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4.2 Contemporary Housing in Delhi
Introduction4.2A
Colonial development4.2B
4.2C
Refugee Rehabilitation Housing Post Independence
Cooperative housing
4.2D
DDA housing
4.2E
Builder Apartments
4.2F4.2G
Future of housing in Delhi
4.2H
Plotted Husing
Urban Villages
Govt. Housing
4.2I
4.2J
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4.2 AIntroduction
4.2B
4.2A
4.2D
4.2C
4.2E
4.2F
4.2G
4.2H
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1962
1965
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Delhi is a city with different urban layers of planning, each having its own architectural character. There is a certain transition of urban forms and street scape as one walks by the congested organic developments of the walled city to the lavishly green modern imperial planning of New Delhi
Until 1911, most of the city population was concentrated within the confines of THE WALLED CITY. The area consisted of narrow streets and bazaars and the chowks as major COMMUNITY SPACES. Therefore the character developed in the city promoted people to live in CLOSE ASSOCIATION. HAVELIS were the major residential units and had the COURTYARD in the middle.
A total contrast to Shajanabaad, the city was laid on WESTERN PRINCIPLES with wide avenues marked by trees and BUNGALOW TYPOLOGY of construction with local climatic adaptations.
The huge influx from Pakistan after independence forced the MINISTRY OF REHABILITATION to initiate huge REHABILITATION COLONIES.
The term URBAN VILLAGE was coined in 1962 and involved development of the peripheral villages by interventions of private developers and their INCLUSION INTO THE MAIN CITY infrastructure.
DDA came into power and developed various housing units to promote the development in accordance with the land use patterns of the various MASTER PLANS.
DDA gave land to cooperative societies which promoted various types of CO-OP SOCIETIES , generally 2-3 STOREY.
The PRIVATE DEVELOPERS were majorly active in the NCR region outside the Delhi boundaries and developed high rise structures with MULTIPLE RESIDENTIAL UNITS. The se structures were interspersed by well PLANNED green spaces.
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COOPORATIVE
REFUGEEURBAN VILLAGEGOVERNMENTDDA
The city due e to over pressure of the increasing population and pressure on its resources has expanded and includes the sub-urbs and urban villages
Lutyyen’s Delhi
Indepen-dence
Urban village
Govt. employee housing
Self – financing scheme
Co-op housing
Private builers
Prior to 1961; private developers built two dwelling units in a plot, ground floor and first floor.
After 1962; private developers eliminated mostly, DDA became sole authority for development.
1st MASTER PLANPublished for 1961- 1981
DDA launched group housing program in 1966.
1960s to 70s; Multi-family housing units or flats in multi storied buildings became dominant
2ND MASTER PLANPublished for 1981-2001
Acquisition of 20,000 Ha and urban area increased
During 1980s; cooperative sector gained importance.
Housing Trends Post Independence
FIRST MUNICIPAL COMMITTEEBye laws enforced Sadar Bazaar, Subzi Mandi and
suburbs
NEW Delhi was built.Shifting of capital from Calcutta and Delhi
Delhi IMPROVEMENT TRUST (1937)Rehabilitation – shift from slums and sub standard
areas
Post independence ministry of rehabilitation came into the housing scene, launched multi-storied house
construction programs on a massive scale.200% population increase- unplanned growth.
TOWN PLANING ORGANIZATIONSetup by Ministry Of Health, GOI
1957; DDA came into existence which assumed the responsibility for planned city development.
MCD, NDMC , local bodies emerged to maintain the developed area
During the 1950s and 1960s private developers and housing companies became active.. Social and physical infrastructure of a reasonably high level was
provided in these privately developed colonies.
Plotted development has been a special feature of housing activities in Delhi during post independence
period.
