presentation

History of English

Thomas Ohse

Overview

History of English

�omas Ohse

University of Paderborn

January 29, 2013

1/140

History of English

Thomas Ohse

OverviewWhy Bother?

Synchronic – Diachronic

Family Tree

Periods

Important Terms

Questions

History of English – Why Bother?

◾ How did English become the language it is today?◾ Semantics/Lexis: Modern English: to starve

Old English: steorfanGerman: sterben

◾ Grammar: past tense: to go – went◾ Phonology: Modern English: knight /nait/

Old English: cniht /kniçt/German: Knecht

2/140

History of English

Thomas Ohse

OverviewWhy Bother?


Family Tree

Periods

Important Terms

Questions

Synchronic? – Diachronic?

3/140

History of English

Thomas Ohse

OverviewWhy Bother?


Family Tree

Periods

Important Terms

Questions

In this Class ..

◾ A diachronic perspective◾ �ree periods of English:

▸ Old English▸ Middle English▸ Early modern English

◾ �ree branches of linguistics▸ Semantics / Lexis▸ Grammar: Morphology and Syntax▸ Phonology

4/140

History of English

Thomas Ohse

OverviewWhy Bother?


Family Tree

Periods

Important Terms

Questions

Family Tree

5/140

History of English

Thomas Ohse

OverviewWhy Bother?


Family Tree

Periods

Important Terms

Questions

Periods of the English Language

◾ Old English (450 (700) – 1100)◾ Middle English (1100 – 1500)◾ Early Modern English (1500 – 1700)◾ Modern English (from 1700)

6/140

History of English

Thomas Ohse

OverviewWhy Bother?


Family Tree

Periods

Important Terms

Questions

Important Terms

◾ family tree◾ periods◾ Old English◾ Middle English◾ Early Modern English◾ Modern English

7/140

History of English

Thomas Ohse

OverviewWhy Bother?


Family Tree

Periods

Important Terms

Questions

Questions

1. Name the four periods of the English language!2. Give the dates of these four periods!

▸Old English 450(700) -1100Middle English 1100 - 1500Early Modern English 1500 - 1700Modern English from 1700

3. Are the dates �xed? Why?▸ Its hard to determine the exact date of the beginning of aprocess.

4. To which branch of the Germanic languages does theEnglish language belong?▸ West Germanic languages

8/140

History of English

Thomas Ohse

Old English: LexisHow can we access Old English?

Historical Background

Loan Words

Vocabulary

Written Language

Important Terms

Questions

Old English: Grammar

Old English: Phonology

Middle English: Lexis

Middle English: Syntax

Middle English: Phonology

EMoE: Lexis

EMoE: Syntax

EMoE: Phonology

Revision

How can we access Old English?

◾ Manuscripts▸ Autograph▸ Copy

◾ Facsimiles▸ Exactly the same laout

◾ Editions:▸ Pros:

• Accessible• Legible• Standardized

▸ Cons:• Transparency of decisions• Trust in Source?• Rely on the editor(s)• di�erent editions?

9/140

History of English

Thomas Ohse



Loan Words

Vocabulary

Written Language

Important Terms

Questions






EMoE: Lexis

EMoE: Syntax

EMoE: Phonology

Revision


◾ 500 BC: Celts are the �rst settlers with Indo-Europeanlanguage◾ 55 BC: Caesar tries to conquer England◾ 43 AD Claudius conquers England◾ Picts and Scots in the North of British Isles◾ Hadrian’s Wall◾ 410 AD: End of almost 400 years of Roman settlement◾ Picts and Scots attack Celts◾ 449: Germanic Tribes come to Englanda.) Angles b.) Saxons c.) Jutes

10/140

History of English

Thomas Ohse



Loan Words

Vocabulary

Written Language

Important Terms

Questions






EMoE: Lexis

EMoE: Syntax

EMoE: Phonology

Revision

around 449 AD

11/140

History of English

Thomas Ohse



Loan Words

Vocabulary

Written Language

Important Terms

Questions






EMoE: Lexis

EMoE: Syntax

EMoE: Phonology

Revision


◾ 878: Treaty of Wedmore (near Glastonburg)◾ Vikings in the North (north of Chester - London)

DANELAW◾ Danelaw as the area where Danish law was valid

12/140

History of English

Thomas Ohse



Loan Words

Vocabulary

Written Language

Important Terms

Questions






EMoE: Lexis

EMoE: Syntax

EMoE: Phonology

Revision


◾ Language of the Germanic tribes was dominant◾ Anglecynn – Angle-kin, later England◾ since 563 missionaries from Ireland; from 597missionaries from Rome◾ from 787 attacks from Scandinavians / Vikings /Northmen◾ 793 and 794: plundering of Lindisfarne and Jarrow◾ from 850 many belligerent and aggressive attacks:

▸ 350 Danish ships alnded in England; staed there overwinter

▸ capture of Canterbury and London (in spring)▸ 866 East Anglia, 867 in York, later Wessex

13/140

History of English

Thomas Ohse



Loan Words

Vocabulary

Written Language

Important Terms

Questions






EMoE: Lexis

EMoE: Syntax

EMoE: Phonology

Revision


14/140

History of English

Thomas Ohse



Loan Words

Vocabulary

Written Language

Important Terms

Questions






EMoE: Lexis

EMoE: Syntax

EMoE: Phonology

Revision

Loan Words in English Vocabulary

1. Celtic in�uence▸ only a few Celtic loan words▸ loan word = a word borrowed from another languagewhich has been integrated into the language

▸ places, names, names of rivers: Avon, Cumberland, Kent,London,�ames, York

▸ other words in popular use: binn (basket), luh (lake)2. Latin in�uence

▸ three periods of Latin in�uence on Old English (OE)1. Continental borrowings / Latin in�uence on the ZeroPeriod: cheap, cheese, mile, street, wine

2. Latin through Celtic Transmission / First Period: -cesteras in Worcester, Gloucester, Lancasterport, munt (=mountain), torr (tower, rock) and wı c(=village)

3. �e Christianizing of Britain / Second Period: altar,candle, elephant, fennel, pop, priest, accent, cancer, history,paper, title etc.

15/140

History of English

Thomas Ohse



Loan Words

Vocabulary

Written Language

Important Terms

Questions






EMoE: Lexis

EMoE: Syntax

EMoE: Phonology

Revision

Loan Words in English Vocabulary

3. Scandinavian in�uence▸ Words of Scandinavian origin:

anger, bag, birth, call, �at, get, gi�, husband, ill, knife,same, take, want, weak etc.

▸ Function words: they, them and their▸ Word beginning with /sk/: sk, skin, skill, skirt▸ Place-names:

• in the Danelaw:-by, = from a townWhitby, Derby, Rugby-thrope = village: Althrop or Linthrope-to� = a peace ground: Brimto�, Easto�, Norto�-son = family names: Davidson, Jackson, Henderson

16/140

History of English

Thomas Ohse



Loan Words

Vocabulary

Written Language

Important Terms

Questions






EMoE: Lexis

EMoE: Syntax

EMoE: Phonology

Revision

Old English Vocabulary

◾ OE vocabulary is in�uenced by other languages◾ function words and core vocabulary are Germanic◾ many words still exist today:bıtan (to bite), blod, fæder (father), niht (night), sumor(summer) etc.◾ words that have died out:blıcan (shine, gleam), cyme (arrival), wita (a wise man),weoran (become, happen - werden), æðele (edel,substituted by noble).◾ semantic change:deor - OE: wild animal, deer - ME: Hirsch, Wild◾ Foreign in�uences on OE:a.) Celtic (marginal)b.) Latin(important)

c.) Scandinavian(important)

17/140

History of English

Thomas Ohse



Loan Words

Vocabulary

Written Language

Important Terms

Questions






EMoE: Lexis

EMoE: Syntax

EMoE: Phonology

Revision

Written Language

◾ OE was �rst written in runes◾ runic alphabet: "‘Futhorc"’◾ Oldest traces of English writing: durable material likestone◾ Franks Casket◾ Ruthwell Cross◾ A�er Christianizing: Insular Hand (special writing)◾ Speci�c versions of the Latin alphabet◾ Di�erences to today’s alphabet:<æ> ash, from Latin stands for /æ/ and /æ:/<ð> eth, from Irish, stands for /ð/ and /T/<þ> thorn, from runic name, stands for /ð/ and /T/<ß> wynn, from runic name, stands for <w><Z> yogh, stands for /g/, /j/ or /7/

18/140

History of English

Thomas Ohse



Loan Words

Vocabulary

Written Language

Important Terms

Questions






EMoE: Lexis

EMoE: Syntax

EMoE: Phonology

Revision

Written Language

◾ Only few written accounts before 700◾ King Alfred, West Saxon dialect◾ Prose: Anglo-Saxon Chronicle. Translation of Bede’s"‘Ecclesiasstical History of the English People"’,Beothius’ "‘Consolation of Philosophy"’ ("‘Deconsolatione philosophiae"’).Texts from the Bible, Psalms◾ Poetry: records of about 30.000 lines:"‘�e Battle of Maldon"’,"‘�e Phoenix"’,"‘�e Panther"’,"‘�e Wanderer"’, et c.◾ Four main dialect areas: Dialect areas largely correspondwith the settlement of the three Germanic tribes

19/140

History of English

Thomas Ohse



Loan Words

Vocabulary

Written Language

Important Terms

Questions






EMoE: Lexis

EMoE: Syntax

EMoE: Phonology

Revision

Important Terms

◾ Angles, Saxons, Jutes◾ Bede: “Historia Ecclesiastica Gentis Anglorum”◾ Danelaw◾ loan word◾ function words◾ core vocabulary◾ Celtic, Latin and Scandinavian in�uence on OE

20/140

History of English

Thomas Ohse



Loan Words

Vocabulary

Written Language

Important Terms

Questions






EMoE: Lexis

EMoE: Syntax

EMoE: Phonology

Revision

Questions

1. From which date onwards do we have written documentsof the English language?– from 700 onwards, the Anglo Saxon

Chronicle2. Who lived on the British Isles before the Romans settledthere?– The Celts lived on the British Isles from500 BC

3. When did the Romans conquer England, when did theyleave?– 43 BC, the Romans conquered the Islandsthey left in 410

4. Why did the Germanic tribes come to England? ???5. Where did the Germanic tribes come from (on thecontinent)? ???

6. When did the Christianisation take place?– since 563 missionaries from Ireland, since597 missionaries from Rome 21/140

History of English

Thomas Ohse



Loan Words

Vocabulary

Written Language

Important Terms

Questions






EMoE: Lexis

EMoE: Syntax

EMoE: Phonology

Revision

Questions

7. Name three written symbols of the Old English writingsystems that are not used today.– æ(ash), þ(thorn), ß(wynn)

8. Give the three phases of Latin in�uence on Old English.Which words entered the English language during eachphase and why?1. zero period: Continental Borrowings:

cheap, cheese, mile etc. This is due to theRoman occupation from 43 BC to 410 AD.

2. first period: Celtig Transmission: Thesewords came to existence during the mixtureof the Romans with the Celts. Words likeWorcester, Gloucester, Lancester, port,munt, torr

3. second period: The Christianisation ofBritain. We had these missionaries fromRome around 597. They brought words likealtar, candle, priest et c.

22/140

History of English

Thomas Ohse



Loan Words

Vocabulary

Written Language

Important Terms

Questions






EMoE: Lexis

EMoE: Syntax

EMoE: Phonology

Revision

Questions

9. What is the basis of the Old English core vocabulary?What about function words?– Function Word and core vocabulary isGermanic origin

10. Give typical features of Scandinavian loan words?▸ words beginning with /sk/▸ place names with -by, -thorpe, - toft▸ family names ending with -son▸ function words: they, them, their

23/140

History of English

Thomas Ohse

Old English: Lexis

Old English: GrammarMain Features

Nouns

Declension of Nouns – A-Stem

Declension of nouns – N-Stem

Nouns – Plural

Adjectives

Verbs

Verb Forms

Verb Classes

Other Verbs

Word Order

Main Features

Important Terms

Questions





EMoE: Lexis

EMoE: Syntax

EMoE: Phonology

Revision

Old English — Grammar

Four main features of Old English Grammar:1. Nouns, adjectives, pronouns and verbs were in�ected2. Strong and weak declension of adjectives3. Strong and weak verbs4. Synthetic language

24/140

History of English

Thomas Ohse

Old English: Lexis


Nouns



Nouns – Plural

Adjectives

Verbs

Verb Forms

Verb Classes

Other Verbs

Word Order

Main Features

Important Terms

Questions





EMoE: Lexis

EMoE: Syntax

EMoE: Phonology

Revision

Nouns

◾ In�ection of nouns◾ Modern English – in�ections?

