presentation on dvr, js saroya, cs singh, 03.12.11

8/15/2019 Presentation on DVR, JS Saroya, CS Singh, 03.12.11

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/presentation-on-dvr-js-saroya-cs-singh-031211 1/75

1

Generator



2

Electric Generator

• Convert the mechanical energy into theelectrical energy.

• Works on the principle of Faraday’s laws of

Electromagnetic Induction

• Basically inverse of the electric motor whichconverts electrical energy into the mechanical

energy



3

Magnetic Flux

• !agnetic "u# is a measure of the amount of

magnetic B $eld %also called &magnetic "u#density&' passing through a given surface%such as a conducting coil'.

• !agnetic "u# is the product of the averagemagnetic $eld times the perpendicular areathat it penetrates.

• (o simplify magnetic "u# is the measure ofthe strength of the magnetic $eld over agiven area.



4

Representation of Magnetic Flux



Faraday's law of induction

The induced electromotive force (EMF) in any closed circuit iseual to time rate of chan!e of ma!netic flu" throu!h the circuit#

$%EMF !enerated is &ro&ortional to rate of chan!e of the ma!neticflu"#



EE%EMET*+ E*M+E $F F*%*,*-./ +*0

Faraday's e"&eriment showin! induction etween coils of wireThe liuid attery (right) &rovides a current which flows throu!h

the small coil (A) creatin! a ma!netic field# 0hen the coils arestationary no current is induced# ut when the small coil ismoved in or out of the lar!e coil (B) the ma!netic flu" throu!hthe lar!e coil chan!es inducin! a current which is detected ythe !alvanometer (G)



5

Fleming’s Right Hand Rule

The thumb, the rst and the

second ngers on the righthand are held so that they are

at right angles to each other

!f the rst nger points in the

direction of the magnetic eldand the thumb in the

direction of the motion of the

conductor then the second

nger "ill point in the

direction of the induced emf

in the conductor



6

#$ Generator

Generator consists of two parts)

• Field % part which produces magnetism'

• *rmature %part where emf is induced'



7

• +ue to strong magnets amagnetic $eld is created.

• (his $eld is cut ,y thearmature which has coilswound around it.

• *ccording to the Faraday’s-aw of ElectromagneticInduction an E!F is inducedin these coils.

• (his generated E!F iscollected ,y the slip ringsand the ,rush.

• (his collector assem,ly isconnected to the ,ul, whichglows every time when an

%or&ing of #$ Generator



Principle of Exciter

E"citer is the

ac8one of

9enerator control

system# :t is the

&ower source of ,;

ma!neti<in! currentto the field windin!s

of a synchronous

!enerator therey

ultimately inducin!

*; volta!e andcurrent in the

!enerator rotatin!

armature#



WHY EXCITATION IN D.C , WHY

NOT IN A.C ??? *ccordin! to 0eer = Ewin!.s molecular Theory

“ The molecules of all substances are inherently

magnets in themselves, each having a N & S pole”.

:n the unma!netised material electronic s&in ali!nment isha&ha<ard manner# :f we &laced the unma!netised material in a ma!netic

field or we !ive the ,#; su&&ly then the Electronic s&in start turn round their a"is = arran!e

arallel to the ma!netic field# The arran!ement of electronic s&in results in &olarity

at one end = the / &olarity at the other#



INTERNAL STRUCTURE…

BEFOREEXCITATION (UNMAGNETISED)



Continue…

AFTER EXCITATION (MAGNETISED)



effect of A.C…

:f we &laced the unma!netised material across the *#; su&&ly then the &ositive =

ne!ative electron s&ins are eual#

ecause in the *#; su&&ly we found oth

&ositive = ne!ative half cycle in a fraction

of time#

*t a &articular time the electron ali!nment

try to achieve oth &ositive = ne!ative electrons&in# /o they cancel each other =

results in there is no such &ole for field#



Continue>

POITI!E PIN

NEGATIVE SIN

AFTER A.C EXCITATION



T-E/ $F E;:T*T:$0:T? %@/? E;:T*T:$ The function of the rush is to collect current

from ;ommutator#

:t is usually made of caron or !ra&hite and

are in

the sha&e of rectan!ular loc8#

:t reuires collector rin! rushes or

commutator#

+$;A ,:*9 $F /T*T:;