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4.2 AIntroduction
City was based on trade prospects where people lived in close
association• Basically a pedestrianized city with narrow streets• Densely populated• Row and medium rise building• Narrow and congested streets• Organic development• Mixed income groups• Mixed land and building used
NEW DELHI
• Based upon bungalow typology, buildings were set amidst open land and gardens• The avenues are lined up by wide pavements and rows of trees• Was based on the ‘garden city’ concept• Depended upon motor transport• Low density• Low rise housing typology
4.2B
4.2A
4.2D
4.2C
4.2E
4.2F
4.2G
4.2H
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1947
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SHAHJAHANABAAD
• Primarily composed of courtyard house typology• Even the widest of avenues in the old city were defined by building facades
• Medium density colonies & multi-storied tenements (built by DDA)• Planned development• Subsidized rental housing for government employees• Dedicated land use
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4.2B
4.2G
4.2C
4.2A
4.2D
4.2D
4.2F
ThE New Capital
New Delhi was built as the capital of British India. It was designed to reflect the grandeur of British empire over the Indian subcontinent. The new city was planned with reference to major old monuments. Axiality, symmetry, focus, true shapes, rhythm etc. were employed at city and building level. The site on the east bank of Yamuna was chosen for the new city.
Population in walled city : 250-400 pphPopulation in Lutyen’s Delhi : <80 pph
•An abundance of open spaces, designated spaces for commercial, business, social and religious use.
Key Features of Lutyen’s plan
•Government complex at the centre. Around it the road networks and city structure was developed.
•Axial planning which led to hexagonal grids.•Buildings were placed in symmetry along the main vista.
•The roads were broad and tree lined. The roads, nodes and residential spaces followed a strict hierarchy.
•Vista – road with unique landscape treatment
•Janpath (formerly queensway)
•Ashoka road
•Roads in indian clerk area
Gazetteer officers Bungalow Zone
Open spaces
Unused and vacantfollowing a regular geometric patternhierarchy
Service spaces
primary
Well landscaped and maintained
Dwellings
Areas subdivided into triangular sectors together forming a hexagon
Each sector has 15-18 bungalows
Each bungalow is 2-4 acres with a density of 10-15 persons per acre
3-4 bedrooms and 4-5 verandahs
- the bungalow: an object in a defined compound - a historical revolution in plan, form and structure of
the dwelling unit- gradually more sophisticated and opulent, coming
closer to the European villa - variations in size, style, variety and ornamentation- Segmental layout, following a regular grid- Staggered but symmetric form- Layout:
• Living room in the center• Rooms around it• Surrounded by verandahs
- single-storeyed or two-storied structure with a symmetrical layout, having a wide, multi- functional and extensive verandah around
- the kitchen and servants’ quarters located at therear of the house
- symmetrical layout - central hall and front verandah as the male domain - the inclusion of a designated “women’s room” -
within the house – clear gender segregation in social interaction.
4.2 BLutyen’s Delhi
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REFUGEE
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4.2B
4.2F
4.2C
4.2A
4.2D
4.2E
4.2G
REFUGEE REHJABILITATION COLONIES
1. JANGPURA2. LAJPAT NAGAR3. KALKAJI4. MALVIYA NAGAR5. OLD RAJINDER NAGAR6. NEW RAJINDER NAGAR7. PATEL NAGAR8. MOTI NAGAR9. RAMESH NAGAR10.TILAK NAGAR11.NIZAMUDDIN
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4.2 CRefugee Rehabilitation Colonies
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OLD RAJINDER NAGAR
•Housing for refugees of the partition•Lies in Karol Bagh zone, south of Pusa road•Original construction type- masonry walls and asbestos cement sheet roofing
OPEN SPACES
Within the units–front yard and backyard
rooftop
Access lanes and back lanes
Market spine
Sindhi park – largest green
Plots left unbuilt(136ft x 66ft)
CHANGES IN BUILT FORM
Expansion of residential accomodation
Change in land use
Change in typology
TRNASFORMATION REQUIREMENTS
Housing and economic need
Definition of territory
Aspirational expression of the residents
Date 1947
Agency ministry of rehabilitation
typology Plotted high density
Density 60 du/acre
FAR 225
height G + 3
Plot sizes 44 sqm. To 64 sqm.
Construction Brick masonry, RCC
Maintenance Individual residents
45%
35%
20%
Land Use
BUILT UPOPEN AREASROADS
AMENITIES 3 schools
Women’s college (Janaki Devi Mahavidyalya)
Hospitall
Market on the Bazaar Marg
LAYOUT
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4.2B
4.2C
4.2D
4.2A
4.2E
4.2F
4.2G
A typical government agency plan(1947-55) consisted of units built on a site of 60 to 70 square meters. The layout of the newer housing schemes were much tighter than the Lodi colony but the rooms were the same size. The backyard was smaller and the units became part of a row or of larger blocks.
