presentasi measurement theory
TRANSCRIPT
TeoriAkuntansiKeuangan
MEASUREMENT THEORY
Nama Anggota Kelompok :Marcellina Cindy LupitaNovrizal NugrohoKen AnissaSylfia SipayungN Renny LarasatiTiffany AdamNurin Wildania
ASSUMPTIONS
1. Economic entity
2. Going concern
3. Monetary unit
4. Periodicity
5. Accrual
PRINCIPLES
1. Measurement
2. Revenue recognition
3. Expense recognition
4. Full disclosure
CONSTRAINTS
1. Cost
2. Materiality
OBJECTIVEProvide information about
the reportingentity that is useful
to present and potentialequity investors,
lenders, and othercreditors in their
capacity as capitalProviders.
ELEMENTS
1. Assets2. Liabilities3. Equity4. Income5. Expenses
QUALITATIVE CHARACTERISTICS
1. Fundamental qualities
2. Enhancing qualities
Pengukuran yang menghasilkan data kuantitatif memberikan informasi lebih besar dibanding data kualitatif.Campbell, assignment of numerals to
represent properties of material systems Stevens, assignment of numerals to objects
or events according to the rules.
IMPORTANCE OF MEASUREMENT
Stevens,Peraturan yang dipakai adalah semantic rules.
“Menghubungkan simbol agar dapat menerangkan sebuah objek, ketika objek tersebut dapat dijelaskan dengan persamaan matematika maka pengukuran telah dilakukan”
IMPORTANCE OF MEASUREMENT
Every measurement is made on scale.Menunjukan informasi tentang gambaran angka dan memberikan arti bagi angka tersebut.
Menurut Stevens, skala dibagi menjadi 4:Skala NominalSkala OrdinalSkala IntervalSkala Ratio
SCALES
Used only as labels.Represent Classification
Example: Chart of Account
NOMINAL SCALE
Created when an operation ranks the objects in question with respect to a given property.
Weakness: tidak menjelaskan perbedaan interval antar ranking.
Tongerson berpendapat, skala ordinal mempunyai natural origin, yaitu natural zero point.
ORDINAL SCALE
Interval scale imparts more information than ordinal scale, not only ranking, but the distance between the intervals on the scale is equal and known, and selected zero point also exists.
Weakness: zero point is arbitrarily established.
Example: varians dalam standar cost accounting.
INTERVAL SCALE
Ratio Scale is one where:The rank order of the objects or event s The interval between the objects are equal
and are knownNatural zero point, exists where the distance
from it for at least one object is known
RATIO SCALE
Beberapa aplikasi matematika tertentu hanya dapat dioperasikan di tipe skala tertentu
Nominal & Ordinal ScalesTidak ada operasi aritmatika
Interval ScalesPengurangan dan Penambahan
Ratio ScalesSemua operasi aritmatika
PERMISSIBLE OPERATIONS OF SCALE
InvariantSkala ratio jika dikalikan dengan konstanta, maka akan menghasilkan skala ratio yang sama
Skala RasioX’ = cX
Hal ini karenaPeringkatnya tidak berubahRasionya tidak berubahTitik nol tidak berubah
PERMISSIBLE OPERATIONS OF SCALE
VarianPengukuran dengan dua skala yang berbeda
Skala IntervalX’ = cX + b
Karena variant maka kita tidak bisa mengatakan A X kali lebih .... dari B
PERMISSIBLE OPERATIONS OF SCALE
RasioA X’= cx x=2
X’=10.2 X’=20
B X’= cx x=6 6 =3 x 2X’=10.6 X’=60 60 =3 x 20
B = 3 x A
IntervalA X’= cx+b x=2
X’=10.2+10 X’=30
B X’= cx+b x=6 6 =3 x 2X’=10.6+10 X’=70 70 =3 x 30
B ≠ 3 x A
PERMISSIBLE OPERATIONS OF SCALE
Menurut Campbell, dalam melakukan pengukuran, harus ada teori yang mendasarinya.
Type of measurement menurut Campbell : Fundamental Measurement dan Derived Measurement
TYPE OF MEASUREMENT
Pengukuran terhadap sesuatu sesuai dengan teori dasar dan tidak terhantung pada pengukuran atas variabel lain
Contoh : panjang, jumlah, volume
FUNDAMENTAL MEASUREMENT
Merupakan pengukuran yang bergantung pada pengukuran dua atau lebih variabel
Contoh : pengukuran profit
DERIVED MEASUREMENT
Dalam akuntansi, tidak ada teori yang mendasarinya, hanya berdasarkan asumsi
Teori pengukuran yang dibuat merupakan hasil pemikiran
Contoh : Pengukuran laba akuntansi
FIAT MEASUREMENT
Tidak ada measurement yang bebas dari error.