+$;A ,:*9 $F /T*T:;

E;:T*T:$ /-/TEM

%E9@+*T$%

;T TT?-%:/T$%%:,9E

E;:T*T:$

T%*/F

F:E+, ,:/;?*%9E

%E/:/T*;E

F:E+, 0,9

2 2 B C

4 * T T E % - 4 * ) A

F $ %

F : E + ,

F + * / ? : ) 9



B"#H$E EXCITATION

0hile rushless e"citation system eliminate the

need for rushes commutator = sli&Drin!# :t uses rid!e rectifier circuit consists of /;% =

diode#

The rid!e rectifier circuit &laced on the rotor# The rid!e rectifier circuit rotates with the s&eed

of the rotor# The *#; su&&ly !iven to the rid!e rectifier y

the &rinci&le of Electroma!netic :nduction# rid!e rectifier ein! re&resented y a transformation

from *#; volta!e to ,#; volta!e# The ,#; out&ut of the rotatin! rectifier is a&&lied

to the ,#; rotatin! field of the 9enerator#

+$;A ,:*9 $F %@/?+E//



+$;A ,:*9 $F %@/?+E//

E;:T*T:$ /-/TEM:+$T

E;:T$% M*:E;:T$%/:+:;$

,:$,E

%:,9E $

/?*FT

3h $0E%

*+T F:E+,

;T T

%E9@+*T$%

T?- ;$T%$++E,

%:,9E

E%ME*T M*9ET

F:E+, $ %$T$%

*%M*T@%E $ /T*T$%

*%M*T@%E $

%$T$%

F:E+, $ /T*T$%

3h

$0E%

;$T%$++E,

,; F:E+, $/T*T$%



;om&arison :ndirect and static

e"citation system#



Euivalent c8t of synchronous machines#



Generator no load characteristics

• The relation etween e"citation current

and !enerator volta!e can e determined

from the no load characteristics# if one

slowly increase the e"citation current the!enerator volta!e increase in &ro&ortion

with the e"citation current# The e"citation

current reuired to reach the nominalvolta!e is 8nown as the no load field

current



9enerator no load characteristics#



Short ckt characteristics:

• From the short c8t characteristics we can

calculate the "d# For the short c8t test

machine terminals must e short c8ted#

eaware that the machine current can !ou& its nominal value#



9enerator /hort c8t

;haracterstics#



AVR Controlling Components :

P.F. Regulation: Maintains set &ower factor of the machine under

steadyDstate condition within the machine ca&aility and e"citation

set limits#

Soft Start: Enales !radual uild u& !enerator terminal volta!e to&reset value in auto channel de&endin! on the set time#

VAR Regulation: Maintains set MC*% of the machine under

steady state condition within the machine ca&aility and e"citation

set limits#




V!"# $imiters: %educes e"citation with a delay whenever set CG?<

ratio has een e"ceedin! to &revent saturation effect in !enerator#

aximum field Current $imiter: %educes e"citation with a delay

whenever set ma"# E"citation (e"citer fieldG!enerator) current limit

has een e"ceeded#

%nducti&e Stator Current limiter %educes e"citation with a delay

whenever set ma"imum !enerator stator current limit has een

e"ceeded in the la!!in! <one of the machine ca&aility#

Capaciti&e Stator Current $imiter :ncreases e"citation whenever

set ma"imum !enerator stator current limit has een e"ceeded in

the leadin! <one of the machine ca&aility#




$oad Angle $imiter 0henever the load an!le increases the set

value the limiter increases the e"citation to reduce the load an!le#

'(S Voltage atching This function when selected enales the

machine to uild u& the !enerator terminal volta!e matched to the of

the @/ terminal volta!e#

Channel follo)*up Control *utomatic trac8in! of standy channel

for um& less transfer of e"citation control due to failure of the

o&eratin! channel#

Generator o&er Voltage onitoring *utomatic switch over to

manual control in case of over volta!e at !enerator terminal#



+igital Voltage Regulator ,+VR- :

