SAWDUST ASH STABILIZATION OF LATERITIC SOIL USING MODIFIED PROCTOR

BY LAWAL SANI

SPS/15/MCE/00028DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

BAYERO UNIVERSITY KANO COURSE: CIV 8330

COURSE LECTURER: DR H. M. ALHASSAN

SEPTEMBER, 2016

● The first methods of road transport were horses, oxen or even humans carrying goods over

dirt tracks and the Persians later built a network of Royal Roads across their empire.

● Romans built great roads with crushed stone for armies to be able to travel quickly.

● A road is a thoroughfare, route, or way on land between two places that has been paved or

otherwise improved to allow travel by foot or some form of conveyance, including a

motor vehicle, car, bicycle, or horse.

●This provide accessibility for potential of opportunities for interaction (Hansen 1959 and

Martellato et all, 1998).

INTRODUCTION

● As states developed and became richer, especially with the

Renaissance, new roads and bridges began to be built.

● The major road network is defined by the Department for Transport

England as “the network of motorways, trunk roads and principal roads

that serve the country’s strategic transport needs.

INTRODUCTION CONTINUED

Road construction improved slowly, initially through the efforts of individual surveyors such as John Met calf in Yorkshire in the 1760s(a b Webb. English Local Government. pp. 157-159).

India has an extensive road network of 4.24million km– the second largest in the world (MORTH, 2005).

INTRODUCTION CONTINUED

●Nigeria is a large country with the longest network of roads

morthan any country in Africa. Road statistics are not up to date but there are 36,000 kilometers of federal roads linking every part of the country. There are 30,000 kilometers of states’ roads and 85,000 kilometers of local government roads

INTRODUCTION CONTINUED

A roads – major roads intended to provide large-scale transport links within or between areas.

B roads – roads intended to connect different areas, and to feed traffic between A roads and smaller roads on the network

Classified unnumbered – smaller roads intended to connect together unclassified roads with A and B roads, and often linking a housing estate or a village to the rest of the network, known unofficially as C roads.

Unclassified – local roads intended for local traffic. The vast majority (60%) of roads in the UK fall within this category.

ROADS CLASSIFICATION

Strategic Road Network System: Is the first system designed to cover national level

journeys, made of the nation's busiest and most important inter-urban roads.

Primary Route Network System: The primary route network (PRN) was introduced in the

1960s. This designates routes between major settlements and important destinations across the UK, with the aim of providing clear ways to access most places.

ROAD NETWORK SYSTEMS

•Transportation or mobility, communication and security. •Access to various activities. •water and energy supply. • Social and economical development

Accessibility can thus be improved, among others, through the following road interventions:

1. Expansion of the road network, inclusion of new nodes. 2. Reduction of the distance between the node and the nearest

entry of road network 3. Increasing the amount of direct connections between a node

and the other nodes 4. Increasing the number of links accessing the node 5. Reduction of travel costs of road users, travel time, fares, toll

fees, vehicle operation costs, accidents, congestion (John, 2005).

FUNCTION OF ROAD NETWORK

Designing successful transportation networks requires;

●The involvement of stakeholders.●A step by step design process. Which include; ▪Structure – element. ▪High scale level – low scale level. ▪Collective – individual. ▪Ideal – existing. ▪Quality – capacity. ▪Access point – network. ▪Function - layout

ROAD NETWORK DESIGN

● Transportation Network Design Problem (NDP), by (Assoc. Prof. Dr. Huseyin Ceylan Pamukkale University) is concerns the

configuration of a network to achieve specified objectives.

ROAD NETWORK DESIGN CONT’D

Network design problems.

There are two forms of the problem ●The continuous network design problem; which

takes the network topology as given and is concerned with the parameterization of the network. For example;

The determination of road width (number of lanes); The calculation of traffic signal timings; The setting of user charges (public transport fares, road

tolls, etc).

ROAD NETWORK DESIGN CONTINUED

●The discrete network design problem. This is concerned with the topology of the network. For example:

–A road closure scheme; –The provision of a new public transport service

(represented as a new set of links); –The construction of a new road rail link, perhaps a

bridge, a tunnel or a by-pass.

ROAD NETWORK DESIGN CONTINUED

Link connection and nodes.

ROAD NETWORK DESIGN CONTINUED

Lane addition.

ROAD NETWORK DESIGN CONTINUED

Building reversible lane.

ROAD NETWORK DESIGN CONTINUED

Congestion pricing.

ROAD NETWORK DESIGN CONTINUED

Widening traffic lane.

ROAD NETWORK DESIGN CONTINUED

Road surfacing.

ROAD NETWORK DESIGN CONTINUED

Signal control intersection

ROAD NETWORK DESIGN CONTINUED

Intelligent transportation system.

ROAD NETWORK DESIGN CONTINUED

Traditional network design (Assoc. Prof. Dr. Huseyin Ceylan Pamukkale University)

  Traditional network design has been concerned with the

minimization of system cost (equal to the sum of link flows times the link costs).

ci : the cost (travel time) on link i vi : the flow on link i (TRAFFIC ASSIGNMENT) si : the value of the design parameter for link i

ROAD NETWORK DESIGN CONTINUED

Traffic assignment.