▸ Morphology▸ Grammatical bound morphemes

◾ Grammatical categories of Modern English nouns? Example:▸ day, king▸ foot▸ ox

◾ Grammatical categories relevant in Old English:Number: singular – plural – dualCase: nominative, genitive, dative, accusative, instrumental◾ Declension classes of Old English nouns according to theirgender (masculine – feminine – neuter)◾ several declensions◾ each according to

Number: singular – pluralCase: nominative, genitive, dative, accusative, instrumental◾ most frequent declension: a-stem (masculine or neuter)

25/140

History of English

Thomas Ohse

Old English: Lexis


Nouns



Nouns – Plural

Adjectives

Verbs

Verb Forms

Verb Classes

Other Verbs

Word Order

Main Features

Important Terms

Questions





EMoE: Lexis

EMoE: Syntax

EMoE: Phonology

Revision

Declension of nouns

A-stem, both masculine

DAY KINGNominative Singular se dæg se cyningGenitive Singular þæs dæges þæs cyningesDative Singular þæm dæge þæm cyningeAccusative Singular þone dæg þone cyningInstrumental Singular þy dæge þy cyningeNominative Plural þa dagas þa cyningasGenitive Plural þara daga þara cyningaDative Plural þæm dagum þæm cynimgumAccusative Plural þa dagas þa caningas

26/140

History of English

Thomas Ohse

Old English: Lexis


Nouns



Nouns – Plural

Adjectives

Verbs

Verb Forms

Verb Classes

Other Verbs

Word Order

Main Features

Important Terms

Questions





EMoE: Lexis

EMoE: Syntax

EMoE: Phonology

Revision

Nouns — Declension of nouns – N-Stem

N-stem, masculine

OXNominative Singular se oxaGenitive Singular þæs oxanDative Singular þæm oxanAccusative Singular þone oxanNominative Plural þa oxanGenitive Plural þara oxenaDative Plural þæm oxumAccusative Plural þa oxan

27/140

History of English

Thomas Ohse

Old English: Lexis


Nouns



Nouns – Plural

Adjectives

Verbs

Verb Forms

Verb Classes

Other Verbs

Word Order

Main Features

Important Terms

Questions





EMoE: Lexis

EMoE: Syntax

EMoE: Phonology

Revision

Nouns – Cons.-Declension

Consonant-declination, masculine

FOOTNominative Singular se fotGenitive Singular þæs fotesDative Singular þæm fetAccusative Singular þone fotNominative Plural þa fetGenitive Plural þara fotaDative Plural þæm fotumAccusative Plural þa fet

28/140

History of English

Thomas Ohse

Old English: Lexis


Nouns



Nouns – Plural

Adjectives

Verbs

Verb Forms

Verb Classes

Other Verbs

Word Order

Main Features

Important Terms

Questions





EMoE: Lexis

EMoE: Syntax

EMoE: Phonology

Revision

Nouns – Plural

◾ Plural in Old English• þa dagas, þa cyningas • declension a-stem• þa oxan • declension n-stem• þa fet • consonant declension

◾ plural in Modern English• days, kings • regular plural• oxen • irregular plural• feet • irregular plural

(vowel change)

29/140

History of English

Thomas Ohse

Old English: Lexis


Nouns



Nouns – Plural

Adjectives

Verbs

Verb Forms

Verb Classes

Other Verbs

Word Order

Main Features

Important Terms

Questions





EMoE: Lexis

EMoE: Syntax

EMoE: Phonology

Revision

Adjectives

◾ weak declension (with article) der dumme König◾ strong declension (without article) dummer König

30/140

History of English

Thomas Ohse

Old English: Lexis


Nouns



Nouns – Plural

Adjectives

Verbs

Verb Forms

Verb Classes

Other Verbs

Word Order

Main Features

Important Terms

Questions





EMoE: Lexis

EMoE: Syntax

EMoE: Phonology

Revision

Adjectives — Syncretism

Adjective declension:

weak declensionstrong declension

Nominative Singular se dolacyning dol cyningGenitive Singular þæs dolan cyninges doles cyningesDative Singular þæm dolan cyninge dolum cyningeAccusative Singular þone dolan dole cyningInstrumental Singular þdolan cyninge dole cyningeNominative Plural þa dolan cyningas dole cyningasGenitive Plural þara dolena cyninga dolra cyningaDative Plural þæm dolum cyn-

imgumdolum cynimgum

Accusative Plural þa dolan caningas dole caningas

31/140

History of English

Thomas Ohse

Old English: Lexis


Nouns



Nouns – Plural

Adjectives

Verbs

Verb Forms

Verb Classes

Other Verbs

Word Order

Main Features

Important Terms

Questions





EMoE: Lexis

EMoE: Syntax

EMoE: Phonology

Revision

Verbs

◾ com◾ wæs

◾ gehıerde◾ eart

◾ gehalgod◾ sı

◾ Old English: two forms of the past tense:1. adding a dental su�xe.g. gehıerde, gehalgod⇒ weak verbs

2. change of the stem vowel = vowel gradation / “Ablaut”e.g. com⇒ strong verbs

◾ Modern English:1. regular verbs: Morpheme {D} (=dental su�x)2. irregular verbs: (vowel change and other endings)

32/140

History of English

Thomas Ohse

Old English: Lexis


Nouns



Nouns – Plural

Adjectives

Verbs

Verb Forms

Verb Classes

Other Verbs

Word Order

Main Features

Important Terms

Questions





EMoE: Lexis

EMoE: Syntax

EMoE: Phonology

Revision

Verb forms

◾ 7 classes of strong verbs◾ four verb forms for each class (compare: in ModernEnglish we have three forms: see – saw – seen):a) In�nitiveb) Past Tense 1st + 3rdperson singularc) Past Tense 2nd persons singular and all persons plurald) past participle

◾ each of the seven classes of strong verbs forms the verbforms with a change in the stem vowel◾ (vowel) gradation / "Ablaut"

33/140

History of English

Thomas Ohse

Old English: Lexis


Nouns



Nouns – Plural

Adjectives

Verbs

Verb Forms

Verb Classes

Other Verbs

Word Order

Main Features

Important Terms

Questions





EMoE: Lexis

EMoE: Syntax

EMoE: Phonology

Revision

Verbs

VerbClass In�nitive

1st & 3rd

Pers.Sing. Past

2nd Pers.Sing. &All Pers.Plr. Past

PastParticiple

I drıfan draf drifon gedrifendrive drove driven

III bindan band bundon gebundenbind bound bound

IV scacan scoc scocon gescacenshake shook shaken

34/140

History of English

Thomas Ohse

Old English: Lexis


Nouns



Nouns – Plural

Adjectives

Verbs

Verb Forms

Verb Classes

Other Verbs

Word Order

Main Features

Important Terms

Questions





EMoE: Lexis

EMoE: Syntax

EMoE: Phonology

Revision

Verbs

◾ other verbsClass I: bite, glide, hide, ride, shine, writeClass II: choose, creep, �y, freezeClass III: begin, �ght, �nd, sing, sink, swim, windClass IV: bear, break, come, steal, swearClass V: eat, give, lie, see, sit, speakClass VI: draw, shake, stand, swearClass VII: beat, blow, fall, grow, hold, know, throw

35/140

History of English

Thomas Ohse

Old English: Lexis


Nouns



Nouns – Plural

Adjectives

Verbs

Verb Forms

Verb Classes

Other Verbs

Word Order

Main Features

Important Terms

Questions





EMoE: Lexis

EMoE: Syntax

EMoE: Phonology

Revision

Word Order

◾ Old English:▸ position of words within the sentence is arbitrary▸ relation of words to each other is expressed byin�ectional endings

⇒ syntheticlanguage◾ Modern English:

▸ position of words within a sentence is �xed▸ realtion of words to each other is expressed by positionin the sentence

⇒ analytic language

36/140

History of English

Thomas Ohse

Old English: Lexis


Nouns



Nouns – Plural

Adjectives

Verbs

Verb Forms

Verb Classes

Other Verbs

Word Order

Main Features

Important Terms

Questions





EMoE: Lexis

EMoE: Syntax

EMoE: Phonology

Revision

Word Order — English vs. German

◾ �e police catches the thief◾ Die Polizei fängt den Dieb,◾ Den Dieb fängt die Polizei.◾ �e thief catches the police.

possible Word order inModern Englishword order

in Old EnglishA – V – S

S – V – OS – V – AS – O – VV – S – V

37/140

History of English

Thomas Ohse

Old English: Lexis


Nouns



Nouns – Plural

Adjectives

Verbs

Verb Forms

Verb Classes

Other Verbs

Word Order

Main Features

Important Terms

Questions





EMoE: Lexis

EMoE: Syntax

EMoE: Phonology

Revision

Old English Grammar – Main Features

4 Main Features of Old English Grammar:1. Nouns, adjectives, pronouns and verbs were in�ected2. Strong and weak declension of adjectives3. strong and weak verbs4. synthetic language

38/140

History of English

Thomas Ohse

Old English: Lexis


Nouns



Nouns – Plural

Adjectives

Verbs

Verb Forms

Verb Classes

Other Verbs

Word Order

Main Features

Important Terms

Questions





EMoE: Lexis

EMoE: Syntax

EMoE: Phonology

Revision

Important terms

◾ synthetic language◾ analytic language◾ Syncretism◾ weak declension◾ strong declension◾ weak verbs◾ strong verbs◾ “Ablaut” / vowel gradation

39/140

History of English

Thomas Ohse

Old English: Lexis


Nouns



Nouns – Plural

Adjectives

Verbs

Verb Forms

Verb Classes

Other Verbs

Word Order

Main Features

Important Terms

Questions





EMoE: Lexis

EMoE: Syntax

EMoE: Phonology

Revision

Questions

1. Is Old English a synthetic or an analytic language?Give reasons!It is a synthetic language:▸ position of words within the sentence is

arbitrary▸ relation of words to each other is

expressed by inflectional ending

2. Is þone dolan cyning an example for a weak or a strongadjective declension?– weak declension (with article)

3. Does Modern English have strong and weak verbs? –no, just regular and irregular verbs

40/140

History of English

Thomas Ohse

Old English: Lexis


Nouns



Nouns – Plural

Adjectives

Verbs

Verb Forms

Verb Classes

Other Verbs

Word Order

Main Features

Important Terms

Questions





EMoE: Lexis

EMoE: Syntax

EMoE: Phonology

Revision

Questions

4. Which two groups of Old English verbs are di�erentiatedwhen considering the formation of the past tense?– Old English: Two forms of past tense:1. adding a dental suffix → weak verbs2. change of the stem vowel (Ablaut) → strong

verbs

5. Give the order of the clause elements in Modern English.How could they be ordered in Old English? – Theorder in modern English is S – V – O. In oldEnglish, there are a lot more possibilities:

1. A – V – S2. S – V – A3. S – O – V4. V – S – V

41/140

History of English

Thomas Ohse

Old English: Lexis


Old English: PhonologyPhoneme Inventory

I-Mutation

Consonants

Pronunciation of <C>

Pronunciation of <g>

Pronunciation of <f>

Pronunciation of <s> and <þ>

Important Terms

Questions




EMoE: Lexis

EMoE: Syntax

EMoE: Phonology

Revision

The Phoneme Inventory of Old English

Phoneme Old Example inGrapheme in Old English Modern English/

English Word Modern German /I/; /i:/ mihtig, tıd sit, see<y> /Y/; /y:/ cyning, hyran like, grün<e> /E/; /e:/ cent, he helmet, legen<æ> /æ/; /æ:/ wæs, gemæru hat, zäh<a> /A/; /A: Angle, haten clam, Hast<o> /O/; /o:/ norð, toscadeþ hot, Bohne /U/; /u:/ hund, suð put, moon<ea> /æA/; /æA/ eahte, stremes no equivalents<eo> /EO/; /eo/ heofon, þeod no equivalents / p/ pund pound<m> /m/ mın mine<f> [f] or [v] fæder, heofon father, heaven

<þ< <ð> [T] or [ð] þa, Æþelbeorth Ethan, there<s> <S> [s] or [z] siex, ceosan six, choose<c> /k/ or /Ù/ cyning, micel King, much<h> /h/ or /ç/ or /X/ haten, mihtig,þohte heißen, mächtig, dachte

<g> <Z> /g/ or /j/ or /G/ gan, gear, dagum go, year, ∅<sc> /S/ or /sk/ scip, ascian ship, ask

42/140

History of English

Thomas Ohse

Old English: Lexis



I-Mutation

Consonants





Important Terms

Questions




EMoE: Lexis

EMoE: Syntax

EMoE: Phonology

Revision

Vowels: I-Mutation

◾ regular plural: -iz◾ irregular plural, e.g. via vowel change:mus / mys, fot / fet, man / men◾ i-mutation (i-Umlaut), front mutation (Palatalumlaut)◾ change in the vowel caused by or<j> in the followingsyllable◾ or <j> occurred in the following syllable in somewords in Early Old English:Early Old English: mus – *musi z© fot – *foti z©Late Old English: mus – *mys fot – *fet

43/140

History of English

Thomas Ohse

Old English: Lexis



I-Mutation

Consonants





Important Terms

Questions




EMoE: Lexis

EMoE: Syntax

EMoE: Phonology

Revision

I-Mutation

44/140

History of English

Thomas Ohse

Old English: Lexis



I-Mutation

Consonants





Important Terms

Questions




EMoE: Lexis

EMoE: Syntax

EMoE: Phonology

Revision

Vowels: I-Mutation

◾ regular process:a back vowel is changed by the in�uence /I, i:, j/,occurring in the following syllable◾ vowel change partly is assimilated to the vowel of thefollowing syllable (assimilation)◾ Assimilation does not only explain irregular plurals viavowel change but also:▸ di�erence adjective – noun (strong – strength)▸ comparative and superlative (old – elder – eldest)▸ di�erence verb – noun / adjective (tale – tell & full – �ll)

45/140

History of English

Thomas Ohse

Old English: Lexis



I-Mutation

Consonants





Important Terms

Questions




EMoE: Lexis

EMoE: Syntax

EMoE: Phonology

Revision

Consonants

◾ <c> is produced either as /k/ or /Ù/◾ Examples:cuman cin (chin)cald (cold) ceosan (choose)cyssan (kiss) ceowan (chew)cyning (king) cese (cheese)

◾ Rule:<c> = /k/ before velar vowels = <a, o, u, y><c> = /Ù/ before platal vowels = <e> and 

◾ same rules for <g>:<g> = /g/ before <a, o, u, y> = velar vowels<g> = /j/ before <e> and = palatal vowels

◾ Examples:gast (ghost) geard (yard)gylden (golden) geolu (yellow)glıdan (glide) dæg (day)fugol (Vogel)

46/140

History of English

Thomas Ohse

Old English: Lexis



I-Mutation

Consonants





Important Terms

Questions




EMoE: Lexis

EMoE: Syntax

EMoE: Phonology

Revision

Consonants

◾ proof /f/ – proofs /fs/ vs. loaf /f/ – loaves /vs/◾ Old English: <f> is pronounced either /f/ or /v/◾ /f/ and /v/ were allophones; pronunciation depends onsurrounding◾ Rule: /f/ = word initial or word �nal position

fæst (fast), hlaf (loaf), wıf (wife)/v/= between vowels or voiced sounds

drıfan (drive), wıfes (wives)

◾ same holds for pronunciation of <s, S, þ,T>◾ �is explains today’s irregularities in:

/f – v/ /f – fs/ T– ð /s – z/hoof – hooves hoof – hoofs path – paths house – houseswife – wives

47/140

History of English

Thomas Ohse

Old English: Lexis



I-Mutation

Consonants





Important Terms

Questions




EMoE: Lexis

EMoE: Syntax

EMoE: Phonology

Revision

Important Terms

◾ Grapheme◾ Phoneme◾ Allophone◾ i-Mutation (front mutation, i-Umlaut, Palatalumlaut)◾ Assimilation◾ Palatalisation (pronunciation of Old English <c> and<g>)

48/140

History of English

Thomas Ohse

Old English: Lexis



I-Mutation

Consonants





Important Terms

Questions




EMoE: Lexis

EMoE: Syntax

EMoE: Phonology

Revision

Questions

1. What is special about the grapheme-phoneme relationfor vowels in Old English?– In old English, graphemes and phonemes areidentical.