To re!ulate the volta!e and the reactive &ower of the !enerator the field

volta!e must e adHusted uic8ly to the chan!es in the o&eratin!condition# To accom&lish this analo! control system includes am&lifiers

which ma8es continuous com&arison of the actual values a!ainst the

reference values and very the control variale to the convertor with

almost no delay# :n di!ital volta!e re!ulator most of the delays that occurs

ori!inates in the convertors since the firin! &ulse of chan!in! the rectifier

,; out&ut are only issued#

The ,*C% re!ulator calculates the control variale from the measured

and reference data in very short time intervals# This results outwardly in

the contentious ehavior with a ne!li!ile delay time# The calculations aremade in the inary numer system# *nalo! measurement si!nals such

as those for !enerator volta!e current e"citer field current are converted

into inary si!nals in analo! to di!ital convertors# The set &oint and limit

values have already een defined in ,*C% in inary forms#



+igital Voltage Regulator ,+VR- :

%n digital &oltage regulator sstem in auto mode it

is capa/le to regulate the follo)ing functions :

To limit ca&acitive stator current#

To limit the load an!le#

To limit minimum field current#

To limit reactive current de&endin! on the active current#

To limit dam&en active &ower oscillation (//)#

To &rovide soft starter of !enerator# To matchin! of !enerator volta!e to us volta!e#



;**:+:T- = +:M:T*T:$

1pu 247MW

220 MW

210MW

118 100

LEADING LAGGING

130

R a t e d

M V A

R a t

e d

E x c i t a t i o

n

δ Φ

Stator

Current

Limiter

ie!"

Current

Limiter

#ur$ine Limit

70MW

β

γ

%n"er E&'itation

Limiter (Auto)

%n"er E&'itation

Limiter (Man)



%E/$/E ;?*%E;TE%:/T:;/

*

δ0

180+,0+

*ma&

%NS#A-LE./NE

S#A-LE

./NE

*E &

Sin δ

δ1 δ2

*1

*2

INCREASED

EXCITATION

I

⇒ Ininite

-u o!ta5e

E

I6S

δ1

φ1 I at %nit *

φ2

δ2

E

I

E

La5

Loa"

STEADY STATE

I6e

1 pu

06, pu

#IME

ie #ime

SE##LING

#IME

/E S9//#

Stea" State Error : ± 06;<

I"ea! *erorman'e /ne /=er

>oot ? /ne %n"er S>oot

TRANSIENT STABILITYSe=ere "itur$an'e "urin5 A%L# or a >ort time

"ip in t>e M@C termina! =o!ta5e ? poer traner

Breu!tin5 a''e!eration o m@'6

8 e 4 p o n 4 e C > a r a ' t e r i 4 t i ' 4

#ime

06;Se'

E & '

i t e r 1 o

! t a 5 e

←ate"

←Cei!in5

DYNAMIC STABILITY

o!!oin5 a "itur$an'e t>e 5roup o m@' operatin5 in t>e ane 'ontro! 5roup

E&perien'e ma!!er o'i!!ation rea'tin5 it> ea'> ot>er 9en'e '>an5e o E&'itation

Ma not reu!t in a ta$!e operation or a !o a'tin5 e&'iter >a=in5 a in>erent time "e!a

Depen"in5 on t>e o'i!!ation a eparate e&'itation reuirement to $e meet6 ate e&'itation

Stem meet t>i reuirement rat>er a=oi" t>i pro$!em to 'ertain e&tent $ *SS to "amp out

#>e ma!!er o'i!!ation



Field Flashin!



Field Flashin! Features

• :f the e"citation system is su&&lied from ashunt su&&ly that is directly from the

!enerator terminals then the residualvolta!e of the !enerator is some times notsufficient to uild u& the volta!e at thattime we reuire the field flashin! #field

consists of a diode rid!e and a switchwhich connect a e"ternal au"iliary volta!eto the field#



Field /u&&ression



Field su&&ression

• * ra&id de e"citation of the synchronous machine isnecessary to limit the dama!e in the case of internal faults#These faults can not e switched of y tri&&in! the !enerator8r #it is therefore im&ortant to eliminate uic8ly the sourcevolta!e which drives the fault current# &hysically the field

su&&ression is a conversion of the ma!netic field ener!y toheat# This ha&&ens &artly in the field windin! and &artly in thefield su&&ression resistors#

