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© Siemens AG 2006

Power Transmission and Distribution

Siemens Belgium-Luxemburg

28/11/2007

© Siemens AG 2006Power Transmission and DistributionA.belvaux

High Voltage Transformers Medium VoltageComponents, switchgear and turnkeyprojects for power transmission ≤ 52kV (AC and DC)

Components, switchgear and turnkeyprojects for power transmission > 52kV (AC and DC)

Power transformers up to 1,300 MVA and 765kV, distribution transformerswith oil or cast-resin insulation

Energy AutomationIntegrated control systems, protection and substation automation, telecontrol systems, power quality.

ServicesNetwork planning & consulting, assetmaintenance and maintenance management forgrids & networks, metering services

Siemens Power Transmission and DistributionWhat we have to offer

28/11/2007


Air Insulated Switchgear (AIS)

Circuit-breakersArrestors, Bushings, Coils and Instrument TransformersDisconnectors

Gas Insulated Switchgear (GIS)

Highly Integrated Switchgear (HIS)

Gas Insulated Lines(GIL)

Reactive Power Compensation

High Voltage Direct Current (HVDC) Installations

PTD DivisionHigh Voltage overview

28/11/2007


63

50

40

31,5

25

0

Rated short-circuit breaking current [kA]

72,5 123 145 300 362 420 550 800Rated voltage [kV]

170 245

80

3AT2/3 3AT4/5

3AP1 FI3AP1 FG 3AP2 FI

Products and Solutions for High VoltageAIS – Circuit Breakers

28/11/2007


Type 3AP1 FG up to 245 kVFor all applications: reliable and economicalStored energySpring Drive MechanismSelf compression arc quenching principleRated voltages up to 245 kVRated short circuit breaking current up to 50 kAType tested to the new IEC 62271-100Available for one or three pole operation (FG/FI)Delivered more than 50,000 breakers to more than 120 countries

Type 3AP1 FI up to 300 kVStored energy Spring Drive MechanismSelf compression arc quenching principleRated voltages up to 300 kVRated short circuit breaking current up to 50 kAType tested to the new IEC 62271-100

High-Voltage Circuit-Breaker Product Characteristics

28/11/2007


Type 3AP1 DTC 72.5 up to 245 kVOne interrupter unit per poleStored energySpring Drive MechanismRated voltages up to 245 kVRated short circuit breaking currentup to 63 kAType tested to the new IEC 62271-100Equipped with bushing type current transformersAmbient temperature range from +50° C down to -55° C with pure SF6

Type 3AP2 FI up to 420 kVStored energySpring Drive MechanismSelf compression arc quenching principleRated voltages up to 420 kVRated short circuit breaking current up to 50 kAType tested to the new IEC 62271-100Easy installation and commissioning: only few subassembliesTransportation costs are minimized

High-Voltage Circuit-Breaker Product Characteristics

28/11/2007


Instrument TransformersCurrent TransformersVoltage Transformers

BushingsAir Core Dry Type ReactorsLine TrapsArc Suppression Coils

CoilsAir Core Dry Type ReactorsLine TrapsArc Suppression Coils

ArresterHV: AIS (Porcellain, Polymer) & GIS; HVDC, FACTSMV: Distribution & Traction Vehicles

Products and Solutions for High VoltageArrestors, Bushings, Coils & Instrument Transformers

28/11/2007


Centre Break

Ur 72,5 kV – 550 kVIr 1250 A – 4000 AIk 31,5 kA– 63 kA

Pantograph

Ur 123 kV – 420 kVIr 3150 AIk 50 kA

Vertical Break

Ur 123 kV – 550 kVIr 1250 A – 6300 AIk 31,5 kA– 63 kA

Earthing Switch

Built-onFree-standingNeutral point

Double Break


Knee Type


Products and Solutions for High Voltage Disconnectors & Earthing Switches from 36 kV to 800 kV

28/11/2007


Voltage(kV)