2. How can you explain the plural of mouse in ModE?What happened in OE?– i-mutation caused by an or <j> in thefollowing syllable. mus had the plural -musiz which became mys through i-mutationand later transformed to the irregularplural mice in modern English.

3. How can you explain the change in the vowel in ModEfrom the adjective full to the verb �ll?– Assimilation does explain differences inadjective and verb. A back vowel is partlyassimilated to the vowel of the followingsyllable.

49/140

History of English

Thomas Ohse

Old English: Lexis



I-Mutation

Consonants





Important Terms

Questions




EMoE: Lexis

EMoE: Syntax

EMoE: Phonology

Revision

Questions

4. Why is the OE word gylden pronounced with a /f/ at thebeginning of the word, and the OE word geard with /i/?– <g> 0 /g/ before velar vowels like<a,o,u,y> and /j/ before the palatal vowels<e> and . So gylden is pronounced with a/g/ and geard is pronounced with a /j/.

5. Why do we have in ModE the singular wife but the pluralwives? Relate this to OE pronunciation!– Old English: /f/ and /v/ were allophones;their pronunciation depended on theirsurrounding. The Rule is: <f> ispronounced /f/ in word initial and wordfinal position and pronounced /v/ betweenvowels or voiced sounds. The plural of wifwas wifes. The latter was pronounced/wi:vs/ which must have become the writtenform later.

50/140

History of English

Thomas Ohse

Old English: Lexis



Middle English: LexisHistory & Culture

Vocabulary

Doublets

Synonyms

Spelling and Text

Important Terms

Questions



EMoE: Lexis

EMoE: Syntax

EMoE: Phonology

Revision

Timeline: Middle English

51/140

History of English

Thomas Ohse

Old English: Lexis




Vocabulary

Doublets

Synonyms

Spelling and Text

Important Terms

Questions



EMoE: Lexis

EMoE: Syntax

EMoE: Phonology

Revision

History and Culture

◾ Nor(th)men = Vikings = Men from the North⇒ in the North of England⇒ in Normandy◾ 1002: King Æthelred “the Unready” marries a wife fromNormandy◾ 1042 Edward, Æthelred’s son is King of England◾ 1066: Edward “the Confessor” dies childless◾ Harold, eldest son of the Earl of Wessex, was elected king◾ William, Duke of Normandy in close family relation tothe late Edward challenges Harold◾ 1066 Battle of Hastings◾ William becomes King of England◾ King of England is also King of Normandy

52/140

History of English

Thomas Ohse

Old English: Lexis




Vocabulary

Doublets

Synonyms

Spelling and Text

Important Terms

Questions



EMoE: Lexis

EMoE: Syntax

EMoE: Phonology

Revision

Events of 1066

◾ January:▸ Edward theConfessor dies

▸ Harold Godwinsonbecomes king

◾ September▸ Harald of Norwayattacks

◾ October▸ William ofNormandy attacks

53/140

History of English

Thomas Ohse

Old English: Lexis




Vocabulary

Doublets

Synonyms

Spelling and Text

Important Terms

Questions



EMoE: Lexis

EMoE: Syntax

EMoE: Phonology

Revision

Middle English Timeline

54/140

History of English

Thomas Ohse

Old English: Lexis




Vocabulary

Doublets

Synonyms

Spelling and Text

Important Terms

Questions



EMoE: Lexis

EMoE: Syntax

EMoE: Phonology

Revision

History and Culture

◾ 1199: John Lackland becomes King◾ 1200: marriage with Isabel of Angoulêm◾ 1204: Loss of Normandy◾ Normans = ruling class, upper class

▸ their language was that of the government, law,administration, literature, the Church

◾ Who spoke Anglo-Norman?▸ upper class▸ sales people▸ clergy▸ language of administration

◾ great in�uence of French on the English languages◾ Anglo-Norman: Language of the upper class◾ English: Language or the major part of the population◾ from the second half of the 14th century, Anglo-Normanloses in�uence

55/140

History of English

Thomas Ohse

Old English: Lexis




Vocabulary

Doublets

Synonyms

Spelling and Text

Important Terms

Questions



EMoE: Lexis

EMoE: Syntax

EMoE: Phonology

Revision

History and Culture

◾ in the 15th century, Anglo-Norman had status of a foreignlanguage◾ Why did Anglo-Norman not keep its status as thelanguage of the upper class, of administration etc?◾ Why was English language favoured?

a) Loss of Normandy (1204)b) Many members of the upper class considered themselvesas Englishmen and not Normans

c) Anglo-Norman was not a popular dialect; Central Frenchd) Hundred Years’ War (1337 – 1453)e) English-speaking middleclass grows and has in�uencef) the Black Deathg) growth of the cities; social development

◾ 1362: Parliament was opened in English

56/140

History of English

Thomas Ohse

Old English: Lexis




Vocabulary

Doublets

Synonyms

Spelling and Text

Important Terms

Questions



EMoE: Lexis

EMoE: Syntax

EMoE: Phonology

Revision

Vocabulary

◾ Core vocabulary and function words – Germanic◾ Loan words were not immediately taken over fromFrench into English a�er the Norman Conquest◾ Most words entered English a�er the Norman Conquest◾ French loans mirror Anglo-French culture, especially inthe following areas:1. Church (e.g. confession, temptation)2. Jurisdiction (e.g. rule, judgement)3. Military (e.g. army, navy)4. Sciences & Arts (painting, medicine)5. Fashion & Food (e.g. gown, beef, mutton, veal, pork)6. Food (claf – veal, sheep – mutton)7. Professions (smith, baker, OE: grocer, tailor: French)8. Family Relations (mother, father OE: aunt uncle: French)

57/140

History of English

Thomas Ohse

Old English: Lexis




Vocabulary

Doublets

Synonyms

Spelling and Text

Important Terms

Questions



EMoE: Lexis

EMoE: Syntax

EMoE: Phonology

Revision

Vocabulary

◾ 14th and 15th century: Latin Words◾ important areas:

1. Religion (secular, pulpit)2. Medicine (immune, tincture, ulcer)3. Jurisdiction (custody, legal, prosecute, testify)4. Literature (allegory, picture)

58/140

History of English

Thomas Ohse

Old English: Lexis




Vocabulary

Doublets

Synonyms

Spelling and Text

Important Terms

Questions



EMoE: Lexis

EMoE: Syntax

EMoE: Phonology

Revision

Doublets

◾ Two words in a language that are connectedetymologically to the same word.�e two words comefrom di�erent sources.◾ source: Old French (garden / guarden)

warden vs. guardian

Anglo-Norman Central French◾ similarities in their meaning◾ di�erence in initial letter: <w> vs. <g>◾ loan words from two di�erent French dialects:Anglo-Norman Central French

<w> <g>

59/140

History of English

Thomas Ohse

Old English: Lexis




Vocabulary

Doublets

Synonyms

Spelling and Text

Important Terms

Questions



EMoE: Lexis

EMoE: Syntax

EMoE: Phonology

Revision

Doublets

◾ another example:catch vs. chase

/k/ /Ù/Anglo-Norman Central French

◾ Etymology: Old French - chacier

60/140

History of English

Thomas Ohse

Old English: Lexis




Vocabulary

Doublets

Synonyms

Spelling and Text

Important Terms

Questions



EMoE: Lexis

EMoE: Syntax

EMoE: Phonology

Revision

Synonyms

◾ di�erentiation of synonyms: historical process related toModE near-synonyms◾ English is a mixed language; in�uence on vocabularyfrom di�erent languages◾ equivalent words from di�erent languages◾ example: to ask something

▸ West Germanic verb ascian▸ Old French verb questionner (in Latin: quaerere)▸ Latin verb interrogate

◾ all verbs express something similar / identical◾ when words enter the English language the process ofmeaning di�erentiation begins

61/140

History of English

Thomas Ohse

Old English: Lexis




Vocabulary

Doublets

Synonyms

Spelling and Text

Important Terms

Questions



EMoE: Lexis

EMoE: Syntax

EMoE: Phonology

Revision

Synonyms

◾ ModE:▸ to ask: speak or write to someone in order to get ananswer

▸ to question: to ask questions in order to get information(police)

▸ to interrogate: ask a lot of questions for a long time◾ Ferdinand de Saussure◾ Dichotomy the linguistic signsigni�ant signi�é

↔

form arbitrary content

62/140

History of English

Thomas Ohse

Old English: Lexis




Vocabulary

Doublets

Synonyms

Spelling and Text

Important Terms

Questions



EMoE: Lexis

EMoE: Syntax

EMoE: Phonology

Revision

Synonyms

ascianquestionnerinterrogare

⎫⎪⎪⎪⎬⎪⎪⎪⎭speak to get answer

◾ Loan words with similar or identical meaning fromFrench and Latin

⇒ many synonyms in Modern EnglishGermanic French Latinask question interrogatekingly royal regalrise mount ascendtime age epoche

63/140

History of English

Thomas Ohse

Old English: Lexis




Vocabulary

Doublets

Synonyms

Spelling and Text

Important Terms

Questions



EMoE: Lexis

EMoE: Syntax

EMoE: Phonology

Revision

Spelling and Text

◾ Development of Middle English◾ 1st text:

▸ End of the 12th century (Early Middle English)▸ Dialect: West Midlands▸ LaZamon’s Brut▸ Name of the author: LaZamon▸ Brut = Legend of Brutus▸ Troyovant = London▸ legend/tale of King Arthur was told for the �rst time inEnglish in LaZamon’s Brut

64/140

History of English

Thomas Ohse

Old English: Lexis




Vocabulary

Doublets

Synonyms

Spelling and Text

Important Terms

Questions



EMoE: Lexis

EMoE: Syntax

EMoE: Phonology

Revision

Spelling and Text

Indications for changes in the spelling◾ <ch> substitutes OE <c> for /k/ in chierchen

▸ OE: cyrican◾ <k> or <ck> substitue OE <c> for /k/ in bock

▸ OE: bock◾ <o> substitutes OE for /v/ in Rone,

▸ OE: sunu▸ also in:

come, some, monk, son, wolfOE: cuman, sum, munic, sunu, wulf

▸ reason: letter in book hand writing could beconfused with <m> and <n>

◾ <a> substitutes OE <æ> in radde▸ OE: ræd / rædan

65/140

History of English

Thomas Ohse

Old English: Lexis




Vocabulary

Doublets

Synonyms

Spelling and Text

Important Terms

Questions



EMoE: Lexis

EMoE: Syntax

EMoE: Phonology

Revision

spelling and text

◾ 2nd text▸ End of the 12th century▸ Geo�rey Chaucer: Canterbury Tales▸ Dialects: London English, East Midlands▸ Frame narration: pilgrimage: told in frame▸ Pilgrims in all social strata tell stories:knight, nun, farmer, miller, cook, lawyer, wife of Bath,friar, summoner, merchant etc.

66/140

History of English

Thomas Ohse

Old English: Lexis




Vocabulary

Doublets

Synonyms

Spelling and Text

Important Terms

Questions



EMoE: Lexis

EMoE: Syntax

EMoE: Phonology

Revision

Spelling and Text

◾ Comparison of the two texts:1st text 2nd text

▸ End of 12th century▸ Contains no Frenchwords

▸ Anglo-Normanin�uences in spellingIn�uences ofNorman invocabulary / lexis isnot present in writtensources

▸ End of 14th century▸ Contains manyFrench words

▸ typicalAnglo-Normanfeatures in spelling

67/140

History of English

Thomas Ohse

Old English: Lexis




Vocabulary

Doublets

Synonyms

Spelling and Text

Important Terms

Questions



EMoE: Lexis

EMoE: Syntax

EMoE: Phonology

Revision

68/140

History of English

Thomas Ohse

Old English: Lexis




Vocabulary

Doublets

Synonyms

Spelling and Text

Important Terms

Questions



EMoE: Lexis

EMoE: Syntax

EMoE: Phonology

Revision

Important Terms

◾ Doublet◾ Di�erentiation of synonyms◾ Anglo-Norman◾ Central French◾ minim problem◾ core vocabulary◾ function words –content words◾ Dichotomy◾ signi�é◾ signi�ant◾ linguistic sign

◾ arbitrary◾ dates: 1066, 1204, 1362◾ French words in English: ar-eas

69/140

History of English

Thomas Ohse

Old English: Lexis




Vocabulary

Doublets

Synonyms

Spelling and Text

Important Terms

Questions



EMoE: Lexis

EMoE: Syntax

EMoE: Phonology

Revision

Questions

1. When did the Normans lose their kingdom inNormandy? What in�uence did this have on the Englishlanguage?– 1204

2. Give the names of the Middle English dialect areas!– West Midland, East Midland, Northern,Southern, Kentish

3. Which of the Middle English dialects is considered as thestandard? Give reasons!– West Midlands, because of LaZ’s Brut

4. Name at least three lexical �elds in which the Frenchlanguage had an in�uence on English!– church, jurisdiction, military, science,arts, food, fashion, professions, familyrelations

70/140

History of English

Thomas Ohse

Old English: Lexis




Vocabulary

Doublets

Synonyms

Spelling and Text

Important Terms

Questions



EMoE: Lexis

EMoE: Syntax

EMoE: Phonology

Revision

Questions

5. Which term has to be used to explain how the wordswarden and guardian came into the English language?Which principle is applicable to royal and regal?– Warden and garden are doublets, loan wordsfrom different French dialects.– Royal and regal are synonyms. Royal is aFrench loan word, regal is a Latin loanword.

