) another noun to be
described or defined
Appositive
An elaborate, usually intellectually ingenious poetic comparison or
image, such as an analogy or metaphor in which, say a beloved is
compared to a ship, planet, etc. The
comparison may be brief or extended.
Conceit
a poem that celebrates, in a continuous narrative, the
achievements of mighty heroes and heroines, usually in founding a
nation or developing a culture, and uses
elevated language and a grand, high style.
Epic
that part of the structure that sets the scene,
introduces and identifies characters, and
establishes the situation at the beginning of a
story or play. Additional exposition is often
scattered throughout the story.
Exposition
also called a Shakespearean sonnet; a sonnet form that divides the poem into three units of four lines each and a final unit of two lines
(4;PL4;PL4;PL2 structure). Its classic rhyme scheme is abab
cdcd efef gg,
English sonnet
the special language of a profession or group
Jargon
is grammatically correct before the period (Fair is
my love, and cruel as she’s fair.)
Loose Sentence
A crude, coarse, often bitter satire ridiculing
the personal appearance or character of a person.
Lampoon
a figure of speech which substitutes one term with
another that is being associated with that
term. A name transfer takes place to
demonstrate an association of a whole to a part or how two things are associated in some
way.
Metonymy
a word capturing or approximating the sound
of what it describes
Onomatopoeia
A repetition of sentences using the same structure.
Parallel Structure
is the use of a conjunction between each word, phrase, or
clause, creating a feeling of multiplicity, energetic
enumeration, and building up
Polysyndeton
a section of a poem demarcated by extra line
spacing
Stanza
One sensory experience described in terms of
another sensory experience
Synesthesia
The writer's attitude toward his readers and
his subject
Tone
A statement which lessens or minimizes the
importance of what is meant. The opposite is
hyperbole
Understatement
the way words are put together to form phrases,
clauses, and sentences
Syntax
A figure of speech wherein a part of
something represents the whole thing.
Synecdoche
a literary work that holds up human failings to ridicule and censure
Satire
treating an abstraction as if it were a person by
endowing it with humanlike qualities
Personification (or
prosopopeia)
A play on words wherein a word is used to convey
two meanings at the same time
Pun
a sentence grammatically correct only at the end
Periodic Sentence
A situation or a statement that seems to contradict itself, but on closer inspection, does
not
Paradox
A poem in praise of something divine or
expressing some noble idea
Ode
A regular pattern of unstressed and stressed
syllables in a line or lines of poetry
Meter
a recurrent device, formula, or situation
Motif
The atmosphere or feeling created by a
literary work, partly by a description of the objects
or by the style of the descriptions
Mood
a sonnet form that divides the poem into one section of eight lines and
a second section of six lines, usually following the abbaabba cdecde
rhyme scheme
Italian sonnet
A character who sets off the main character or other characters by
comparison
Foil
a fictional character, often but not always a
minor character, who is relatively simple, who is presented as having few,
though sometimes dominant, traits, and who
thus does not change much in the course of a
story
Flat character
usually a formal lament on the death of a particular person
Elegy
a monologue that reveals a character’s innermost
thoughts and feelings set in a specific situation and spoken to an imaginary
audience
Dramatic monologue
a pleasant combination of sounds
Euphony
A mild word of phrase which substitutes for
another which would be undesirable because it is too direct, unpleasant, or
offensive
Euphemism
In literature, a word of phrase preceding or
following a name which serves to describe the
character
Epithet
A novel consisting of letters written by a character or several
characters
Epistolary novel
“the god from the machine” who usually
appears at the last moment to untangle,
resolves, or reveals some key to the plot
Deux ex machine
a very short, usually witty verse with a quick turn at
the end
Epigram
when a sentence or thought runs into the next couplet or line
without a pause at the end of the line; a run-on
line.
Enjambment
a direct and specific meaning
Denotation
might be called "reverse parallelism," since the
second part of a grammatical
construction is balanced or paralleled by the first
part, only in reverse order
Chiasmus
A pause metrical or rhetorical, within a line of poetry which may or
may not affect the metrical count
Caesura
consists of unrhymed lines in iambic
pentameter
Blank verse
an unpleasant combination of sounds
Cacophony
the word, phrase, or clause to which a pronoun refers
Antecedent
the repetition of the same word or words at
the beginning of successive phrases,
clauses, or sentences
Anaphora
compares two things, which are alike in several respects, for the purpose
of explaining or clarifying some
unfamiliar or difficult idea or object by showing how the idea or object is similar to some familiar
one
Analogy
a reference—whether explicit or implied, to
history, the Bible, myth, literature, painting,
music, and so on--that suggests the meaning or generalized implication of details in the story,
poem, or play
Allusion
A figurative work in which a surface narrative
carries a secondary, symbolic or metaphorical
meaning
Allegory
A figure of speech wherein the speaker speaks directly to an
absent or dead person or to something nonhuman.
Apostrophe