• ;om&onents of field su&&ression eui&ments• 1)field 8r# 0ith dischar!e contact#• 2) dischar!e resistors• 3)over volta!e &rotection#• The most im&ortant thin!s for a 8r is its interru&tin! ca&aility



FollowDu& ;ontrol



Main sections of E"citation

/ystem#• The main sections of the e"citation system are

divided into• 1) /u&&ly• 2) *C% control

• 3) ;onverter section• 4) ,ischar!e and field 8r section• These aove section are named as E%EEE9E*

cuicles that is E% cuicle consists of re!ulator

section of system E9 cuicle consists convertersection E* cuicle consists of au"iliary su&&lysection EE cuicle consists of field rea8er#

f



Main sections of E"citation

system#



(0%1R2$ 3444 tpe code.

• The ty&e code says the overall details of

the &roHect that is aout the confi!uration

of the channel hardware conce&t

converter confi!uration additional functionconverter ty&e converter connectionG

su&&ly rea8er confi!uration and finally

rea8er ratin!



@:T%$+ JBBB T-E ;$,E



@:T%$+ JB6B field circuit rea8er

arran!ement#

• The rea8er which is used is either in dc

side or in ac side of the unitrol JB6B

system that is ac field c8t rea8er and dc

field c8t rea8er



?ardware conce&t of @JB6B#

• ?ardware conce&t of @JB6B consists • mechanical desi!n• control hardware

• ?M:• &ower converter desi!n• Ethernet c8t• field c8t rea8er and dischar!e c8t

• field flashin! c8t• &rotection devices and hardware dia!ram



Mechanical ,esi!n#

• echanical design consists

• 1) ,1 non se!re!ated channel u&to ma" twochannel#

• 2) ,1D,4 ma" three channel (se!re!ated channel)

• 3) ,K ma" two channel#

• /e!re!ated channel means every converter is itsown cuicle with its own controller

•

,1D,4 cuicle version is EME%1E%2E%3 orEME*GETE%1E%2and E%3

• ,K cuicle version is E%E*E91E92EE1EE2# $rE%E91E92E*GEE



Mechanical ,esi!n

M h i l , i



Mechanical ,esi!n#

M h i l , i



Mechanical ,esi!n

@ it l JB6B l 8 ,i



@nitrol JB6BDloc8 ,ia!ram#

; t l ? d



;ontrol ?ardware#

• @JB6B consists of *; 6BBE; controller

#it is from the *; 6BBM family#E; is the

&ower electronic controller#E; 6B is for

JB6B and E;6BB for J6BB#• *;6BBE; is fully inte!rated into the *

6BB* control system#

; t l ? d



;ontrol ?ardware

C201R2$ "AR+5ARE



C201R2$ "AR+5ARE

2VERV%E5.• ;ontrol hardware of unitrol JB6B consists of ;;M :DJB6B ;:$#• ;;MDis the communication control measurement and &inJB6B is the

&ulse control for converter#• ;:$Dis the comined in&ut and out&ut for communication#;;M is

ta8in! !enerator volta!e and current for measurement#•

The hardware connection is havin! di!ital in&ut and di!ital out&utsi!nal#• %aise lower e"citation off online channel fault in&ut are the di!ital

in&uts and channel o8 internal tri& channel selected are the di!italout&ut#

• There are four indications li8e fault run &ower and activity in ;;Mto shows the channel healthiness#

• T;G: settin!s for channel1 are 152#1J#B#11 channel 2 is152#1J#B#12 and for ac8 u& channel is 152#1J#B#13#

• :JB6B consists of firin! &ulses unit snuer resistor converterfuses tem& sensin! unit current sensin! unit @f sensin! unit#

C /i d i t t t ,C%2)



Com/ined input output ,C%2)

• The overall features of the ;:$ are• 3 in&uts T1BB for transformer tem&erature• 16 relay out&ut• 12 di!ital in&uts 24G46v#• 3 analo! out&uts

• 3 analo! in&uts• Ethernet and ;* interfaces#• +E, indications• ;:$ is connected to the ;;M with o&tical lin8#• ;:$ is havin! asic confi!uration and with redundancy# asic

confi!uration consists of 2 ;:$ followed y two slave ;:$#redundancy ;:$ consists of 4 ;:$ &er channel that is total 6numers of ;:$ for two channel#

• There are also indication for ;:$ that is fault run &ower andactivity#T;G: address for ;:$ are 152#1J#B#41G42G43G44#

El t i l



Electronic po)er suppl.