71/140

History of English

Thomas Ohse

Old English: Lexis




Middle English: SyntaxNouns

Adjectives

Verbs

Pronouns

Pronouns

Important Terms

Questions


EMoE: Lexis

EMoE: Syntax

EMoE: Phonology

Revision

Middle English Grammar

¿ How did the grammatical system change during theMiddle English period?▸ change from synthetic to analytic language▸ Reduction of vowels▸ Loss of unstressed syllables at the end of the word▸ Fixed order of words in the sentence▸ More prepositions were used

72/140

History of English

Thomas Ohse

Old English: Lexis





Adjectives

Verbs

Pronouns

Pronouns

Important Terms

Questions


EMoE: Lexis

EMoE: Syntax

EMoE: Phonology

Revision

Nouns

◾ Old English: various classes of nouns:▸ a-declension▸ consonant declension▸ et c.

◾ Middle English: simpli�cation of the declension classesHOUSE

Singular: Nominative, Dative, Accusative housSingular: Genitive hous(e)sPlural: hous(e)s

◾ Old English: di�erent plurals▸ Plural in – en:ox – oxen child – children

▸ other plural formsfeet, geese, mice, sheep, deer

73/140

History of English

Thomas Ohse

Old English: Lexis





Adjectives

Verbs

Pronouns

Pronouns

Important Terms

Questions


EMoE: Lexis

EMoE: Syntax

EMoE: Phonology

Revision

Adjectives

◾ strong and weak declension only in adjectives with onesyllable ending in a consonant (e.g.yong (=young))◾ no di�erence in case◾ only di�erence in number (singular, plural)

strong decl. weak decl.Singular yong youngePlural yonge yonge

◾ all other adjectives in Middle English:⇒ no di�erencebetween strong and weak declension

74/140

History of English

Thomas Ohse

Old English: Lexis





Adjectives

Verbs

Pronouns

Pronouns

Important Terms

Questions


EMoE: Lexis

EMoE: Syntax

EMoE: Phonology

Revision

Verbs

◾ Simpli�cation of In�ections.◾ only three forms for a verb in Middle English

Old English Middle English1. In�nitive �ndan 1.In�nitive �nden2. past fand 2. past founde(n)3. past fundon4. past participle gefunden 3. past participle founde(n)

◾ only one form for the past – where does it come from?Singular Plural

Mod English sing, sang, sung find, found, foundOld English singan – sang – sungon – gesungen findan – fand – fundon – gefunden

75/140

History of English

Thomas Ohse

Old English: Lexis





Adjectives

Verbs

Pronouns

Pronouns

Important Terms

Questions


EMoE: Lexis

EMoE: Syntax

EMoE: Phonology

Revision

Verbs

◾ past participle: Pre�x Ze– became y- or i-◾ Differences in the dialect in the past participle:

▸ North: ending: -en▸ South: participle without ending⇒ reasons for variation in ModE:

drink drank drunk vs. drive drove drivenget got got or get got gotten

◾ many strong OE verbs developed a weak / reagular pastform in Middle English:

Old English: helpan healp hulpon ZeholpenMod. English: help helped helped

Old English: bacan boc boc ZebacenMod. English: bake baked baked

76/140

History of English

Thomas Ohse

Old English: Lexis





Adjectives

Verbs

Pronouns

Pronouns

Important Terms

Questions


EMoE: Lexis

EMoE: Syntax

EMoE: Phonology

Revision

Pronouns

1st PersonCase Singular Plural

Nominative Ich, Ic, I WeSubjective I weAccusative me usObjective me usGenitive mi, min(e) our(e), oures, urePossessive my / mine ou / ours

77/140

History of English

Thomas Ohse

Old English: Lexis





Adjectives

Verbs

Pronouns

Pronouns

Important Terms

Questions


EMoE: Lexis

EMoE: Syntax

EMoE: Phonology

Revision

Pronouns

2nd PersonCase Singular Plural

Nominative thou þu ye, geSubjective you youAccusative thee, þe gou, eu, giu, gouObjective you youGenitive thi, thir(e), þin(e) your(e), gur(e), yoursPossessive your / yours your / yours

78/140

History of English

Thomas Ohse

Old English: Lexis





Adjectives

Verbs

Pronouns

Pronouns

Important Terms

Questions


EMoE: Lexis

EMoE: Syntax

EMoE: Phonology

Revision

Pronouns

3rd Person

Case

Singular

Plural

Masculin

e

Feminine

Neuter

Nominative he heo, he, ho hit, it hi, he, ho

Subjective he she, sche, seo it theyþei, thai

Accusative him hire, hure, hit, it hem, heoamher, heore

Objective him her it themthaim, þem

Genitive his hir(e), her(e), his her(e), heoreheore their(e), þair

Possessive his her/heres its their/theirs

79/140

History of English

Thomas Ohse

Old English: Lexis





Adjectives

Verbs

Pronouns

Pronouns

Important Terms

Questions


EMoE: Lexis

EMoE: Syntax

EMoE: Phonology

Revision

Important Terms

◾ Case◾ Number◾ Gender◾ Personal pronoun◾ Possessive pronoun

80/140

History of English

Thomas Ohse

Old English: Lexis





Adjectives

Verbs

Pronouns

Pronouns

Important Terms

Questions


EMoE: Lexis

EMoE: Syntax

EMoE: Phonology

Revision

Questions

1. Which forms in the declension system of Middle Englishnouns exist?– various classes of nouns: a-declension,consonant declension et c. .Simplification: singular (nominative,dative, accusative), singular (genitive),plural.

2. Give the verb forms of a verb in Old English and inMiddle English!– Old English: infinitive, past, past, pastparticiple.Middle English: infinitive, past pastparticiple

3. Which pronouns from the North-Germanic languageswhere introduced into the English language and why?– Possessive pronoun, because there was noway to say it’s mine before the Germanscame? 81/140

History of English

Thomas Ohse

Old English: Lexis





Adjectives

Verbs

Pronouns

Pronouns

Important Terms

Questions


EMoE: Lexis

EMoE: Syntax

EMoE: Phonology

Revision

Questions

4. Identify the verbs in the examples! Determine whichverb forms are weak and which are strong!�e examplesare taken from Chaucer who used both. (Source: Fischer,2003: 65/66)a) He walked = weak/regular in the feeldes, for to prye (=gaze).

b) �at in a forest faste he welk =strong to wepe.c) �erwith he weep =strong form that pitee was to heere.d) But soore (=sorely) wepte = strong she if oon (= one) ofhem (=them) were deed= regular.

e) But fort he moore (=greater) part they loughe = strong andpleyde =strong.

f) For he had lawghed = weak, had he loured = weak(=frowned).

82/140

History of English

Thomas Ohse

Old English: Lexis





Middle English: PhonologySpelling & Pronunciation

Phoneme Inventory

Vowels

Consonants

Spelling and Pronunciation

Important Terms

EMoE: Lexis

EMoE: Syntax

EMoE: Phonology

Revision

Spelling & Pronunciation

◾ Spelling became �xed from 15th century onwards◾ important in�uence: printing press◾ since 15th century hardly any change in the spelling

ModE = Middle English = Middle Englishspelling spelling pronunciation

◾ from Middle English onwards: major changes in thepronunciation◾ discrepancy between ModE spelling and pronunciation◾ Example: Pronunciation of <o>:/U/ wolf /u:/ move/2/ son /@/ oblige/6/ dog /@U/ old

83/140

History of English

Thomas Ohse

Old English: Lexis






Phoneme Inventory

Vowels

Consonants


Important Terms

EMoE: Lexis

EMoE: Syntax

EMoE: Phonology

Revision

Vowels in Old English (Monophthongs)

i(:) y(:)

e(:)

æ(:)a(:)

@o(:)

u(:)

84/140

History of English

Thomas Ohse

Old English: Lexis






Phoneme Inventory

Vowels

Consonants


Important Terms

EMoE: Lexis

EMoE: Syntax

EMoE: Phonology

Revision

Vowels in Middle English

i: I

e:EhreEKette

E:Ähre

a

kann

A:car

@o: Sohlen

O: caughtO sollen

u:U

85/140

History of English

Thomas Ohse

Old English: Lexis






Phoneme Inventory

Vowels

Consonants


Important Terms

EMoE: Lexis

EMoE: Syntax

EMoE: Phonology

Revision

The Phoneme Inventory - Vowels

◾ cyssan — kissen◾ sæ — se◾ ham— hom◾ Südhumbrische Verdumpfung/a:/ to /O:/ change◾ stan (OE) – ston (ME) – stone (EME)◾ BUT: words in middle English with /A:/◾ why no change to /O:/ ?◾ two reasons:

1. French words with similar vowel qualityMiddle English blame from French blâmer (ModE to blame)Middle English lac from French lac (ModE lake)

2. ?????????????????????Old English /A/ – Middle English /A:/Old English bacan – Middle English bakanOld English lana – Middle English laneOld English nama – Middle English name

86/140

History of English

Thomas Ohse

Old English: Lexis






Phoneme Inventory

Vowels

Consonants


Important Terms

EMoE: Lexis

EMoE: Syntax

EMoE: Phonology

Revision

The Phoneme Inventory – Vowels

◾ Diphthong /eI/ in ModE is indication for Middle English/a:/◾ Mod E.: child – children◾ Why the vowel change?◾ Changes between OE and ME◾ Lengthening of short vowels

▸ Before certain consonant combinations▸ Liquid and nasal + homorganic consonant▸ Homorganic: same place of articulation

• Liquid: /l/ + /d/• Nasal: /m/ + /b/ , /n/ and /d/

87/140

History of English

Thomas Ohse

Old English: Lexis






Phoneme Inventory

Vowels

Consonants


Important Terms

EMoE: Lexis

EMoE: Syntax

EMoE: Phonology

Revision

The Phoneme Inventory – Vowels

feld Ð→ feldchild Ð→ chıld

climban Ð→ clımbegrindan Ð→ grınde

◾ Mod e. child /aI/ in the singular, children /I/ in the plural◾ Old English plural childru /I/◾ Middle English plural childrene /I/◾ Lengthening did not take place if a third consonantfollowedin childrene the two homorganic sound /ld/ are followedby /r/

88/140

History of English

Thomas Ohse

Old English: Lexis






Phoneme Inventory

Vowels

Consonants


Important Terms

EMoE: Lexis

EMoE: Syntax

EMoE: Phonology

Revision

The Phoneme Inventory – ConsonantsOld English Middle English

bilabial labio- dental alveolar palato- palatal velar glotaldental alveolarPlosives p b t d k gFricatives f v T ð s z S ç x G hA�ricates Ù ÃNasals m nLateral l

Approximant rSemi- Vowels j<f – v >: Old English: ofer, Middle English: over /o:v@r/

Old English: wif , Middle English: wives /waIvz

89/140

History of English

Thomas Ohse

Old English: Lexis






Phoneme Inventory

Vowels

Consonants


Important Terms

EMoE: Lexis

EMoE: Syntax

EMoE: Phonology

Revision

The Phoneme Inventory – Consonants

◾ <h>◾ in word initial clusters as <hw<, <hl>, <hn>, or <hr>⇒ was not pronounced any longerOld English Middle English Modern Englishhwæt wat whathlæfdige ladi ladyhnecca necke neckhræfn raven raven

90/140

History of English

Thomas Ohse

Old English: Lexis






Phoneme Inventory

Vowels

Consonants


Important Terms

EMoE: Lexis

EMoE: Syntax

EMoE: Phonology

Revision


◾ knowledge of historical, diachronic changes helps tounderstand Modern English◾ Modern English spelling represents pronunciation ofMiddle English

SourceMiddle Middle Modern E.English English spelling andpronunciation spelling pronunciation

OE: /a:/ instan, ald /O:/ <o> stone, old –

/@U/

OE /o:/ inlosian French:movir

/o:/ <o> lose, move – /u:/

OE sawol,cnawan /@U/ <ou> – /@U/<ow>

91/140

History of English

Thomas Ohse

Old English: Lexis






Phoneme Inventory

Vowels

Consonants


Important Terms

EMoE: Lexis

EMoE: Syntax

EMoE: Phonology

Revision

Important Terms

◾ Phoneme◾ Allophone◾ /A:/ to /O:/ change◾ südhumbrische Verdumpfung◾ homorganic (same place of articulation) group/sounds◾ discrepancy between spelling and pronunciation

92/140

History of English

Thomas Ohse

Old English: Lexis






EMoE: LexisHow can we access EMoE?

History and Culture

Lexis

Hard words and inkhorn terms

Hard Words & Inkhorn Terms

Malapropisms


Dictionaries

OED

Important Term

Questions

EMoE: Syntax

EMoE: Phonology

Revision

How can we access EMoE?