80

72.5

63

50

40

25

0123 145 300 362 420 550 800

8DR1

8DQ1

8DN9

170 245

HIS 8DN8

HIS 8DQ1

8DN8

Rated short-circuit breaking current (kA)

8DQ1

31,5

Products and Solutions for High voltageGas Insulated Switchgear (GIS)

28/11/2007


Rated voltage up to 145 kVRated frequency 50 / 60 HzRated power frequency withstand voltage (1 min) up to 275 kVRated lightning impulse withstand voltage (1,2/50 µs ) up to 650 kV

Rated busbar current up to 3150 ARated feeder current up to 3150 ARated breaking current up to 40 kARated short-time current up to 40 kALeakage rate per year and gas compartment < 0.5 %

Bay width 800 mmBay height 2850 mmBay depth 3500 mmBay weight 3 t

Gas Insulated Switchgear (GIS)8DN8.2 switchgear

28/11/2007


Gas Insulated Switchgear (GIS) 8DN9 switchgear

Rated voltage up to 245 kVRated frequency 50 / 60 HzRated power frequencywithstand voltage (1 min) up to 460 kVRated lightning impulsewithstand voltage (1,2/50 µs) up to 1050 kVRated busbar current up to 3150 ARated feeder current up to 3150 ARated breaking current up to 50 kARated short-time current up to 50 kALeakage rate per year andgas compartment < 0.5 %Bay width 1500 mmBay height 3500 mmBay depth 4700 mmBay weight 5 t

28/11/2007


Savings HIS*Savings HIS*

Site price 60 %

Civil works 20 %

Secondary cables 35 %

Steel structures 30 %

Earthing 70 %

Erection, tests, commissioning 70 %

Compact

Low cost

Modular

Suitable for in- and outdoor use

* compared to air insulated switchgear

Products and Solutions for High voltage Highly Integrated Switchgear (HIS)

28/11/2007


Domaine d’utilisation des installationsmoyenne tension

G

x x

x xxx xx x

x

Niveau de production et Réseau de Transport

Niveau de distribution primaire

Niveau de distribution secondaire

Basse tension

28/11/2007


Secondary distributionswitchgear

Gas-insulated (SF6 )8DH108DJ10/8DJ20

Air-insulatedSIMOSEC

Medium Voltage: Overview

Primary distributionswitchgear

Gas-insulated (SF6 )NX PLUS CNX PLUS8DA/8DB

Air-insulatedNX AIR NX AIR MNX AIR PSIMOPRIME

MV DC-Multifunctional Link

SIPLINK

Components

Vacuum tubesVacuum circuit-breakersVacuum contactorsOther Components

28/11/2007


8DAType-tested, single-phase encapsulation, metal-cladProved design, Single BusbarModular design with standard enclosures allows single- and double phase applicationsMore than 15 years of operating experience

Medium Voltage Products for Primary DistributionSF6-Insulated Switchgear

8DBType-tested, single-phase encapsulation, metal-cladProved design, Double BusbarModular design with standard enclosuresBusbars and busbar-disconnectors in separate gas compartmentsMore than 15 years of operating experience

up to 4000 Aup to 40 kAup to 40.5 kVDelivery Program

up to 4000 Aup to 40 kAup to 40.5 kVDelivery Program

28/11/2007


NX AIR MType-tested, IEC 62271-200, metal-clad, loss of service continuity category: LSC 2B, partition class: PM, internal arc classification: IAC A FLR ≤25 kA, 1sSingle- and Double Busbar(back/back, front/front)Vacuum circuit-breaker withdrawableMax. renewed availability by modular designSelective shutdown by bushing type transformers and pressure resistant compartmentsMax. operating safety by selfexplanatory logical operating elementsMaintenance intervals > 10 years