• Electronic &ower su&&ly consists of asic

redundant &ower su&&ly and doule

redundant &ower su&&ly that is 24v &ower

su&&ly to the electronic c8t#• :t consists

• :;@ in&ut cou&lin! unit#

• / &ower &ac8G&ower su&&ly unit#

• *, advanced &ower distriutor

; t l ? d



;ontrol ?ardware

"%



"%

• E;T and /; &anels are ?M:#

• E;T is connected with Ethernet T;G: and/; is connected with mudus %T@#

• : E;T dis&lay of actual value localo&eration of the e"citation system&arameter settin!s transient recordereventGfault recorder is &ossile# all the

o&erations are &ossile in /; e"ce&ttransient recorder# :n /; real time cloc8settin! is &ossile

; t l l f @ it l JBBB



;ontrol &anels of @nitrol JBBB#

; t / ti



;onverter /ection#

• ower converter @JB6B consists of ,1

,2,3,4 and ,K#

• ,1 current ratin! is u& to 12K*dc#

• ,2 current ratin! is u& to 23B*dc

• ,3 current ratin! is u& to KBB*dc

• ,4 current ratin! is u& to 7BB*dc

• ,K current ratin! is u& to 2BBB*dc#



@:T%$+ JB6BD;onverter Ty&e#



@:T%$+ JB6B /oftware



@:T%$+ JB6B /oftware

function

;ontrol &riority rules



;ontrol &riority rules#

• The control &riority rules to o&erate is

• /ervice control uilderDNlocal E;TD

Nremote E;T DNfieldusDNremote E;T#

That is service control uilder has hi!her&riority and remote E;T has lower &riority#

Tools for *; 6BBE;



Tools for *; 6BBE;

;ontrollers#• 1ools for AC 644PEC controllers are• rocess &ortal• control uilder • E;T(e"citation control terminal)• /imulin8

• E; installer • E; confi!urator • com interface#• E; :nstaller• E; installer is a software tool used for communicatin!

etween E; controller to ;# That is for download u&load#This is done y !ivin! a &ro&er T;G: address#

• E; installer consists of download of instllation &ac8a!eu&loadin! of u&dated installation &ac8a!e chan!in! :Daddress#

Tools for @:T%$+ JB6B




@&loadin! &rocedure



@&loadin! &rocedure#

• For uploading )e ha&e to follo) the

follo)ing

• /tart the E; installer#

• ;lic8 the u&load ta#

• Enter the access : address and location

and name where the ac8u& #<i& file shall

e stored#

• Then clic8 u&load#

E; confi!urator



E; confi!urator#

• E; confi!urator is used to scannin! of

the controllers T;G: address

mana!ement of controllers in a &roHect

environment chan!e controllerconfi!uration (memory si<e cloc8

freuency etc#) that is for /T

a&&lication#





E;T



E;T#

• EC1:• E"citation control terminal is used to controllin! and

monitorin! the e"citation system# The E;T can e located inthe door &anel of the e"citation system for local control or inthe control room for the remote control#

• $&erational features• :nde&endent industrial &c#• Mod usGT; communication• To use as localGremote#• assword &rotected

• /electale lan!ua!es• E;T reuires a hard loc8 don!le otherwise the &anel will not

wor8#

:nstallation of E;T



:nstallation of E;T#

• :nstallation of E;T

• efore installation of the E;T we have to

chec8 the latest E;T release version E;T

confi!uration release that is softwareversion# we have to connect $; server#

;o&y three files from * industrial :T

data#Then connect E;T data ase# finallywe have to do the E;T settin!

?ow to use E;T



?ow to use E;T#

• ?ow to use the E;T

• Ethernet switch is reuired for usin! the

E;T# For startin! the E;T we have to start

the $; server# The main tas8 of the E;Tis o&erate the e"citation system *larm

handlin! and trouleshootin! for

maintenance staff commissionin! of thee"citation system that is for

commissionin! en!ineers

E"citation control terminal



E"citation control terminal#

presentation on dvr, js saroya, cs singh, 03.12.11

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