◾ Prints▸ Invented: 1440 – Gutenberg▸ In England: 1476 – Caxton

93/140

History of English

Thomas Ohse

Old English: Lexis







History and Culture

Lexis



Malapropisms


Dictionaries

OED

Important Term

Questions

EMoE: Syntax

EMoE: Phonology

Revision

History & Culture

◾ Renaissance: 1500 -1650Five important features:

1. printing press▸ 1476 William Caxton introduced printing press in England▸ books, folios, newspapers, etc.▸ reproduction of the same work in the same form⇒ standard

2. rapid spread of popular education▸ Education at schools▸ Literacy becomes more common▸ Need for grammars, dictionaries, textbooks▸ general interest to read▸ new professions: journalist, author

3. increased communication▸ expansion of British Empire (Colonialisation)▸ Colonies: 1600 - 1750▸ 1600 Foundation of the English East India Company▸ 1607: �rst permanent settlement in North America: Jamestown▸ 1640: the Caribbean▸ Africa, India▸ Trade▸ New words from other languages entered into the English language▸ Foreign Cultures

94/140

History of English

Thomas Ohse

Old English: Lexis







History and Culture

Lexis



Malapropisms


Dictionaries

OED

Important Term

Questions

EMoE: Syntax

EMoE: Phonology

Revision

History & Culture

4. growth of specialised knowledge▸ new knowledge – new vocabulary▸ Translations of Latin and Greek works into English: e.g.Herodotus, Caesar, Plato, Cicero etc,

▸ Latin lost its in�uence as the language of science▸ Role of the English language in science

5. emergence of various forms of self-consciousness aboutlanguage▸ Consciousness about the language▸ individual consciousness vs. public consciousnessindividual consciousness: social and economic groups

are not closed, accommodation of thelanguage

public consciousness: awareness of a standard: spelling,style, vocabulary

95/140

History of English

Thomas Ohse

Old English: Lexis







History and Culture

Lexis



Malapropisms


Dictionaries

OED

Important Term

Questions

EMoE: Syntax

EMoE: Phonology

Revision

Lexis

◾ Need for new words:▸ Interest in classical languages and their literary works▸ science, medicine, arts

◾ about 10.000 new words entered the English language during theEarly Modern English period◾ Words usually came via the written language into English◾ typically formal terms which were again used in the writtenmedium◾ Which languages did the new words come from?

▸ Latin biology, technology,medicine,law,theology, arts et c.Examples: accommodation, appropriate, complex, nervous,expectation, et c.

▸ French: military, life styleExamples: ballet, champagne, colonel, machine, sauce, trophy, vase

▸ Greek:Examples: anonymous, catastrophe, enthusiasm

▸ Italian, Spanish, Portuguese:Italian: balcony, grotto, opera, piazzaSpanish / Portuguese: apricot, �amingo,hurricane, mosquito,tobacco

▸ Dutch: brandy,landscape, yacht96/140

History of English

Thomas Ohse

Old English: Lexis







History and Culture

Lexis



Malapropisms


Dictionaries

OED

Important Term

Questions

EMoE: Syntax

EMoE: Phonology

Revision

Lexis

Dissociation: Words of a word family that◾ do not have the same stem◾ are formally not identical or connected

Example: mouth and oral vs. Mund and mündlichOther examples:

tooth – dentist (Zahn – Zahnarzt)ride– bicycle (fahren – Fahrrad)

Consociation: hand, handful, underhand, handy, to hand,handily

◾ Old English: vocabulary was formal identity of wordsExample: faran, faru (Fahrt), ofer – faran etc.◾ Due to the in�uence of other languages words werereplaced

→ loss of formal identity among words of the same wordfamily

97/140

History of English

Thomas Ohse

Old English: Lexis







History and Culture

Lexis



Malapropisms


Dictionaries

OED

Important Term

Questions

EMoE: Syntax

EMoE: Phonology

Revision

Lexis

Old English Modern Englishboc boceras book scribecirice ciriclic church ecclesiasticalcirictun ciricsang cemetery hymn

⇒Modern English is a dissociated languageHard words and inkhorn termsWords typically of Latin origin that were di�cult to learn andto remember⇒ “hard words” , e.g. ingenious, mundane,extol, con�dence, contemplate◾ Why were hard words used?◾ they express a meaning (signifés) for which there is noform (signigiant in the English language◾ Sir�omas Elyot was the �rst to use the word education.◾ inkhorn terms: terms from the classic languages that aretaken over without any consideration as to theirusefulness

98/140

History of English

Thomas Ohse

Old English: Lexis







History and Culture

Lexis



Malapropisms


Dictionaries

OED

Important Term

Questions

EMoE: Syntax

EMoE: Phonology

Revision


◾ Examples: furibunnd (furious), labrical (smooth,slippery), turgidous (swollen)◾ some of these words exist in ModE◾ Use of inkhorn terms was ridiculed◾ change in meaning of words since EModE

EModE ModE

sensible what can be felt orperceived intelligent reasonable

pathetic with passion causing sadness orcompassion

familiar belonging to the family well known

emergency rising of a body above thewater

a sudden dangerousevent

realize to give real existence tosomething

to understand orbecome aware of

◾ Shakespeare: knowledge of change of meaning isimportant to understand the text

99/140

History of English

Thomas Ohse

Old English: Lexis







History and Culture

Lexis



Malapropisms


Dictionaries

OED

Important Term

Questions

EMoE: Syntax

EMoE: Phonology

Revision

Malapropism

◾ hard words are di�cult to understand◾ wrong use / application = Malapropism

Spelling and Pronunciation◾ Need for spelling reform◾ spoken language is the model which should be decodedin written form◾ Problem: there is not one grapheme for one phoneme◾ John Hart: three forms of “corruptness” :

1. Super�uity: more graphemes than phonemes in a word in doubt, <g> in eight, <h> authority, <o> in people

2. usurpation: use of wrong graphemes for phonemeExample: grapheme <g> is used in gentle and togetherwither di�erent phoneme quality

3. misplacing: wrong ordering of graphemes in a word:fable, circle

100/140

History of English

Thomas Ohse

Old English: Lexis







History and Culture

Lexis



Malapropisms


Dictionaries

OED

Important Term

Questions

EMoE: Syntax

EMoE: Phonology

Revision

Dictionaries

◾ Meaning of loan words was di�cult to detect◾ only educated readers knew the meaning◾ Proposal by Mulcaster: A Dictionary of English◾ “A Table Alphabeticall of Hard Words” (1604) by RobertCawdrey→ explanations of 3.00 hard words◾ Samuel Johnson (1755) A Dictionary of the EnglishLanguage→more than 40.00 words1. to �x the English language2. to preserve the parity and ascertain the meaning of theEnglish idiom

3. dictionary for everyone

101/140

History of English

Thomas Ohse

Old English: Lexis







History and Culture

Lexis



Malapropisms


Dictionaries

OED

Important Term

Questions

EMoE: Syntax

EMoE: Phonology

Revision

Oxford English Dictionary

◾ aim of the Oxford Dictionary▸ record every English word from about 1.000▸ document the etymology, forms, meanings and uses ofevery word

◾ �rst volume: 1884 containing letter A◾ last volume: 1928 containing letter Z◾ second edition: 1989◾ now: internet edition; regularly updated◾ How man words are in the OED?

▸ 600.000◾ How many quotations?

▸ 3.000.000◾ Why quotations?

▸ Because◾ Who is quoted?

▸ Shakespeare and other famous authors▸ newspaper articles (mostly�e Times)▸ King James Bible

102/140

History of English

Thomas Ohse

Old English: Lexis







History and Culture

Lexis



Malapropisms


Dictionaries

OED

Important Term

Questions

EMoE: Syntax

EMoE: Phonology

Revision

Important Terms

◾ hard words◾ inkhorn terms◾ Dissociation◾ Consociation◾ Word family◾ Malapropism◾ OED

103/140

History of English

Thomas Ohse

Old English: Lexis







History and Culture

Lexis



Malapropisms


Dictionaries

OED

Important Term

Questions

EMoE: Syntax

EMoE: Phonology

Revision

Questions

1. Give the �ve characteristics that Baugh/Cable mentionwith relation to the Early Modern English period!1. printing Press2. rapid spread of popular education3. increased communication4. growth of specialized knowledge5. emergence of various forms of

self-consciousness about language2. Was the English spelling ever reformed?

– no proposal to reform the spelling ofEnglish language succeeded.

3. Which suggestions did John Hart make to improve theEnglish spelling?– His goal was to introduce a spellingsystem with a one-to-one relationshipbetween sounds and symbols ("to vse as manyletters in our writing, as we doe voyces orbreathes in speaking, and no more“

104/140

History of English

Thomas Ohse

Old English: Lexis







History and Culture

Lexis



Malapropisms


Dictionaries

OED

Important Term

Questions

EMoE: Syntax

EMoE: Phonology

Revision

Questions

4. What does the term dissociation refer to? Give the termthat describes the opposite!– words of a word family that do not havethe same stem and that are formally notconnected like mouth and oral. Theopposite is consosciation. Here, both wordbelong to one family.

5. What are hard words?– Words that are typically of Latin originand that were difficult to learn and toremember.

6. Which types of dictionaries existed in Early ModernEnglish? – prescriptive ones

105/140

History of English

Thomas Ohse

Old English: Lexis






EMoE: Lexis

EMoE: SyntaxVerbs

Pronouns

Questions

EMoE: Phonology

Revision

Verbs

◾ Ending of 3. Person Singular▸ EModE: eth or eþ for ModE -s▸ where does the -s for the 3rd Person Singular come from?

• Middle English: -s in the North, -eth or -eþ in the South• South is more conservative and keeps OE ending• -s �rst in spoken language• from about 1650 standard form in writing

▸ Early Modern English : both endings in one text:Shakespeare: Macbeth:

�e Earth hath bubble, as the Water has

◾ grammatical category: tense and aspect▸ di�erentiates between Present tense and past tense▸ Old English: two tenses; present tense and past tense▸ Middle English: extension of grammatical categories

• (present perfect), perfective aspect develops▸ EModE: perfective aspect is used more frequently

• Shakespeare: As you like it:

106/140

History of English

Thomas Ohse

Old English: Lexis






EMoE: Lexis

EMoE: SyntaxVerbs

Pronouns

Questions

EMoE: Phonology

Revision

Verbs

men haue died from time to time,and wormes haue eaten them

▸ BUT: many examples in EModE where past tense insteadof present perfect• Henry VI, Part 2:

Belieue me Lords, for �ying at theBrooke, I saw not better sport theseseuen yeeres day.

• ModE: I haven’t seen better sport for years (exception)

◾ ModE: operator “do”▸ used for

• Question: Do you have a car or do you rely on publictransport ?

• Negation: We do not know her name.• Emphasis: Now do tell me what you did in Amsterdam.

107/140

History of English

Thomas Ohse

Old English: Lexis






EMoE: Lexis

EMoE: SyntaxVerbs

Pronouns

Questions

EMoE: Phonology

Revision

Verbs

▸ ModE: �xed rules for operator “do”▸ EMoE: no �xed rules at the beginning of the period

• Speakers decision how to use “do”▸ Shakespeare’s Richard III:

• Questions: Ho do’st thou feele thy selfe now?• Negation: O do not slander him

▸ “do used for emphasis only rarely in EModE▸ around 1500 only in 10-20 % of all question and negations▸ around 1700: ”do“ in 80% of all questions and negations

108/140

History of English

Thomas Ohse

Old English: Lexis






EMoE: Lexis

EMoE: SyntaxVerbs

Pronouns

Questions

EMoE: Phonology

Revision

Pronouns

Early Modern English (1500)

Person Case Singular Plural1. Nominative I we1. Accusative me us1. Possessive my,mine our, ours2. Nominative thou ye2. Accusative thee you2. Possessive thy, thine your, yours3. Nominative he sche hit, it they3. Accusative him her hit,it,him them,hem3. Possessive his hers his their, theirs

◾ 2nd person plural: you vs. ye▸ Beginning of EModE: ye in nominative, you in accusative▸ 14th century: �rst instances of you in nominative▸ 15th / early 16th century: may authors make ye / you -distinction

▸ 16th century: you used for the nominative

109/140

History of English

Thomas Ohse

Old English: Lexis






EMoE: Lexis

EMoE: SyntaxVerbs

Pronouns

Questions

EMoE: Phonology

Revision

Pronouns

▸ Shakespeare’s time: you = form for nominative andaccusative

▸ late 17th century: ye is used infrequently (hardly)⇒ you only form for 2nd person plural

◾ 2nd person singular and plural: thou vs you / ye▸ Number: thou = singular and you / ye = plural▸ Introduction of a further distinction in the MiddleEnglish period

▸ due to French in�uence: you / ye: polite form in singular(compare Du and Sie in German or tu and vous inFrench)

▸ Usage of the Pronouns:1. social class

▸ you = polite form used e.g. by lower ranked persons toaddress people of higher social class /standingExamples: servant to master, child to parent

▸ you was used in the upper class as a neutral and normalform of address (e.g. between couples)

110/140

History of English

Thomas Ohse

Old English: Lexis






EMoE: Lexis

EMoE: SyntaxVerbs

Pronouns

Questions

EMoE: Phonology

Revision

Pronouns

▸ thou = used to address persons of lower social class /standingExamples: master to servant, parent to child

▸ thou as a polite formExamples: husband to wife (wife answered with you)

▸ thou among people of lower social classes2. emotions

▸ thou in emotional situations, where one would expect useof you:• thou to express anger and annoyance

◾ 3rd person::::::neuter singular possessive pronoun

▸ 1500: his▸ around 1600: his and it▸ Forms are ambiguous; relations are not clear

• his = possessive form of it – neuter• his = possessive form of he – masculine

▸ avoidance of his in neuter; instead of it or thereof111/140

History of English

Thomas Ohse

Old English: Lexis






EMoE: Lexis

EMoE: SyntaxVerbs

Pronouns

Questions

EMoE: Phonology

Revision

Pronouns

▸ new form: its▸ assumed to develop in the second half of the 16th century▸ it + possessive ending {es}▸ OED �rst citation from 1598▸ Shakespeare: his, not its▸ Polonius says to Hamlet: Giue thy thoughts no tonue,

Nor any yunproportion’d thought his act.▸ 1620s: its – normal form, his – rare form

112/140

History of English

Thomas Ohse

Old English: Lexis






EMoE: Lexis

EMoE: SyntaxVerbs

Pronouns

Questions

EMoE: Phonology

Revision

Important Terms

◾ Verb ending◾ grammatical category◾ Tense◾ Perfective aspect◾ operator do◾ pronouns ye/you/thou/thee◾ its◾ prepositions

113/140

History of English

Thomas Ohse

Old English: Lexis






EMoE: Lexis

EMoE: SyntaxVerbs

Pronouns

Questions

EMoE: Phonology

Revision

Questions

1. Shakespeare says:�e Earth hath bubbles, as the Waterhas. Explain the endings of the verbs – Both endingswere possible. Early Modern English had theverb ending -th or eþfor 3rd personsingular. The North had already the -sending which would succeed in the end.Shakespeare’s example shows, that both formsexisted parallel in the London dialect.