NX AIRType-tested, IEC 62271-200, metal-clad, loss of service continuity category: LSC 2B, partition class: PM, internal arc classification: IAC A FLR ≤40 kA, 1sSingle- and double busbar(back/back, front/front)Vacuum circuit-breaker withdrawableVacuum contactor withdrawableMax. renewed availability by modular designSelective shutdown by bushing type transformers and pressure resistant compartmentsMax. operating safety by self-explanatory logical operating elementsMaintenance intervals > 10 years

up to 2500 Aup to 40 kAup to 12 kVDelivery Program

up to 2500 Aup to 25 kA17.5 / 24 kVDelivery Program

Medium Voltage Products for Primary DistributionAir-Insulated Switchgear (AIS)

28/11/2007


8DJ20Type-testedIndependent of climateMaintenance-freeBlock-type construction, for 1-5 baysHermetically-sealed welded switch-gear enclosuresCompact and clear designNo sealingsHighest Quality LevelShortest Delivery Periods

8DJ10Type-testedIndependent of climateMaintenance-freeBlock-type construction, for 3-6 baysHermetically-sealed welded switch-gear enclosuresCompact and clear designNo sealingsHighest Quality LevelShortest Delivery PeriodsSmallest floor space for substations



Medium Voltage Products for Secondary DistributionSF6-Insulated Switchgear

28/11/2007


Independent power producers(wind generators, solar plants)

City

Large-scale power plant

Consumers withsensitive processes

Hospital

Manufacturing, trade,small industry withoutin-plant generation

Large-scale industrywith in-plant generation

New Switching Technologies for Distribution SystemsImproves Cost-Effectiveness, Availability and Power Quality

MV DC-Multifunctional Link - SIPLINK

28/11/2007


High reliability

Excellent field experience with more than 2 million vacuum interrupters

Tailormade development

Wide product range for any application

For use in

LV and MV circuit-breakers, load-break switches and contactors

Autoreclosers

Transformer Tap Changers

up to 6300 Aup to 72 kA7.2 up to 40.5 kVup to 2500 Aup to 65 kA690 up to 1300 V

Delivery Program

Medium Voltage ComponentsVacuum Tubes

28/11/2007


PTD Division Transformers

Do lor situs cum habilitarum itumalus causticusimanenter Status landum exus riuslaudanum tum.

Lorem exit vulnareusplexus est. Vulnapausta rhus tex, per itum falor sit wunt. Sit itum causticusaurum eum et explindus.Cum

Power transformers

Distribution transformers withoil or cast-resininsulation

28/11/2007


Generatortransformer

Systeminterconnectingtransformer

Shuntreactor

Oil-immerseddistribution transformer

GEAFOLcast-resin transformer

Tractiontransformer

HVDC

Systemtransformer

Special purpose transformers for industrial application

Voltageregulator

Phase angle regulator

TLMSiemens Transformer Life Management(condition assessment,life-extension,on-site-services,monitoring, ...)

Siemens Transformers at all Levels of Transmission and Distribution

28/11/2007


Ratings from 10 MVA up to 1.100 MVA / 1200 kV

Three-phase and single-phase

Power Transformers

28/11/2007


Cast-resin distributiontransformers

Ratings from 50 kVA up to40MVA

Possibility for on-linetapchanger

Static converter transformers

Distribution TransformersGEAFOL

28/11/2007


Distribution TransformersOil-immersed

Ratings from 50 up to 4.000 kVA

(TUNORMA and TUMETIC)

28/11/2007


PTD Division Energy Automation

Do lor situs cum habilitarum itumalus causticusimanenter Status landum exus riuslaudanum tum.

