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Research Methodology

By: o Cut Danisha Razkio Riantari Maharani

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Introduction

oResearch in common parlance refers to a search for knowledge. Once can also define research as a scientific and systematic search for pertinent information on a specific topic. In fact, research is an art of scientific investigation. Some people consider research as a movement, a movement from the unknown to the known.

oResearch comprises defining and redefining problems, formulating hypothesis or suggested solutions; collecting, organising and evaluating data, making deductions and reaching conclusions, and at last carefully testing the conclusions to determine whether they fit the formulating hypothesis.

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The Concepts of Research

o Research is a systematic effort to provide answers to questions (Tuckman, 1999).

o Research may be defined as the systematic and objective analysis and recording of controlled observations that may lead to the development of generalizations, principles, or theories, resulting in prediction and possible control of events (Best and Kahn, 1998).

o Research is a systematic way of asking questions, a systematic method of inquiry (Drew, Hardman, and Hart, 1996).

oThe main goal of research is the gathering and interpreting of information to answer questions (Hyllegard, Mood, and Morrow, 1996).

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The Objective of Research

1. To find or look for something else and actual2. To find out the truth which is hidden and which has not

been discovered yet3. To test the knowledge of the truth, if it is still there is

something questionable 4. To change the conclusions that have been accepted or

rejected and changed the arguments with a new application of the theorem

(Prof. H. Moh. Kasiram, M.Sc -2010)

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Type of Research

o Descriptive Research vs Analytical Reseacrho Applied Research vs Fundamental (Basic)

Researcho Quantitative Research vs Qualitative Researcho Empirical Research vs Conceptual Research

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Applied Research vs Basic Research

Applied ResearchResearch done with the

intention ofapplying the result of its

finding tosolving specific problems

currentlybeing experienced in theorganizations.

Basic ResearchResearch done with the

intention togenerate more knowledge

andunderstanding of the

phenomenonthat occur and to build

theoriesbased on the research

result.

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Qualitative vs QuantitativeResearch

Criteria Qualitative Quantitative

Purpose To understand & interpret social interactions.

To test hypotheses, look at cause & effect, & make predictions.

Group Studied

Smaller & not randomly selected.

Larger & randomly selected.

Variables Study of the whole, not variables.

Specific variables studied.

Types of Data Collected

Words, images, or objects. Numbers and statistics.

Scientific Method

Exploratory or bottom–up: the researcher generates a new hypothesis and theory from the data collected.

Confirmatory or top-down: the researcher tests the hypothesis and theory with the data.

Final Report

Narrative report with contextual description & direct quotations from research participants.

Statistical report with correlations, comparisons of means, & statistical significance of findings.

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What Are Required inScientific Research?

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Conclusion

• By doing research we can discover answers to questions through the application of scientific procedures

• As well as to find out the truth which is hidden and which has not been discovered as yet

• Research can be classified into eight general types, such as descriptive, analytical, applied, basic, quantitative, qualitative, conceptual, empirical, and some other types of research.

• Quantitative research is based on the measurement of quantity or amount.

• Qualitative research is concerned with qualitative phenomenon, such as phenomena relating to or involving quality or kind.

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