2. Which tense and aspect are known in Old English?Which ones in Early Modern English? – OE: present& past, EMoE: present, past & pastperfective

3. What are the functions of the operator do in ModernEnglish? How did the functions of this operator developin Early Modern English?– Slowly from 10 - 20% in 1500 to around 80% in 1700. It was used in questions andnegations. Today it is used in questions,negations and for emphasis.

4. Explain the use of thou/thee and you in Early ModernEnglish!– you was used as a polite form of thou innominative singular. First we had themovement from ye to you, which was formalyused for accusative plural. In 16thcentury, you was used for nominative anaccusative. In the 17th century, ye wasdead. There was the distinction betweenthou in singular and you in plural. Theewas used in accusative.

114/140

History of English

Thomas Ohse

Old English: Lexis






EMoE: Lexis

EMoE: Syntax

EMoE: PhonologyGreat Vowel Shift

Long Vowels

From 1400 to 1500

Other Vowel Changes

Consonants

Palatalisation – /zj/ and /zI/ to /Z/

Revision

The Great Vowel Shift

◾ massive changes concerning vowels◾ minor changes concerning consonants◾ growing discrepancy between spelling and pronunciation◾ Great Vowel Shi� a�ects Middle English long vowels◾ all seven vowels changed their quality◾ at every point in the development of the GVS adistinction between the vowels existed◾ a very general description of the Great Vowel Shi�:

▸ long vowels were raisedthis means that the vowels moved from the open area tothe close area of the vowel chart

▸ closed vowels became diphthongs

115/140

History of English

Thomas Ohse

Old English: Lexis






EMoE: Lexis

EMoE: Syntax


Long Vowels

From 1400 to 1500

Other Vowel Changes

Consonants


Revision

Great Vowel Shift

i: I

e:E

E:

a A:

@o:

O:O

u:U

116/140

History of English

Thomas Ohse

Old English: Lexis






EMoE: Lexis

EMoE: Syntax


Long Vowels

From 1400 to 1500

Other Vowel Changes

Consonants


Revision

Great Vowel ShiftLong Vowels in Middle English

i:

e:

E:

A:

o:

O:

u:

117/140

History of English

Thomas Ohse

Old English: Lexis






EMoE: Lexis

EMoE: Syntax


Long Vowels

From 1400 to 1500

Other Vowel Changes

Consonants


Revision

Great Vowel Shift

From 1400 to 1550

118/140

History of English

Thomas Ohse

Old English: Lexis






EMoE: Lexis

EMoE: Syntax


Long Vowels

From 1400 to 1500

Other Vowel Changes

Consonants


Revision

Phonemein ME

Phoneme inEModE

Phonemein ModE

Spelling in ModE

/i:/ /@I/ – /aI/ /aI/ <i,y,iCe> child, �y, tide/e:/ /i:/ /i:/ <ee, ie>meet, �eld/E:/ /E:/ – /e:/ – /i:/ /i:/ <ea, eCe>make/O:/ /O:/ – /o:/ /@U/ <oa,oCe> boat, hope/o:/ /u:/ /u:/ <oo> food, goose/u:/ /@U/ – /aU/ /aU/ <ou, ow> house, how

119/140

History of English

Thomas Ohse

Old English: Lexis






EMoE: Lexis

EMoE: Syntax


Long Vowels

From 1400 to 1500

Other Vowel Changes

Consonants


Revision

Vowel Shift

◾ Why did the ME long vowels change?◾ Language-internal reasons:

▸ if the vowel quality of one vowel changes, this has e�ectson neighbouring vowels

▸ Hypothesis:• /e:/ and/o:/ pushed to the close area, close vowels /i:/ and/u:/ were pushed away (push-chain reaction)

• empty slot was occupied by /e:/ and/o:/ (drag-chainreaction)

◾ Language external reasons:▸ Sociolinguistics: Middle and upper class wanted todistance themselves from the lower class by using adistinct pronunciation

120/140

History of English

Thomas Ohse

Old English: Lexis






EMoE: Lexis

EMoE: Syntax


Long Vowels

From 1400 to 1500

Other Vowel Changes

Consonants


Revision

Other Changes of Vowels

◾ 17th century: but-sound (/2/) developed◾ ModE examples: cut (but: butcher); blood (but book)◾ Why same spelling (, <oo>) but di�erentpronunciation ?◾ Two sources for /2/:

1. ME /U/() lost rounding and was lowered⇒ /2/

• Examples:

Word ME EModEcut /kUt/ /k2t/just /dZUst/ /dZ2st/sun /sUn/ s2n/love /lUv/ /l2v/

But certain surroundings: no development to /2/:• if /U/ was followed by /l/: bull or pull• if /U/was preceded by /w, p, b, f/: wolf,put, butcher, full

121/140

History of English

Thomas Ohse

Old English: Lexis






EMoE: Lexis

EMoE: Syntax


Long Vowels

From 1400 to 1500

Other Vowel Changes

Consonants


Revision


2. ME /o:/; spelling frequently with <oo>▸ in Great Vowel Shi�: /o:/ is raised to /u:/▸ /u:/ is sometimes shortened to /U/▸ Two time slots for shortening:

1. early shortening: /U/ was lowered to /2/2. late shortening: /U/ did not change

▸ this explains today’s discrepancies:/2/ /U/

spelling <oo> blood look good�ood foot book

◾ Pronunciation of fast in BrE and AmE?◾ Middle English /a/ became /æ/◾ Examples hat, cat, fat◾ 18th century: /æ/ became /A:/ in front of voicelessfricatives:◾ Example:

▸ fast, path, sta�, class half122/140

History of English

Thomas Ohse

Old English: Lexis






EMoE: Lexis

EMoE: Syntax


Long Vowels

From 1400 to 1500

Other Vowel Changes

Consonants


Revision


◾ American English kept pronunciation with /æ/BE AmE

fast /fA:st/ /fæststa� /stA:f/ /stæf/

123/140

History of English

Thomas Ohse

Old English: Lexis






EMoE: Lexis

EMoE: Syntax


Long Vowels

From 1400 to 1500

Other Vowel Changes

Consonants


Revision

Consonants

◾ Consonants that were no longer produced:▸ word-�nal /b/ and /g/: thumb, long▸ voiceless palatal fricative: /ç/: bright, sigh▸ voiceless velar fricative /x/:thought, bough▸ /k/ and /g/ before /n/: knee▸ latereal /l/ in some words: talk, half▸ /w/ in some words: sword, answer, write

◾ Consonants that were pronounced di�erently:▸ voiceless velar fricative /x/ – /f/ : enough, laugh

◾ Vocalisation of /r/ a�er vowels and word �nally:▸ BrE: herb, birth, here, there, poor

◾ two new consonant phonemes in EModE-/ŋ/and /Z/◾ ŋ already existed in ME, was only an allophone◾ in EModE word-�nal /g/ was lost

124/140

History of English

Thomas Ohse

Old English: Lexis






EMoE: Lexis

EMoE: Syntax


Long Vowels

From 1400 to 1500

Other Vowel Changes

Consonants


Revision


◾ ŋ reaches phoneme status; distinguishes meaningsing sin

MiddleEnglish /sIng/ /sIn/[sIŋg]

Early Modern English /sIŋ/ /sIn/⇒minimal pair◾ /Z/ developed from /z/ + /j/ or /I/◾ Cluster /zj/ or /zI/ became palatised in the 17th century◾ result: new phoneme /Z/ ”loan phoneme“◾ occurrences:

▸ French loan words: rouge, prestige▸ in cluster /zj/ od /zI/: measure, usual, occasion

◾ process is still active today:▸ ModE: di�erent pronunciations for azure:/"æzjU@ "æZ@ "@IZ@/⇒ development of /zj/ to /Z/

125/140

History of English

Thomas Ohse

Old English: Lexis






EMoE: Lexis

EMoE: Syntax


Long Vowels

From 1400 to 1500

Other Vowel Changes

Consonants


Revision

Important Terms

◾ Great Vowel Shi�◾ Palatalisation◾ Minimal pair◾ Phoneme

126/140

History of English

Thomas Ohse

Old English: Lexis






EMoE: Lexis

EMoE: Syntax

EMoE: Phonology

RevisionQuestion 1

Question 2

Questions 3 - 5

Question 6 & 7

Question 8 & 9

Question 10

Questions 11 & 12

Questions 13 & 14

Question 16

Question 17

Questions 18 - 20

Questions 21 - 23

Question 24

Question 25

Revision – Question 1

1. Name the periods of the English language and give theirstarting date!

Old English 450 (700) - 1100Middle English 1000 – 1500

Early Modern English 1500 -1700Modern English from 1700

127/140

History of English

Thomas Ohse

Old English: Lexis






EMoE: Lexis

EMoE: Syntax

EMoE: Phonology

RevisionQuestion 1

Question 2

Questions 3 - 5

Question 6 & 7

Question 8 & 9

Question 10

Questions 11 & 12

Questions 13 & 14

Question 16

Question 17

Questions 18 - 20

Questions 21 - 23

Question 24

Question 25



Old English 450 (700) - 1100

Middle English 1000 – 1500Early Modern English 1500 -1700

Modern English from 1700

127/140

History of English

Thomas Ohse

Old English: Lexis






EMoE: Lexis

EMoE: Syntax

EMoE: Phonology

RevisionQuestion 1

Question 2

Questions 3 - 5

Question 6 & 7

Question 8 & 9

Question 10

Questions 11 & 12

Questions 13 & 14

Question 16

Question 17

Questions 18 - 20

Questions 21 - 23

Question 24

Question 25





127/140

History of English

Thomas Ohse

Old English: Lexis






EMoE: Lexis

EMoE: Syntax

EMoE: Phonology

RevisionQuestion 1

Question 2

Questions 3 - 5

Question 6 & 7

Question 8 & 9

Question 10

Questions 11 & 12

Questions 13 & 14

Question 16

Question 17

Questions 18 - 20

Questions 21 - 23

Question 24

Question 25




Early Modern English 1500 -1700

Modern English from 1700

127/140

History of English

Thomas Ohse

Old English: Lexis






EMoE: Lexis

EMoE: Syntax

EMoE: Phonology

RevisionQuestion 1

Question 2

Questions 3 - 5

Question 6 & 7

Question 8 & 9

Question 10

Questions 11 & 12

Questions 13 & 14

Question 16

Question 17

Questions 18 - 20

Questions 21 - 23

Question 24

Question 25





127/140

History of English

Thomas Ohse

Old English: Lexis






EMoE: Lexis

EMoE: Syntax

EMoE: Phonology

RevisionQuestion 1

Question 2

Questions 3 - 5

Question 6 & 7

Question 8 & 9

Question 10

Questions 11 & 12

Questions 13 & 14

Question 16

Question 17

Questions 18 - 20

Questions 21 - 23

Question 24

Question 25


2. Sketch the development of the English language in termsof its language typology. Comment on the function ofin�ectional endings as well as on word order.

Old English: ▸ position of words within thesentence is variable

▸ the relation of words to eachother is expressed byinflectional ending

⇒ synthetic languageModern English: ▸ position of words within the

sentence is fixed▸ realtion of words to each other

is expressed by position in thesentence


128/140

History of English

Thomas Ohse

Old English: Lexis






EMoE: Lexis

EMoE: Syntax

EMoE: Phonology

RevisionQuestion 1

Question 2

Questions 3 - 5

Question 6 & 7

Question 8 & 9

Question 10

Questions 11 & 12

Questions 13 & 14

Question 16

Question 17

Questions 18 - 20

Questions 21 - 23

Question 24

Question 25


2. Sketch the development of the English language in termsof its language typology. Comment on the function ofin�ectional endings as well as on word order.Old English: ▸ position of words within the

sentence is variable▸ the relation of words to each

other is expressed byinflectional ending

⇒ synthetic language

Modern English: ▸ position of words within thesentence is fixed

▸ realtion of words to each otheris expressed by position in thesentence


128/140

History of English

Thomas Ohse

Old English: Lexis






EMoE: Lexis

EMoE: Syntax

EMoE: Phonology

RevisionQuestion 1

Question 2

Questions 3 - 5

Question 6 & 7

Question 8 & 9

Question 10

Questions 11 & 12

Questions 13 & 14

Question 16

Question 17

Questions 18 - 20

Questions 21 - 23

Question 24

Question 25


2. Sketch the development of the English language in termsof its language typology. Comment on the function ofin�ectional endings as well as on word order.Old English: ▸ position of words within the

sentence is variable▸ the relation of words to each

other is expressed byinflectional ending

⇒ synthetic languageModern English: ▸ position of words within the

sentence is fixed▸ realtion of words to each other

is expressed by position in thesentence


128/140

History of English

Thomas Ohse

Old English: Lexis






EMoE: Lexis

EMoE: Syntax

EMoE: Phonology

RevisionQuestion 1

Question 2

Questions 3 - 5

Question 6 & 7

Question 8 & 9

Question 10

Questions 11 & 12

Questions 13 & 14

Question 16

Question 17

Questions 18 - 20

Questions 21 - 23

Question 24

Question 25

Revision – Questions 3 - 5

3. Give the names of the three Germanic tribes that came toEngland in 449. Indicate the area on the map where theycame from and where they settled in England!

Saxons in the South-West, Angles in the East(Kent & Northumber land), the Jutes in theSouth-East in Kent

4. What is the Danelaw?

The area north of Chester – London, wherethe Vikings settled around 878: in thisarea, the Danish law was valid.

5. Name the Old English dialect areas!

(Welsh), Wessex, Sussex, Kent, Essex, EastAnglia, Mercia, Northumberland

129/140

History of English

Thomas Ohse

Old English: Lexis






EMoE: Lexis

EMoE: Syntax

EMoE: Phonology

RevisionQuestion 1

Question 2

Questions 3 - 5

Question 6 & 7

Question 8 & 9

Question 10

Questions 11 & 12

Questions 13 & 14

Question 16

Question 17

Questions 18 - 20

Questions 21 - 23

Question 24

Question 25


3. Give the names of the three Germanic tribes that came toEngland in 449. Indicate the area on the map where theycame from and where they settled in England!Saxons in the South-West, Angles in the East(Kent & Northumber land), the Jutes in theSouth-East in Kent

4. What is the Danelaw?

The area north of Chester – London, wherethe Vikings settled around 878: in thisarea, the Danish law was valid.