Lorem exit vulnareusplexus est. Vulnapausta rhus tex, per itum falor sit wunt. Sit itum causticusaurum eum et explindus.Cum

Information and network controltechnology

Protection and substation auto-mation, telecon-trolsystems, power quality

28/11/2007


System control centersSpectrum PowerCCSINAUT Spectrum

Station control & automationSICAM PASSAT 1703 / SAT 230

Protection/PowerQuality/Bay Control

SIPROTECREYROLLEBC 1703 ACPSIMEAS

Communications& networking

PLCModems …

RTU’sSAT 1703SICAM eRTU / miniRTUTG 805 / TG 5700Tools

SICAM TOOLBOXIMM DIGSI…

Energy Market Mgmt.EMMFDWHPROPHET SolutionsAMIS…

Energy Automation Strong products and brands on all levels

28/11/2007


LE BUT DE LA PROTECTION SELECTIVE EST:-Assurer la continuité de service du réseau d’energie , par

élimination de l’élément défaillant et de lui seul-Eviter des dégâts au niveau des équipements affectés par

les défauts(câbles,transformateurs…)

SIPROTEC 4

28/11/2007


LE SYSTEME DE PROTECTION =

TI/TP + Relais+ Disjoncteur

Sélectif,rapide,fiable

SIPROTEC 4

28/11/2007


SIPROTEC 4 is a

family of numericalProtection, Control- and

Automation Devices from

SIEMENS

SIPROTEC 4 - What does it mean?

28/11/2007


O/C protection 7SJ6Distance protection 7SA6Line differential protection 7SD5 / 7SD6Transformer diff. protection 7UT6Generator protection 7UM6Station protection 7SS52

SIPROTEC 4

28/11/2007


O/C protection7SJ6

SIPROTEC 4

28/11/2007


Time-overcurrent protection Functions

Time-overcurrent protection

Criteria for fault: overcurrent

Criteria for selectivity: time

28/11/2007


Time-overcurrent protection Characteristics

t [sec]

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

x IN0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5I> I>>

Tripping area

Tripping characteristic of a two stage time-overcurrentprotection device - definite time

28/11/2007


Time-overcurrent protection Characteristics

x IN0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5

t [sec]

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

Tripping characteristic of a time-overcurrent protection device -inverse time

Characteristics:IECANSIuser defined

28/11/2007


Time-overcurrent protection Application

Used as:

Line protectionSelectivity by time-grading

1

x

O/C

x

O/C

1

x

M

O/C

2x

O/C

3

As main protection

2 Motor protectionwith short circuit- and overload protection,start protection,start inhibit

3 Transformer protectionfor network transformerswith short circuit- and overload protection,Inrush-stabilisation

28/11/2007


Time-overcurrent protection Application

Main protection as line protection

x x x x

O/C O/C O/C O/C

t = 0mst = 300mst = 600mst = 900ms

Advantage: simple device,only current transformers are necessary

Disadvantage: near infeed higher tripping time

Ttrip

distance

backup

28/11/2007


Reverse Interlocking Application

1Outgoing protection initiates and blocksthe infeed protection stage within 50 ms

2Infeed protection gives a trip after50 ms since no outgoing feeder has picked up and blocked the infeed protection

M

O/CO/C

O/C

O/C

T = 50ms t = xxms

start start. start. + ++

Blocking

1

Energy direction 2

28/11/2007


4 CT inputs

7SJ61

O/C protection with motor protectionO/C protection with motor protection

Over current protection(Phase/Earth)Inrush BlockingMotor ProtectionOverload ProtectionUnbalanced Load ProtectionAuto reclosureTrip Circuit SupervisionBreaker Failure ProtectionLock out

SIPROTEC 4

28/11/2007


Distance protectionDistance protection

SIPROTEC 4

28/11/2007


Why impedance protection?

Situation: Meshed network and two infeedsDirectional overcurrent time relays

0,6s

0,6s

0,3s

0,3s

0,6s

0,6s

0,3s

0,3s

non-selective trip

28/11/2007


Localization of short-circuits by means of an impedance measurement:

fault on the protected line

fault outside the protected line

Z1

relay A

selectivity

relay A

Z2

Basic principle of impedance protection

28/11/2007


Distance measurement (principle)

6 loops: 3 phase- phase loops and3 phase- ground loops

phase- phase -loop:

The same applies to the remaining loops

UL1-L2 = ZL ( IL1 - IL2)