Sumber-sumber error dalam melakukan measurement, yaitu :
1. Measurement operations stated imprecisely2. Measurer (si pengukur)3. Instrument (contoh : grafik dan tabel atas
sejumlah angka dan indeks harga)4. Environment5. Attribute unclear6. Risk and uncertainty
REALIBILITY AND ACCURACY
Apa yang dimaksud dengan realiable measurement?
1. Proven consistency2. Repeatable or reproductable3. Precision
Ada 2 aspek realibility, yaitu :1. Accuracy and certainty of measurement2. Representative of faithfulness
REALIABLE MEASUREMENT
Hasil yang konsisten, ketelitian, dan realibility seharusnya mengarah pada keakuratan (accuracy).
Keakuratan dapat dicapai dengan melakukan pengukuran yang benar dan menunjukkan nilai yang benar (true value) dari ukuran tersebut.
Untuk melakukan perhitungan yang akurat diperlukan standar yang menunjukkan nilai yang sebenarnya.
ACCURATE MEASUREMENT
Dampak perhitungan FV pada realibility dan relevancy dari laporan keuangan.
Tujuan digunakannya FV adalah agar dapat menyediakan LK yang lebih relevan dan mencerminkan keadaan ekonomi yang sebenarnya sehingga lebih relevan terhadap keadaan pasar. Subjektivitas dan proses estimasi menimbulkan keraguan atas keandalan informasi. Tetapi perhitungan FV dianggap lebih realiable dibandingkan dengan historical cost.
DAMPAK DARI PENGGUNAAN FAIR VALUE DALAM PELAPORAN LK TERHADAP PROFESI AKUNTANSI
INTERVIEW DENGAN THERESA ABLSTORM, LONG ISLAND OFFICE MANAGING PARTNER, KPMG LLP
Subjektivitas dan kompleksitas yang melekat pada penilaian fair value yang memungkinkan mudah untuk dimanipulasi, sehingga hal ini tergantung dari ketelitian dan kompetensi teknis dari si pembuat LK
PANDANGAN ABLSTROM PADA PENGGUNAAN PENGUKURAN FAIR VALUE TERHADAP
PENINGKATAN ATAU PENURUNAN KOMPLEKSITAS DAN KUALITAS DARI LAPORAN KEUANGAN.
SFAS 157 menjadi salah satu guidelines atau kerangka untuk menghitung FV yang diharapkan mampu meningkatkan konsistensi dan transparansi dalam penilaian FV.
DAMPAK SFAS 157 “FAIR VALUE MEASUREMENT” TERHADAP STANDAR
AKUNTANSI FV MEASUREMENT.
Hal ini berdampak pada audit risk dan cost dari audit. Karena kalkulasi FV tidak terlepas dari subjektivitas dan komplektitas sehingga berdampak pada resiko audit.
DAMPAK PENGGUNAAN FV MEASUREMENT TERHADAP AUDIT PROCEDURE DARI
AUDITOR INDEPENDENT.
Ada 2 fundamental measure dalam akuntansi : - Capital - Profit
Sebelum diperkenalkannya IAS Profit was not earned until initial opening
historical cost capital was maintained and profit realized
Capital was always stated at historical cost and changes in net assets were not considered as profit
MEASUREMENT IN ACCOUNTING
Setelah diperkenalkannya IAS Profit derived from the change in capital
ovet the period from all activities including decrease/increase in fair value of net assets, excl. transaction with owners
Capital is derived from the net of fair value measure of assets and liabilities.
MEASUREMENT IN ACCOUNTING
Sejarah perkembangan konsep capital valuation in accountingFirst thousand years AD : The purpose of
accounting was to count & safeguard the assets of the steward using single-entry accounting
Dimulainya jalur perdagangan di Timur Tengah dan Asia setelah perang salib abad ke 11, profit dihitung tiap satu kali perjalanan. Sedangkan ending capital diukur sebagai accumuluation of wealth from individual ventures plus original capital, profit represented an increase in wealth.
MEASUREMENT IN ACCOUNTING
The use of Arabic numbering system together with the concept of returnable capital led to the evolution of double-entry accounting was used by Italian merchants from the 12 th – 16 th centuries and fi rst documented by Luca Pacioli as “The System of Venice” in 1494
Pada abad ke 18 di Inggris berkembang perusahaan dengan kepemilikan saham ditandai dengan adanya limited liability, separate management class, & transferability of shares. Namun karena banyaknya perusahaan yang bangkrut, disusunlah Joint Stock Companies Regulation Act pada 1844. This act emphesized creditor protection and conservative accounting valuation. Serta mulai menggunakan metode LOCOM (lower of cost and market value) sebagai prinsip pengukuran capital.