129/140

History of English

Thomas Ohse

Old English: Lexis






EMoE: Lexis

EMoE: Syntax

EMoE: Phonology

RevisionQuestion 1

Question 2

Questions 3 - 5

Question 6 & 7

Question 8 & 9

Question 10

Questions 11 & 12

Questions 13 & 14

Question 16

Question 17

Questions 18 - 20

Questions 21 - 23

Question 24

Question 25



4. What is the Danelaw?The area north of Chester – London, wherethe Vikings settled around 878: in thisarea, the Danish law was valid.



129/140

History of English

Thomas Ohse

Old English: Lexis






EMoE: Lexis

EMoE: Syntax

EMoE: Phonology

RevisionQuestion 1

Question 2

Questions 3 - 5

Question 6 & 7

Question 8 & 9

Question 10

Questions 11 & 12

Questions 13 & 14

Question 16

Question 17

Questions 18 - 20

Questions 21 - 23

Question 24

Question 25



4. What is the Danelaw?The area north of Chester – London, wherethe Vikings settled around 878: in thisarea, the Danish law was valid.

5. Name the Old English dialect areas!(Welsh), Wessex, Sussex, Kent, Essex, EastAnglia, Mercia, Northumberland

129/140

History of English

Thomas Ohse

Old English: Lexis






EMoE: Lexis

EMoE: Syntax

EMoE: Phonology

RevisionQuestion 1

Question 2

Questions 3 - 5

Question 6 & 7

Question 8 & 9

Question 10

Questions 11 & 12

Questions 13 & 14

Question 16

Question 17

Questions 18 - 20

Questions 21 - 23

Question 24

Question 25

Revision – Questions 6 & 7

6. Name the languages from which the following wordswere taken over into English!▸ Dover –

Celtic

▸ York –

Celtic

▸ street –

Latin - zero period (continentalborrowings)

▸ candle –

Latin - second period(christianisation)

▸ sky –

Scandinavian influence (Words with sk-)

▸ army -

French loan word around 1300

▸ Derby -

Scandinavian (Place names in Danelaw)

7. Name the four periods of Latin in�uence?

1. continental borrowings2. Celtic transmission3. christianisation4. ”Norman transmission“ 14th - 15th century

130/140

History of English

Thomas Ohse

Old English: Lexis






EMoE: Lexis

EMoE: Syntax

EMoE: Phonology

RevisionQuestion 1

Question 2

Questions 3 - 5

Question 6 & 7

Question 8 & 9

Question 10

Questions 11 & 12

Questions 13 & 14

Question 16

Question 17

Questions 18 - 20

Questions 21 - 23

Question 24

Question 25


6. Name the languages from which the following wordswere taken over into English!▸ Dover – Celtic▸ York –

Celtic

▸ street –


▸ candle –


▸ sky –


▸ army -


▸ Derby -




130/140

History of English

Thomas Ohse

Old English: Lexis






EMoE: Lexis

EMoE: Syntax

EMoE: Phonology

RevisionQuestion 1

Question 2

Questions 3 - 5

Question 6 & 7

Question 8 & 9

Question 10

Questions 11 & 12

Questions 13 & 14

Question 16

Question 17

Questions 18 - 20

Questions 21 - 23

Question 24

Question 25


6. Name the languages from which the following wordswere taken over into English!▸ Dover – Celtic▸ York – Celtic▸ street –


▸ candle –


▸ sky –


▸ army -


▸ Derby -




130/140

History of English

Thomas Ohse

Old English: Lexis






EMoE: Lexis

EMoE: Syntax

EMoE: Phonology

RevisionQuestion 1

Question 2

Questions 3 - 5

Question 6 & 7

Question 8 & 9

Question 10

Questions 11 & 12

Questions 13 & 14

Question 16

Question 17

Questions 18 - 20

Questions 21 - 23

Question 24

Question 25


6. Name the languages from which the following wordswere taken over into English!▸ Dover – Celtic▸ York – Celtic▸ street – Latin - zero period (continental

borrowings)▸ candle –


▸ sky –


▸ army -


▸ Derby -




130/140

History of English

Thomas Ohse

Old English: Lexis






EMoE: Lexis

EMoE: Syntax

EMoE: Phonology

RevisionQuestion 1

Question 2

Questions 3 - 5

Question 6 & 7

Question 8 & 9

Question 10

Questions 11 & 12

Questions 13 & 14

Question 16

Question 17

Questions 18 - 20

Questions 21 - 23

Question 24

Question 25



borrowings)▸ candle – Latin - second period

(christianisation)▸ sky –


▸ army -


▸ Derby -




130/140

History of English

Thomas Ohse

Old English: Lexis






EMoE: Lexis

EMoE: Syntax

EMoE: Phonology

RevisionQuestion 1

Question 2

Questions 3 - 5

Question 6 & 7

Question 8 & 9

Question 10

Questions 11 & 12

Questions 13 & 14

Question 16

Question 17

Questions 18 - 20

Questions 21 - 23

Question 24

Question 25




(christianisation)▸ sky – Scandinavian influence (Words with sk-)▸ army -


▸ Derby -




130/140

History of English

Thomas Ohse

Old English: Lexis






EMoE: Lexis

EMoE: Syntax

EMoE: Phonology

RevisionQuestion 1

Question 2

Questions 3 - 5

Question 6 & 7

Question 8 & 9

Question 10

Questions 11 & 12

Questions 13 & 14

Question 16

Question 17

Questions 18 - 20

Questions 21 - 23

Question 24

Question 25




(christianisation)▸ sky – Scandinavian influence (Words with sk-)▸ army - French loan word around 1300▸ Derby -




130/140

History of English

Thomas Ohse

Old English: Lexis






EMoE: Lexis

EMoE: Syntax

EMoE: Phonology

RevisionQuestion 1

Question 2

Questions 3 - 5

Question 6 & 7

Question 8 & 9

Question 10

Questions 11 & 12

Questions 13 & 14

Question 16

Question 17

Questions 18 - 20

Questions 21 - 23

Question 24

Question 25




(christianisation)▸ sky – Scandinavian influence (Words with sk-)▸ army - French loan word around 1300▸ Derby - Scandinavian (Place names in Danelaw)



130/140

History of English

Thomas Ohse

Old English: Lexis






EMoE: Lexis

EMoE: Syntax

EMoE: Phonology

RevisionQuestion 1

Question 2

Questions 3 - 5

Question 6 & 7

Question 8 & 9

Question 10

Questions 11 & 12

Questions 13 & 14

Question 16

Question 17

Questions 18 - 20

Questions 21 - 23

Question 24

Question 25





7. Name the four periods of Latin in�uence?1. continental borrowings

2. Celtic transmission3. christianisation4. ”Norman transmission“ 14th - 15th century

130/140

History of English

Thomas Ohse

Old English: Lexis






EMoE: Lexis

EMoE: Syntax

EMoE: Phonology

RevisionQuestion 1

Question 2

Questions 3 - 5

Question 6 & 7

Question 8 & 9

Question 10

Questions 11 & 12

Questions 13 & 14

Question 16

Question 17

Questions 18 - 20

Questions 21 - 23

Question 24

Question 25





7. Name the four periods of Latin in�uence?1. continental borrowings2. Celtic transmission

3. christianisation4. ”Norman transmission“ 14th - 15th century

130/140

History of English

Thomas Ohse

Old English: Lexis






EMoE: Lexis

EMoE: Syntax

EMoE: Phonology

RevisionQuestion 1

Question 2

Questions 3 - 5

Question 6 & 7

Question 8 & 9

Question 10

Questions 11 & 12

Questions 13 & 14

Question 16

Question 17

Questions 18 - 20

Questions 21 - 23

Question 24

Question 25





7. Name the four periods of Latin in�uence?1. continental borrowings2. Celtic transmission3. christianisation

4. ”Norman transmission“ 14th - 15th century

130/140

History of English

Thomas Ohse

Old English: Lexis






EMoE: Lexis

EMoE: Syntax

EMoE: Phonology

RevisionQuestion 1

Question 2

Questions 3 - 5

Question 6 & 7

Question 8 & 9

Question 10

Questions 11 & 12

Questions 13 & 14

Question 16

Question 17

Questions 18 - 20

Questions 21 - 23

Question 24

Question 25





7. Name the four periods of Latin in�uence?1. continental borrowings2. Celtic transmission3. christianisation4. ”Norman transmission“ 14th - 15th century

130/140

History of English

Thomas Ohse

Old English: Lexis






EMoE: Lexis

EMoE: Syntax

EMoE: Phonology

RevisionQuestion 1

Question 2

Questions 3 - 5

Question 6 & 7

Question 8 & 9

Question 10

Questions 11 & 12

Questions 13 & 14

Question 16

Question 17

Questions 18 - 20

Questions 21 - 23

Question 24

Question 25


8. Give the two terms for the declension systems of OldEnglish nouns and adjectives where þone dolan cyning isdistinguished from dolne cyning!

þone dolan cyning is weak declension, witharticle and syncretism of the adjective,dolne cynin g is strong declesions witharticle

9. How are strong verbs distinguished from weak verbs inOld English?

weak verbs are declined by adding a dentalsuffix, strong verbs are declined by achange of the stem vowel

131/140

History of English

Thomas Ohse

Old English: Lexis






EMoE: Lexis

EMoE: Syntax

EMoE: Phonology

RevisionQuestion 1

Question 2

Questions 3 - 5

Question 6 & 7

Question 8 & 9

Question 10

Questions 11 & 12

Questions 13 & 14

Question 16

Question 17

Questions 18 - 20

Questions 21 - 23

Question 24

Question 25


8. Give the two terms for the declension systems of OldEnglish nouns and adjectives where þone dolan cyning isdistinguished from dolne cyning!þone dolan cyning is weak declension, witharticle and syncretism of the adjective,dolne cynin g is strong declesions witharticle

9. How are strong verbs distinguished from weak verbs inOld English?

weak verbs are declined by adding a dentalsuffix, strong verbs are declined by achange of the stem vowel

131/140

History of English

Thomas Ohse

Old English: Lexis






EMoE: Lexis

EMoE: Syntax

EMoE: Phonology

RevisionQuestion 1

Question 2

Questions 3 - 5

Question 6 & 7

Question 8 & 9

Question 10

Questions 11 & 12

Questions 13 & 14

Question 16

Question 17

Questions 18 - 20

Questions 21 - 23

Question 24

Question 25


8. Give the two terms for the declension systems of OldEnglish nouns and adjectives where þone dolan cyning isdistinguished from dolne cyning!þone dolan cyning is weak declension, witharticle and syncretism of the adjective,dolne cynin g is strong declesions witharticle

9. How are strong verbs distinguished from weak verbs inOld English?weak verbs are declined by adding a dentalsuffix, strong verbs are declined by achange of the stem vowel

131/140

History of English

Thomas Ohse

Old English: Lexis






EMoE: Lexis

EMoE: Syntax

EMoE: Phonology

RevisionQuestion 1

Question 2

Questions 3 - 5

Question 6 & 7

Question 8 & 9

Question 10

Questions 11 & 12

Questions 13 & 14

Question 16

Question 17

Questions 18 - 20

Questions 21 - 23

Question 24

Question 25


10. Why do we have irregular plurals such as mice? Whichphonological change is responsible? Give the exact termand explain the process by commenting on the change ofmus – *musiz tomys!

The term is called i-mutation. The reularplural of mys, *musiz is changed to mysbecause the following syllable has an or<j>. So, the is changed to <y> becauseof the . This is called i-mutation.

132/140

History of English

Thomas Ohse

Old English: Lexis






EMoE: Lexis

EMoE: Syntax

EMoE: Phonology

RevisionQuestion 1

Question 2

Questions 3 - 5

Question 6 & 7

Question 8 & 9

Question 10

Questions 11 & 12

Questions 13 & 14

Question 16

Question 17

Questions 18 - 20

Questions 21 - 23

Question 24

Question 25


10. Why do we have irregular plurals such as mice? Whichphonological change is responsible? Give the exact termand explain the process by commenting on the change ofmus – *musiz tomys!The term is called i-mutation. The reularplural of mys, *musiz is changed to mysbecause the following syllable has an or<j>. So, the is changed to <y> becauseof the . This is called i-mutation.

132/140

History of English

Thomas Ohse

Old English: Lexis






EMoE: Lexis

EMoE: Syntax

EMoE: Phonology

RevisionQuestion 1

Question 2

Questions 3 - 5

Question 6 & 7

Question 8 & 9

Question 10

Questions 11 & 12

Questions 13 & 14

Question 16

Question 17

Questions 18 - 20

Questions 21 - 23

Question 24

Question 25


11. Which languages were spoken in England in 1250 andwhy?

The upper class was speaking Anglo-Norman,because England had been occupied by Williamthe Conqueror and his (French) ancestorsfrom 1066 to 1204. Anglo-Norman was thelanguage of the upper class and English wasthe language of the major population.Anglo-Norman is a foreign language as lateas 1500.

12. Name the dialect regions in Middle English!

WestMidland, East Midland, Southern, Northernand Kentish

133/140

History of English

Thomas Ohse

Old English: Lexis






EMoE: Lexis

EMoE: Syntax

EMoE: Phonology

RevisionQuestion 1

Question 2

Questions 3 - 5

Question 6 & 7

Question 8 & 9

Question 10

Questions 11 & 12

Questions 13 & 14

Question 16

Question 17

Questions 18 - 20

Questions 21 - 23

Question 24

Question 25


11. Which languages were spoken in England in 1250 andwhy?The upper class was speaking Anglo-Norman,because England had been occupied by Williamthe Conqueror and his (French) ancestorsfrom 1066 to 1204. Anglo-Norman was thelanguage of the upper class and English wasthe language of the major population.Anglo-Norman is a foreign language as lateas 1500.