Measured currentmeasured voltage

06.08.97dtgerdis3

ZL = RL + j XL

ZE = RE +j XE

IL1

IL2

IL3

IE

ZL

ZEUL1UL2UL3

28/11/2007


phase-ground-loop: UL1 = ΙL1 · ( RL + j XL )- ΙE · ( RE +j XE)

ΙL1, ΙE measured currentUL1 measured voltage

06.08.97dtgerdis3

The same applies to the remaining loops

Distance measurement (principle)

IL1

IL2

IL3

IE

ZL

ZE

UL1UL2UL3

ZL = RL + j XL

ZE = RE +j XE

28/11/2007


Numerical filtered phasor measurement

1. Fast operation ⇒ Use short data window

2. High accuracy ⇒ High selectivity

3. Signal distortion does not cause delay or maloperation

X

R

28/11/2007


ni2sin ⋅π

ni2cos ⋅π

C(k)S(k)(k) j III ⋅+=S(k)I

C(k)Ij ⋅ )(kI

)( inki +−

k-n

0 1 2 . . . n

ϕ

i

C(k)I

S(k)I

k

Fourier analysis of measured values

Sampledmeasuringvalues

Resulting phasor

28/11/2007


Load and short-circuit impedances

ZL

ZLF1

ZLF2

RF RF

ZLoadDF1 F2

X

R

ZL

ZLF2

j SC1

j SC2

j L

RR

ZF1

ZF2

RR

ZLoad

ZLF1

Fault area

distance relayoperating characteristic

Increasing load

Fault in reverse

direction Load area

Minimum Load Impedance:Minimum voltage 0,9 UnMaximum current 1,1 InMaximum angle ± 30°

Phase - Phase Fault

RR ≈ RF / 2

Phase - Earth Fault

RR ≈ RF /(1 + RE/RL)

28/11/2007


Graded distance zones

time

D1 D2 D3

t1

t2

t3

Z1

Z2

Z3

distance

∆t = grading time

A CB D

Z1 = 0,85 ZAB

Z2 = 0,85 (ZAB + 0,85 ZBC)Z3 = 0,85 (ZAB + 0,85 (ZBC + 0,85 ZCD))

Safety margin is 15 %:

line errorCT, VT errormeasuring error

Grading rules:

28/11/2007


ϕSC

Current area forforward faults

ΙSCCurrent area for reverse faults

ΙSC

USC

R

ZSC

Z'SC

Impedance area for forward faults

Impedance area forreverse faults

X

ϕSC

Determination of fault direction

current / voltage diagram impedance diagram

Fault location Where is the fault ?

The impedance also shows the direction, but ....

28/11/2007


Fault detection techniques

Over-current fault detectionVoltage dependant over-current fault detection

Voltage and angle dependantover-currentfault detection

I

U

I >>I > I ϕ >

R

X

Impedancefaultdetection

Not in 7SA522

28/11/2007


X

R

forwards

forwards

reverse

reverse

ϕ LoadLoad

Z1

Z2

Z4

Z3

Z1B

Z5

Line

α

Impedance zones of digital relays

Distance zonesInclined with line angle ϕAngle α prevents overreach of

Z1 on faults with fault resistance that are fed from both line ends

Fault detectionno fault detection polygon: the

largest zone determines the fault detection characteristic

simple setting of load encroachment area with Rmin and ϕLoad

28/11/2007


Zone grading chart, radial feeder

D

A

D

B

D

C

Ι>>

D

Ι>t∆Ι

ZT

Z1

Z2

Z3

Z1 = 0.85 ZA-B

Z3 = 0.85 [ ZA-B + 0.85 (ZB-C+ 0.85 ZC-D) ]Z2 = 0.85 (ZA-B + 0.85 ZB-C)

Grading accordingthe recommendationwith the safety margin of 15%.

