1. RAJDHANI INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGYAPresentation of Practical Trainingon Unix /Linux systemPresented By :KULDEEP SHARMAB.TECH(IT)

2. History Of UNIX & Linux 1957: Bell Labs found they needed an operating systemwhich at the time was running various batch jobs. 1965: Bell Labs create Multics (Multiplexed Information andComputing Service) 1969: Summer 1969 UNIX was developed by AT&T 1975: Sixth edition of UNIX released May 1975 1985: GNU project started 1991: Linux is introduced by Linus Benedict Torvalds whowas a second year student of Computer Science at theUniversity of Helsinki 1993: NetBSD & FreeBSD released 1994: Red Hat Linux is introduced 3. Shell Program that interacts with kernel Bridge between kernel and the user Command interpreter User can type command and the command isconveyed to the kernel and it will be executedSoftsmith Infotech 4. Linux Shellls whoamipwd Shell interprets the command andBash, Tcsh, Zshrequest service from kernel Similar to DOS but DOS has only oneset of interface while Linux can selectKerneldifferent shell Bourne Again shell (Bash), TC shell (Tcsh), Z shell (Zsh) Different shell has similar but different functionality Bash is the default for Linux Graphical user interface of Linux is in fact an application program work on the shell 5. Linux File TypesNormal - Normal fileDirectoriesd Normal directory Hard link - Symbolic link l Shortcut to a file or directorySocket s Pass data between 2 processNamed pipe p Like sockets, user cant work directly withCharacter device c Processes character hw communication Block deviceb Major & minor numbers for controling dev. 6. Some of Linux Commands(1) echo man help info ls cat tac cp mv rm cd touch pwd mkdir rmdir clear alias less date logout exit reboot halt 7. Basic CommandsCommands su switch user passwd change password useraddcreate new user account userdeldelete user account mountmount file system umount unmount file system df show disk space usage shutdown reboot or turn off machine 8. Some of Linux Commands(3) Create Partitions and Filesystem fdisk, mke2fs, mkfs.* Maintain the Integrity of Filesystem e2fsck, fsck.*, du, df FilesystemMounting & Umounting mount, umount, /etc/fstab 9. vi Powerful Text Editor Insert Text Insert Mode Delete n+dd (Delete) dd yy n+yy (Copy)p(paste) NormalModeP(Paste)/(Search) w q! v (Visual)(Text Selection) Command Mode q r wq = x s/// 10. All LINUX commands start with the name of the command andcan be followed by options and arguments. Linux text-based interface command to show the content of current directoryThe prompt $ shows that bashshell is usingcommand to show the content of currentdirectory with option -al 11. Some of the basic commands you shouldlearn are the ones that help you navigateCommands: the file system./ (root directory)/root home directory of the user rootpwd you can see your home directorydf to see disk space availablecd to change to different directory or to go back to home dir.. - move to parent directoryls list the contents of a directory; Options: -l (more info) -a (displays hidden files) -t (sort by time) -r (oldest first)Example: ls ltr : display an long list of files that are sorted by time, display the oldest ones first 12. cp : copy one file to anotherrm : remove a fileman : ask for the manual (or help) of a command e.g. man cd ask for the manual of the command cdcat : to show the content of a text file e.g. cat abc.txt show the content of abc.txtwhoami : to show the username of the current userDirectory is denoted by a / (slash) characterExecutable program by a *Hidden file preceded by a . (dot) 13. PermissionCommand chmodchange file mode, add or remove permission chownchange owner of the fileExample) chmod a+w filenameadd writable permission to all users chmod o-x filenameremove executable permission from otherschmod a+xGives permission to the usser to execute a file u: user (owner), g: group,o: others a: all 14. Process ManagementCommands kill Stop a program. The program isspecified by process ID. killallStop a program. The program isspecified by command name. ps Show process status topShow system usage statistics 15. Foreground and Background Running job has two modes, foreground and background If program is running as background,the program keeps running even after your session was closed If program is running as foreground, Ctrl-Cstop program Ctrl-Zlet program background 16. Foreground and BackgroundTo run programs in background mode, use &[nomura@ssc-1]$ command & To get background job back into foreground mode, use fgcommand.[nomura@ssc-1]$ fg 17. Why Use Linux? Costs less Stable Reliable Extremely powerful 18. The Advantage of Linux Low purchase cost Open Source Software (OSS) UNIX heritage Multi User Scalability Vendor support Reliable uptime Security Logging System 19. The Disadvantage of Linux Steep learning curve Hardware support End-user applications