12. Name the dialect regions in Middle English!

WestMidland, East Midland, Southern, Northernand Kentish

133/140

History of English

Thomas Ohse

Old English: Lexis






EMoE: Lexis

EMoE: Syntax

EMoE: Phonology

RevisionQuestion 1

Question 2

Questions 3 - 5

Question 6 & 7

Question 8 & 9

Question 10

Questions 11 & 12

Questions 13 & 14

Question 16

Question 17

Questions 18 - 20

Questions 21 - 23

Question 24

Question 25


11. Which languages were spoken in England in 1250 andwhy?The upper class was speaking Anglo-Norman,because England had been occupied by Williamthe Conqueror and his (French) ancestorsfrom 1066 to 1204. Anglo-Norman was thelanguage of the upper class and English wasthe language of the major population.Anglo-Norman is a foreign language as lateas 1500.

12. Name the dialect regions in Middle English! WestMidland, East Midland, Southern, Northernand Kentish

133/140

History of English

Thomas Ohse

Old English: Lexis






EMoE: Lexis

EMoE: Syntax

EMoE: Phonology

RevisionQuestion 1

Question 2

Questions 3 - 5

Question 6 & 7

Question 8 & 9

Question 10

Questions 11 & 12

Questions 13 & 14

Question 16

Question 17

Questions 18 - 20

Questions 21 - 23

Question 24

Question 25


13. �e Modern English words warden and guardian go backto one and the same etymological root in Old French:guarden. Explain their development and given therelevant linguistic term.

Doublets: Two words that are connectedetymologically to the same word. The twoword come from different sources. In thiscase, guardian is a Central French loanword, whereas warden is Anglo-Normandialect.

14. From which languages where the words rise, mount andascend taken over into English?

rise is Germanic, mount is French and ascendis Latin. They are all synonyms.

134/140

History of English

Thomas Ohse

Old English: Lexis






EMoE: Lexis

EMoE: Syntax

EMoE: Phonology

RevisionQuestion 1

Question 2

Questions 3 - 5

Question 6 & 7

Question 8 & 9

Question 10

Questions 11 & 12

Questions 13 & 14

Question 16

Question 17

Questions 18 - 20

Questions 21 - 23

Question 24

Question 25


13. �e Modern English words warden and guardian go backto one and the same etymological root in Old French:guarden. Explain their development and given therelevant linguistic term.Doublets: Two words that are connectedetymologically to the same word. The twoword come from different sources. In thiscase, guardian is a Central French loanword, whereas warden is Anglo-Normandialect.

14. From which languages where the words rise, mount andascend taken over into English?

rise is Germanic, mount is French and ascendis Latin. They are all synonyms.

134/140

History of English

Thomas Ohse

Old English: Lexis






EMoE: Lexis

EMoE: Syntax

EMoE: Phonology

RevisionQuestion 1

Question 2

Questions 3 - 5

Question 6 & 7

Question 8 & 9

Question 10

Questions 11 & 12

Questions 13 & 14

Question 16

Question 17

Questions 18 - 20

Questions 21 - 23

Question 24

Question 25


13. �e Modern English words warden and guardian go backto one and the same etymological root in Old French:guarden. Explain their development and given therelevant linguistic term.Doublets: Two words that are connectedetymologically to the same word. The twoword come from different sources. In thiscase, guardian is a Central French loanword, whereas warden is Anglo-Normandialect.

14. From which languages where the words rise, mount andascend taken over into English?rise is Germanic, mount is French and ascendis Latin. They are all synonyms.

134/140

History of English

Thomas Ohse

Old English: Lexis






EMoE: Lexis

EMoE: Syntax

EMoE: Phonology

RevisionQuestion 1

Question 2

Questions 3 - 5

Question 6 & 7

Question 8 & 9

Question 10

Questions 11 & 12

Questions 13 & 14

Question 16

Question 17

Questions 18 - 20

Questions 21 - 23

Question 24

Question 25


16. Brie�y account for the meaning of the three words rise,mount and ascend and explain what happened to themduring the development of the English language. Whichterm describes the process?

They are synonyms which derived fromdifferent languages all loan word todescribe the same ”signified“ (Saussure).English is a mixed language. When new wordsentered the English language, a process ofmeaning differentiation begins.

135/140

History of English

Thomas Ohse

Old English: Lexis






EMoE: Lexis

EMoE: Syntax

EMoE: Phonology

RevisionQuestion 1

Question 2

Questions 3 - 5

Question 6 & 7

Question 8 & 9

Question 10

Questions 11 & 12

Questions 13 & 14

Question 16

Question 17

Questions 18 - 20

Questions 21 - 23

Question 24

Question 25


16. Brie�y account for the meaning of the three words rise,mount and ascend and explain what happened to themduring the development of the English language. Whichterm describes the process?They are synonyms which derived fromdifferent languages all loan word todescribe the same ”signified“ (Saussure).English is a mixed language. When new wordsentered the English language, a process ofmeaning differentiation begins.

135/140

History of English

Thomas Ohse

Old English: Lexis






EMoE: Lexis

EMoE: Syntax

EMoE: Phonology

RevisionQuestion 1

Question 2

Questions 3 - 5

Question 6 & 7

Question 8 & 9

Question 10

Questions 11 & 12

Questions 13 & 14

Question 16

Question 17

Questions 18 - 20

Questions 21 - 23

Question 24

Question 25


17. �e following text extract taken from Cursor Mundi(written towards the end of the 13th century) exists in asouthern and in a northern version. Comment on theunderlined words. Which development has taken placefrom Old English, which forms are in use in ModernEnglish?▸ North: Of all þere liif spend þai þe stage▸ South: Spende mony her gouþe & her age▸ ModE:�ey spend the period of all their life

North: þere: third person pluralpossessive pronoun, þai: nominative pluralpronoun, third person.South: No difference between nominative andpossessive pronoun.

136/140

History of English

Thomas Ohse

Old English: Lexis






EMoE: Lexis

EMoE: Syntax

EMoE: Phonology

RevisionQuestion 1

Question 2

Questions 3 - 5

Question 6 & 7

Question 8 & 9

Question 10

Questions 11 & 12

Questions 13 & 14

Question 16

Question 17

Questions 18 - 20

Questions 21 - 23

Question 24

Question 25


18. What does the term "Südhumbrische Verdumpfung"refer to?

the change of the Old English a (/a:/) tothe Middle English o (/O/) in areas south ofthe river Humber in 12th century (aka”southern rounding“).

19. Which term is given to words such as mundane orcontemplate in Early Modern English?

”hard words“ or ”inkhorn terms“ (ThomasWilson).

20. Give the linguistic terms that describe the relationbetween the words tooth and dental and hand andhandful.

tooth – dental: dissociation;hand – handful: consosciation

137/140

History of English

Thomas Ohse

Old English: Lexis






EMoE: Lexis

EMoE: Syntax

EMoE: Phonology

RevisionQuestion 1

Question 2

Questions 3 - 5

Question 6 & 7

Question 8 & 9

Question 10

Questions 11 & 12

Questions 13 & 14

Question 16

Question 17

Questions 18 - 20

Questions 21 - 23

Question 24

Question 25


18. What does the term "Südhumbrische Verdumpfung"refer to?the change of the Old English a (/a:/) tothe Middle English o (/O/) in areas south ofthe river Humber in 12th century (aka”southern rounding“).

19. Which term is given to words such as mundane orcontemplate in Early Modern English?

”hard words“ or ”inkhorn terms“ (ThomasWilson).



137/140

History of English

Thomas Ohse

Old English: Lexis






EMoE: Lexis

EMoE: Syntax

EMoE: Phonology

RevisionQuestion 1

Question 2

Questions 3 - 5

Question 6 & 7

Question 8 & 9

Question 10

Questions 11 & 12

Questions 13 & 14

Question 16

Question 17

Questions 18 - 20

Questions 21 - 23

Question 24

Question 25



19. Which term is given to words such as mundane orcontemplate in Early Modern English?”hard words“ or ”inkhorn terms“ (ThomasWilson).



137/140

History of English

Thomas Ohse

Old English: Lexis






EMoE: Lexis

EMoE: Syntax

EMoE: Phonology

RevisionQuestion 1

Question 2

Questions 3 - 5

Question 6 & 7

Question 8 & 9

Question 10

Questions 11 & 12

Questions 13 & 14

Question 16

Question 17

Questions 18 - 20

Questions 21 - 23

Question 24

Question 25



19. Which term is given to words such as mundane orcontemplate in Early Modern English?”hard words“ or ”inkhorn terms“ (ThomasWilson).

20. Give the linguistic terms that describe the relationbetween the words tooth and dental and hand andhandful.tooth – dental: dissociation;hand – handful: consosciation

137/140

History of English

Thomas Ohse

Old English: Lexis






EMoE: Lexis

EMoE: Syntax

EMoE: Phonology

RevisionQuestion 1

Question 2

Questions 3 - 5

Question 6 & 7

Question 8 & 9

Question 10

Questions 11 & 12

Questions 13 & 14

Question 16

Question 17

Questions 18 - 20

Questions 21 - 23

Question 24

Question 25


21. Who published "A dictionary of the English language"and when?

Samuel Johnson, 1755

22. Which grammatical category developed during EarlyModern English?

The perfective aspect.

23. Describe what is di�erent in the quote given below froma Modern English perspective:Why lookes your Grace so heauily to day?

The operator ”do“ is missing.

138/140

History of English

Thomas Ohse

Old English: Lexis






EMoE: Lexis

EMoE: Syntax

EMoE: Phonology

RevisionQuestion 1

Question 2

Questions 3 - 5

Question 6 & 7

Question 8 & 9

Question 10

Questions 11 & 12

Questions 13 & 14

Question 16

Question 17

Questions 18 - 20

Questions 21 - 23

Question 24

Question 25


21. Who published "A dictionary of the English language"and when?Samuel Johnson, 1755

22. Which grammatical category developed during EarlyModern English?

The perfective aspect.



138/140

History of English

Thomas Ohse

Old English: Lexis






EMoE: Lexis

EMoE: Syntax

EMoE: Phonology

RevisionQuestion 1

Question 2

Questions 3 - 5

Question 6 & 7

Question 8 & 9

Question 10

Questions 11 & 12

Questions 13 & 14

Question 16

Question 17

Questions 18 - 20

Questions 21 - 23

Question 24

Question 25



22. Which grammatical category developed during EarlyModern English?The perfective aspect.



138/140

History of English

Thomas Ohse

Old English: Lexis






EMoE: Lexis

EMoE: Syntax

EMoE: Phonology

RevisionQuestion 1

Question 2

Questions 3 - 5

Question 6 & 7

Question 8 & 9

Question 10

Questions 11 & 12

Questions 13 & 14

Question 16

Question 17

Questions 18 - 20

Questions 21 - 23

Question 24

Question 25



22. Which grammatical category developed during EarlyModern English?The perfective aspect.

23. Describe what is di�erent in the quote given below froma Modern English perspective:Why lookes your Grace so heauily to day?The operator ”do“ is missing.

138/140

History of English

Thomas Ohse

Old English: Lexis






EMoE: Lexis

EMoE: Syntax

EMoE: Phonology

RevisionQuestion 1

Question 2

Questions 3 - 5

Question 6 & 7

Question 8 & 9

Question 10

Questions 11 & 12

Questions 13 & 14

Question 16

Question 17

Questions 18 - 20

Questions 21 - 23

Question 24

Question 25


24. Explain the development of the vowel in child fromMiddle English to Modern English!

There was the Great Vowel Shift. The MiddleEnglish chıld, became child, because alllong vowel were shifted upwards. Since /i:/is already very closed it could not beraised any more and so it became thediphthong /@I/ in Early Modern English and/aI/ in today’s ”child“ (/ÙaIld/).

139/140

History of English

Thomas Ohse

Old English: Lexis






EMoE: Lexis

EMoE: Syntax

EMoE: Phonology

RevisionQuestion 1

Question 2

Questions 3 - 5

Question 6 & 7

Question 8 & 9

Question 10

Questions 11 & 12

Questions 13 & 14

Question 16

Question 17

Questions 18 - 20

Questions 21 - 23

Question 24

Question 25


24. Explain the development of the vowel in child fromMiddle English to Modern English!There was the Great Vowel Shift. The MiddleEnglish chıld, became child, because alllong vowel were shifted upwards. Since /i:/is already very closed it could not beraised any more and so it became thediphthong /@I/ in Early Modern English and/aI/ in today’s ”child“ (/ÙaIld/).

139/140

History of English

Thomas Ohse

Old English: Lexis






EMoE: Lexis

EMoE: Syntax

EMoE: Phonology

RevisionQuestion 1

Question 2

Questions 3 - 5

Question 6 & 7

Question 8 & 9

Question 10

Questions 11 & 12

Questions 13 & 14

Question 16

Question 17

Questions 18 - 20

Questions 21 - 23

Question 24

Question 25


25. In Modern English see and sea are spelt di�erently butpronounced identical. Explain what happened during theGVS!

The Phonemes /e:/ and /E:/ were both raisedto the same phoneme in Modern English:/i:/, writte with <ee> in the case of /e:/and with <ea> in the case of /E:/.

140/140

History of English

Thomas Ohse

Old English: Lexis






EMoE: Lexis

EMoE: Syntax

EMoE: Phonology

RevisionQuestion 1

Question 2

Questions 3 - 5

Question 6 & 7

Question 8 & 9

Question 10

Questions 11 & 12

Questions 13 & 14

Question 16

Question 17

Questions 18 - 20

Questions 21 - 23

Question 24

Question 25


25. In Modern English see and sea are spelt di�erently butpronounced identical. Explain what happened during theGVS!The Phonemes /e:/ and /E:/ were both raisedto the same phoneme in Modern English:/i:/, writte with <ee> in the case of /e:/and with <ea> in the case of /E:/.

140/140

presentation

Documents

englishthomas ohseoverviewwhy bother

englishthomas ohseold english

syntax middle english

lexis middle english

phonology middle english

englishthomas ohse

main features

core vocabulary