The major aims of traffic assignment procedures are: –To estimate the volume of traffic on the links of the network, –To obtain aggregate network measures, e.g. total vehicular flows, total distance covered

by the vehicle, total system travel time. –To estimate zone-to-zone travel costs(times) for a given level of demand. –To obtain reasonable link flows and to identify heavily congested links. –To estimate the routes used between each origin to destination(O-D) pair. –To obtain turning movements for the design of future junctions.

ROAD NETWORK DESIGN CONTINUED

The types of traffic assignment models: –All-or-Nothing assignment, –Incremental assignment, –User-Equilibrium (UE) assignment, –System Optimum (SO) assignment, –Stochastic User-Equilibrium (SUE) assignment,

ROAD NETWORK DESIGN CONTINUED

The trips from any origin zone to any destination zone are loaded onto a single, minimum cost, path between them.

ROAD NETWORK DESIGN CONTINUED

Wardrop’s Principles •John Glen Wardrop (1920 - 1989) was an English transport analyst who developed Wardrop's

first and second principles of equilibrium. The concepts are related to the idea of Nash equilibrium in game theory developed separately. Wardrop's first principle states: The journey times in all routes actually used are equal and less

than those which would be experienced by a single vehicle on any unused route.

Each user non-cooperatively seeks to minimize his cost of transportation. The traffic flows that satisfy this principle are usually referred to as "user equilibrium" (UE) flows, since each user chooses the route that is the best. (Assoc. Prof. Dr. Huseyin Ceylan Pamukkale University)

ROAD NETWORK DESIGN CONTINUED

Wardrop's second principle states: At equilibrium the average journey time is minimum.

This implies that each user behaves cooperatively in choosing his own route to ensure the most efficient use of the whole system.

•Traffic flows satisfying Wardrop's second principle are generally deemed "system optimal" (SO).

ROAD NETWORK DESIGN CONTINUED

These characteristics include;

Ownership Functional Classification Speed Limit Lane Width Number of Lanes Curb Type Pavement Type Special Routes (for example, Truck, Snow and Bike Lane(s))

ROAD NETWORK CHARACTERISTICS

The hierarchy of roads categorizes roads according to their functions and capacities. At the top of the hierarchy are limited access roads freeways or motorways, including most toll roads.

Arterials are major through roads that are expected to carry large volumes of traffic. Arterials are often divided into major and minor arterials, and rural and urban arterials.

Collectors ; collect traffic from local roads, and distribute it to arterials.

Local roads have the lowest speed limit, and carry low volumes of traffic. In some areas, these roads may be unpaved

HIERARCHY OF ROADS

Nearly all roadways are built with devices meant to control traffic.

Broadly, these fall into three categories: signs, signals or pavement markings.

Their functions is to help the driver navigate, assign the right-of-way at intersections, indicate laws such as speed limits and parking regulations, advise of potential hazards, indicate passing and no passing zones and otherwise deliver information and to assure traffic is orderly and safe.

TRAFFIC CONTROL

This concern the road authorities and highway infrastructure operators that contribute to safer and more efficient travel.

This includes techniques such as traffic incident detection, incident management, traffic control (urban and inter-urban), traveller information (pre-trip and on-trip), public transport priorities, electronic payment and travel demand management techniques(World Road Association).

TRAFFIC OPERATION

Some of the more important features of road network around the world have been discussed.

These include concept, importance, achievement and challenges, design, characteristics, systems, classifications and hierarchy.

An outline has also been given on the road network in Nigeria including its control and operation.

It is believed that road network is necessary for accessibility by people and/or motorist from one place to another for security and socio-economic development.

CONCLUSION

  1. Proceedings of the IEEE ( Volume: 91, Issue: 12, Dec 2003, Page(s): 2043 – 2067.

2. a b Webb. English Local Government. pp. 157-159.

3. T.L Ryntathiang, D.D Amar, Rajiv Kumar, G. AppaRoa. Green Road Approach For The Sustainable Development In India, European Journal Of Sustainable Development.

4. House of Commons Transport Committee(2010), The major Road Network, Eighth Report of Session 2009–10. England.

5. Philip Nwosu (December 21, 2007). "Fake Commodore arrested over military outfit". Online Nigeria. Retrieved 2011-06-23. 

6. Jump up ^ Andrew Airahuobhor (5 August 2010). "Police Can't Ban Merchant Navy - Kemewerigha". The Daily Independent (Lagos). Retrieved 2011-06-23.

7. Assoc. Prof. Dr. Ozgur Baskan, Assoc. Prof. Dr. Huseyin Ceylan, Department of Civil Engineering ,Engineering Faculty, Pamukkale University , Denizli / Turkey.

8. "Road Transportation – A History and How We Use it Today". American Auto Move. 30 August 2012. Retrieved 12 September 2012.

9. World Road Association (PIARC/AIPCR),Road Network Operations & Intelligent Transport Systems A guide for practitioners.

10. John Van Rijn (2005) Road Network Development & Management, Pp. 9

REFERENCE

END

THANK YOUFOR

LISTENING