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To be presented:To be presented:

Air PollutionAir Pollution

BY: Waleed AhmadBY: Waleed Ahmad & &

Hamid Anwar Hamid Anwar

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Outline of Presentation:Outline of Presentation:

Air PollutionAir PollutionDefinitionDefinitionTypesTypesUnits of measurementUnits of measurementAir PollutantsAir PollutantsSources of Air PollutantsSources of Air Pollutants Impacts of Air PollutionImpacts of Air PollutionAir Pollution controlAir Pollution control

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Definition:Definition:

The phenomena of presence of The phenomena of presence of one or more contaminants in air in such one or more contaminants in air in such amount and duration that may adversely amount and duration that may adversely affect human, animals or plants life , affect human, animals or plants life , property or comfort is called Air Pollution.property or comfort is called Air Pollution.

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Types Of Air Pollution: Types Of Air Pollution: Two types.Two types.

1- 1- Indoor Air Pollution:Indoor Air Pollution: Inside home .Inside home . Smoking, Smoking, Stove,Stove, Insecticide,Insecticide, Cosmetics, Cosmetics, Cleaning Cleaning

material material

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2- 2- Outdoor Air Pollution:Outdoor Air Pollution:Atmospheric Air Pollution Atmospheric Air Pollution Vehicles, Vehicles, Factories, Factories, VolcanicVolcanic

eruption etc.eruption etc.

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Units of measurement:Units of measurement:micrograms per cubic meter (µg/mmicrograms per cubic meter (µg/m33))

Parts per million (ppm) or parts per billion Parts per million (ppm) or parts per billion (ppb)(ppb)

ppm = Vp/Vappm = Vp/Va

Particulate Matter, sizes are expressed in Particulate Matter, sizes are expressed in micron or micrometer (µm).micron or micrometer (µm).

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Air Pollutants/ Contaminants:Air Pollutants/ Contaminants:

The substances which The substances which contaminate air are called air pollutants.contaminate air are called air pollutants.

Air Pollutants categories:Air Pollutants categories:

Two broad categories.Two broad categories.

(a)(a) Primary:Primary:

Primary pollutants are those released directly into Primary pollutants are those released directly into the air. Such as CO, NOthe air. Such as CO, NO22, SO, SO22 etc. etc.

(b) Secondary:(b) Secondary:

Primary Pollutants are converted into other Primary Pollutants are converted into other compounds in atmosphere due to chemical compounds in atmosphere due to chemical reaction with each other or Photochemical reaction with each other or Photochemical reaction, e.g Smog, HNOreaction, e.g Smog, HNO33, H, H33SOSO44, SO, SO33, O, O33..

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Sources of Air Pollutants:Sources of Air Pollutants:

Two main sources.Two main sources.

1- Natural Sources:1- Natural Sources: Forest fires, volcanic Forest fires, volcanic eruptions, wind erosion, pollen dispersal, eruptions, wind erosion, pollen dispersal, evaporation of organic compounds, and evaporation of organic compounds, and natural radioactivity.natural radioactivity.

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2- Human-made sources: 2- Human-made sources:

Burning fuels (mobile or stationary), power Burning fuels (mobile or stationary), power plants , fertilizers , fumes from paint, hair plants , fertilizers , fumes from paint, hair spray, varnish and many cleaning spray, varnish and many cleaning products.products.

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Different Air Pollutants:Different Air Pollutants: There are several air There are several air

pollutants, but Six of them are very pollutants, but Six of them are very common which are known as “ Criteria common which are known as “ Criteria Pollutants” are following.Pollutants” are following.

1)1) Carbon mono oxide (CO)Carbon mono oxide (CO)2)2) Lead (Pb)Lead (Pb)

3)3) Nitrogen di-oxide (NONitrogen di-oxide (NO22))

4)4) Ozone (OOzone (O33))

5)5) Sulfur di-oxide (SOSulfur di-oxide (SO22))

6)6) Particulate MatterParticulate Matter

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Criteria Pollutants and their health Criteria Pollutants and their health significant:significant:

1- Carbon Monoxide: Colorless, odorless & toxic gas.Formed when carbon-containing fuel is

not burned completely.Motor vehicles are the predominant

source of carbon monoxide.

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What are the impacts of carbon monoxide?

Decrease O2 carrying capacity of blood.

Weaken heart contraction.

Affect lungs & brain function.

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2- 2- Lead (Pb):Lead (Pb): Highly toxic metal used in household Highly toxic metal used in household

products,products, Automobile fuel,Automobile fuel, Industrial chemicals. Industrial chemicals. Airborne lead associated automobile Airborne lead associated automobile

exhaust.exhaust.

Impacts:Impacts: Damage central nerves system.Damage central nerves system. Damaging mental development of young Damaging mental development of young

children.children.