MEASUREMENT IN ACCOUNTING
Dikenalnya konsep depresiasi (depreciation method) di Amerika Serikat pada abad ke -19
Paton & Littleton in 1940 produced the first definitive statement on the concept of capital and profit. Profit as being derived from the matching
or allocation of historical costs against revenue earned.
The balance sheet was simply the repository of all-yet-to-be allocated historical cost and not seen as a measurement of net market value (or a fair value) of a bussiness
MEASUREMENT IN ACCOUNTING
Kritikan atas prinsip valuation historical cost mulai berkembang pada tahun 1960an. Para pakar berpendapat bahwa valuation yang
didasarkan pada historical cost sudah tidak lagi tepat untuk pengambilan keputusan.
The profi t did not measure contemporary resource usage.
IASB memperkenalkan standar akuntansi pada tahun 2005: profit measurement and revenue recognition should be
linked to timely recognition the fair value approach should be adopted as the
working measurement principle
MEASUREMENT IN ACCOUNTING
1. Why is the measurement distinction between
capital and income important?
2. Why do you think is real financial capital
maintenance and what is physical capital
maintenance?
3. Is the increase in the value of a house you live in
income or capital ? Provide explanation.
4. Does your answer to question 3 change if your
house is an invesment property? Give reasons for
your answer.
THEORY IN ACTION 5.2CAPITAL OR INCOME?
1. Accounting information should be aimed at
decision makers making economic decisions
about the entity
2. Entities should present a single statement
of all recognised income and expense items
as a component of a complete set of
financial statements
THE FASB/IASB JOINT PROJECT ON FINANCIAL STATEMENT PRESENTATION HIGHLIGHTS THE IASB’S THINKING ON
INCOME AND ASSET MEASUREMENT, PARTICULARLY THE APPLICATION OF FAIR VALUE MEASUREMENT.
SOME AGREED CONCEPTD INCLUDE THE FOLLOWING :
3. The statement should be all-inclusive:
a) It should include the eff ects of all changes in net assets and
liabilites during the period, other than transactions with
owners.
b) Assets and liabil ities should be valued at fair value which
presumes market prices but substitutes such as discounted
future cash fl ow, depreciated market prices but substitutes
such as discounted future cash fl ows, depreciated market
prices or asset-pricing models can be used in the absence of a
l iquid market.
c) Income determination should be split between profi t before
remeasurement and remeasurement eff ects.
THE FASB/IASB JOINT PROJECT ON FINANCIAL STATEMENT PRESENTATION HIGHLIGHTS THE IASB’S THINKING ON
INCOME AND ASSET MEASUREMENT, PARTICULARLY THE APPLICATION OF FAIR VALUE MEASUREMENT.
SOME AGREED CONCEPTD INCLUDE THE FOLLOWING :
4. All income and expenses should be categorised and displayed in
a way that
a) enhances users’ understanding of achieved performance
b) assists in forming expectations of future performance
5. Profi t should not be based on a notion of realisation
6. The focus should be on
a) greater transparency
b) useful information to investors and relevance of data for
decision making
c) the concept of realibil ity has been replaced by
representational faithfulness
THE FASB/IASB JOINT PROJECT ON FINANCIAL STATEMENT PRESENTATION HIGHLIGHTS THE IASB’S THINKING ON
INCOME AND ASSET MEASUREMENT, PARTICULARLY THE APPLICATION OF FAIR VALUE MEASUREMENT.
SOME AGREED CONCEPTD INCLUDE THE FOLLOWING :
Adanya beberapa metode valuasi aset menciptakan isu untuk auditor
Jika beberapa valuasi aset tersebut: 1. dapat diaplikasikan dengan benar dan
konsisten, 2. menggunakan asusmsi yang masuk akal, 3. dan data yang digunakan valid untuk
menghasilkan valuasi, valuasi tersebut dapat diterima auditor
MEASUREMENT ISSUES FOR AUDITORS
Manajemen harus selalu mengecek apakah aset tertentu perlu ada impairment atau tidak
Jika ada, maka manajemen harus mengestimasi Recoverable Amount aset
Jika RA < CA maka Carrying Amount harus dikurangkan dari RA nya
Pengurangan ini disebut impairment loss
IMPAIRMENT LOSS
Isu dari historical cost salah satunya standar inventory cost, di mana cost nya dinyatakan secara gamblang, namun ada hal yang mempengaruhi cost tersebut dari perubahan kondisi ekonomi.
HISTORICAL COST
NPVCapital asset pricing modelCost of creationMarket-based comparisonRoyalty relief methodRelative valueBalanced scorecardCompetency modelsBenchmarkingBusiness WorthBusuness Process AuditingKnowledge Bank
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