28/11/2007


Ring feeder: with grading against opposite end

0.6

0.3

grading time(s)

The same grading from both sides

28/11/2007


Line differential protection

7SD61 / 7SD52

SIPROTEC 4

28/11/2007


Kirchhoff: I1+I2+I3+I4+I5=0

I1

I2

I3

I4

I5

Measuring Principle

28/11/2007


Trip Characteristic

1:1(3Y)

1:1(3Y)

IX IY

IX IY

0 6 12 0 6 12

1 p.u. 1 p.u.

Internal Fault

28/11/2007


Trip Characteristic

Internal Fault

IX

IY

0 6 12

0 6 12

3

ID = IX + IY IR = IX + IY

ID = (+1)+ (+1) = 2 IR = +1 + +1 = 2

28/11/2007


Idiff

Istab

fault line (k=1)

internal fault

external fault oroperation condition

Ideal internal faultIdiff = I1Istab = I1fault is on fault line

External faultIdiff = 0Istab = |I1|+|I2|+...|In|

security for CT deviations

Trip Characteristic

28/11/2007


Differential Current may cause maloperation in case of CT-saturation

i1

i2

⎟ i_diff⎟

T 2T 3T 4Tt

t

t

Differential Current due to CT-Saturation

28/11/2007


Current transformer saturation

Saturation during steady-state current

Saturation during offset current

28/11/2007


Line differential protectionLine differential protection

SIPROTEC 4

Current Comparison Protection for all applications for cables and overhead linesTwo up to six line endsHandles transformers in the protected zone (integrated vector group matching)Direct connection to communication networksCommunication via copper and ISDN networksFault LocatorFast tripping (less than 15 ms)Automatic reclosure

28/11/2007


over 3 line ends

7SD52

7SD52

7SD52

SIPROTEC 4 Line differential protection

ConfigurationsConfigurations

28/11/2007


direct FO connection up to 100 kmdigital communication network (G703, X21)ISDN-connection2 or 3 wire pilot wire (twisted, screened)

Digitalcommunication network

or7SD

5

ISDN

or2/3 wire pilot wire (Cu)

FOor

7SD

5OEEO

EO

EO

OE

OE

No restrictions for communicationNo restrictions for communication

Communication with …

SIPROTEC 4

28/11/2007


ring topology

I3

I2

I1

side 1

side 2

Side 3

Partial current summation

I3

I2

I1

side 1

side 2

side 3

I3+I1 I2

I1+I2 I3

I3+I1I1+I2

connection toother devices

Topology detection, exampleTopology detection, example

SIPROTEC 4

28/11/2007


Line differential protection and distance protection in one device

Comprehensive function mix for 2-6 line end applications

Any combination of DIF and DIS, as main or backup protection

Emergency / backup protection as additional backup level

Full control functionality (graphic display)

.....11010110.....∆ IZ<

∆ IZ<

Z1 Z1B

Z1Z1B

7SD52 V4.3 Line protection

Universal line protection for HV and EHV applications

28/11/2007


Multifunctional Protectionfor

Transformers and Generators 7UT6

SIPROTEC 4

28/11/2007


Measuring Preprocessing, Example for CT Matching (Part 1)

IP1 = 500A(load current)

IP2 = 1833A(load current)

1000/5A 2000/5AUN1 = 110kV UN2 = 30kV

SN = 100MVA

winding 1 winding 2

7UT512

IDiff = ? IStab= ?

IN, Trafo = 525A IN, Trafo = 1924A

IS1 = 2.5A IS2 = 4.58A measuredsecondary currents

28/11/2007


Method of Vector Group Determination

IL1,S1IL1,S2 = IL1 - IL2

330°(n * 30°)

Vector group isY d 11

Side 2: Side 1:

1L1

1L2

1L3

2L1

2L2

2L3

28/11/2007


SICAM PASSystem with IEC61850 and further services

100 Mbit/s switched and redundant Ethernet ring

62,5µ or 50µ FO

Ethernet-Switch

DIGSI 4

Web-Monitor

Ethernetpatch-cable

Station unitSICAM PCC

Stand byconnection

max. 6devicesperswitch

GooseMessage

Inforeport

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