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3- 3- Ozone (OOzone (O33):):Ozone is a pungent-smelling, Ozone is a pungent-smelling,

colorless gas. colorless gas. VOC + NOx + Sunlight = OzoneVOC + NOx + Sunlight = Ozone

The highest ozone levels occur on The highest ozone levels occur on hot summer afternoons.hot summer afternoons.

Impacts:Impacts:Reduce lungs function. Reduce lungs function. Weakens the immune system.Skin cancer.Destroy crops & forest.Destroy crops & forest.

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4- 4- Sulfur Dioxide (SOSulfur Dioxide (SO22):):

Belongs to a family of gases called sulfur Belongs to a family of gases called sulfur oxides (SOX).oxides (SOX).

Roughly one-third of atmospheric sulfur Roughly one-third of atmospheric sulfur compounds come from human-made sources.compounds come from human-made sources.

  Of this one-third, only 5% of SOOf this one-third, only 5% of SO22 emissions  emissions

come from mobile sources.come from mobile sources.

Impacts:Impacts: Respiratory and pulmonary difficulties; Respiratory and pulmonary difficulties; React with NOX and other chemicals cause acid React with NOX and other chemicals cause acid

rain. rain.

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5-Nitrogen Oxides (NOX):5-Nitrogen Oxides (NOX):Comprise a family of highly reactive gases Comprise a family of highly reactive gases

(NO(NO22 ,NO and N ,NO and N22O).O).

The burning of fossil fuels, produce NO The burning of fossil fuels, produce NO and NOand NO22..

In the atmosphere, NO reacts to form In the atmosphere, NO reacts to form NONO22..

Impacts:Impacts:NONO22 is a lung irritant,  is a lung irritant,

Cause of acid rain, Cause of acid rain, Cause ground level ozone. Cause ground level ozone.

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6-Particulate Matter (PM):6-Particulate Matter (PM): PM either solid particles or liquid droplets.PM either solid particles or liquid droplets. Measured in micrometers (Measured in micrometers (µmµm).). PM < 10 PM < 10 µmµm in diameter posses the greatest in diameter posses the greatest

health risk. health risk. Particles < 2.5 Particles < 2.5 µmµm in diameter are described as in diameter are described as

being “fine” particles. being “fine” particles. PM > 2.5 PM > 2.5 µmµm in diameter is usually the result of in diameter is usually the result of

smoke and dust from industry and agricultural smoke and dust from industry and agricultural production.production.

Particles < 2.5 Particles < 2.5 µmµm generally come from generally come from combustion of fossil fuels.combustion of fossil fuels.

Impacts:Impacts: Inhaled and lodged in the lungs and produce Inhaled and lodged in the lungs and produce

respiratory illness.respiratory illness.

The EPA has set National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) for these Six Criteria Pollutants.

Pollutant Standard TypeCarbon Monoxide (CO)

8-hours average

1-hour average

Nitrogen dioxide (NO2)

Annual average

Ozone (O3)

8-hour average

1-hour average

Particulate Matter ≤ 10 µm (PM10)

Annual average

24-hour average

Particulate Matter ≤ 2.5 µm (PM2.5)

Annual average

24-hour average

Sulfur dioxide (SO2)

Annual average

24-hour average

3-hour average

Lead (Pb)

3-month average

9 ppm (10 mg/m3)

35 ppm (40 mg/m3)

53 ppb(100 µgm/m3)

75 ppb(157µgm/m3)

120 ppb (10 µgm/m3)

50 µgm/m3

150 µgm/m3

15 µgm/m3

35 µgm/m3

30 ppb (80 µgm/m3)

140 ppb(365 µgm/m3)

500ppb(1.3 mg/m3)

1.5µgm/m3

Primary

Primary

Primary & secondary

Primary & secondary

Primary & secondary

Primary & secondary

Primary & secondary

Primary & secondary

Primary & secondary

Primary

Primary

Secondary

Primary & secondary

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Impacts of Pollution:Impacts of Pollution:Negative impacts on health like, lungs Negative impacts on health like, lungs

damage, skin disease, heart problems etc.damage, skin disease, heart problems etc.

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Green house effect which increase Green house effect which increase average temperature.average temperature.

Global warming.Global warming.

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Depletion of ozone layers.Depletion of ozone layers.

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Damage crops and plants.Damage crops and plants.

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Acid rain.Acid rain.

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Affect Structures appearanceAffect Structures appearance..

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Air Pollution Control:Air Pollution Control:

1- Cyclone separator:1- Cyclone separator:

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2- Scrubbers:2- Scrubbers:

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3- Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR):3- Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR):

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4- Electrostatic Precipitators:4- Electrostatic Precipitators:

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