4.2H
DIT (1937)
Failure
MINISTRY OF REHABILITATIONTo accommodate huge influx from
PakistanDelhi – the capital city
Commercial centre
REHABILITATION COLONIESNizamuddin, Lajpat Nagar,Kalkaji and Malviya Nagar in the south, and two Rajendra Nagars, threePatel Nagars, Moti Nagar, Ramesh Nagar and Tilak Nagar on the west of the city Plotted development
Common gardens replaced personal front yards
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LAYOUT•grid iron pattern•Variation in plot sizes•5000 plots – 1500 are 56 sq yards and rest are 86 sq yards•Small open central spaces where a part of the block is left un built•Change in construction height recently
CIRCULATION
Shankar road and Poorvi Marg at the periphery
Bazaar Marg and Hemu Kalani Marg as primary streets
Secondary access streets and back lanes
TYPES OF CLUSTERS
Unit covered area
Semi public areas
Public area
35 sq m
35 sq m
20 sq m
20 sq m
38 sq m
13 sq mHouse with courtLiving area 30sqmService area 54sqmOpen area 29sqm
House with shopLiving area 30sqmService area 11sqmOpen area 24sqm
Promoter flatLiving area 38sqmService area 10sqmOpen area 12sqm
Unit covered area
Semi public areas
Public area
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4.2A
4.2C
4.2D
4.2B
4.2E
4.2F
4.2G
4.2H
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4.2B
4.2F
4.2C
4.2A
4.2D
4.2E
4.2G
PLOTTED HOUSING
1. (1952-53) SUNDER NAGAR2. (1953-54) LAJPAT NAGAR, JANGPURA, MALVIYA
NAGAR AND HAUZ KHAS3. (1955-56) SOUTH EXTN4. (1957-58) DEFENCE COLONY5. (1959-60) MAHARANI BAGH6. (1960-61) EAST NIZAMUDDIN7. (1962-63) SAFDARJUNG ENCLAVE8. (1963-64) GK-19. (1965-65) VASANT VIHAR10. (1970-71) SHANTI NIKETAN11. (1972-73) GK-212. (1973-74) GULMOHAR PARK13. (1974-75) SARVODAYA ENCLAVE14. (1977-78) NEW FRIENDS COLONY15. (1980-85) UDAY PARK
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4.2 DPlotted Housing
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URBAN VILLAGES
1. MUNDKA2. DABRI3. WAZIRPUR
4. NIMRI5. SEELAMPUR6. KARKARDOOMA
7. MUNIRKA8. PITAMPURA9. MASJID MOTH
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REFUGEEURBAN VILLAGE
4.2 EUrban Villages
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4.2 DUrban Villages
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4.2B
4.2D
4.2C
4.2A
4.2E
4.2F
4.2G
The term “urban village” was first brought up in the Master Plan of Delhi (MPD) – 1962.
What is it ?Urban villages are the old traditional settlements within the urbanisable limit of the city. These are originally rural villages which are later after the notification are termed as urban villages wherein regulation and norms are applicable as per the jurisdiction of the authority.
There are two parts of a village – • Agricultural land • Abadi area
LAL DORA
It is the limit of inhabited area of the village abadi which is delineated at the time of settlement or at the time of land consolidation.
With growth in population , there is an over spill of the population on available suitable land as an extension to the existing village Abadi. This extended Abadi limit is (PHIRNI) is not recognised as “Lal Dora” but the provisions of the Land Revenue Act apply to this extended Abadi Area.
The area within the Lal Dora in a rural situation is exempt from Municipal building bye-laws or zoning regulation.
AGRICULTURAL LAND
ABADI AREA
PHIRNI
Components of urban village
The abadi area consists of a collection of number of houses at one place occupied by persons living under common constitution and sharing land attached to the village.
As urban limit expands it engulfs rural villages
As urban limit expands it engulfs rural villages
Transformations in Urban Villages
• Loss of cultivated land and adoption of different urban occupations.
• Migration results in residential pockets of high density, poor infrastructure and public amenities.
• Change in land use i.e. residential to industrial and commercial also takes place.
• Division and sub-division of property leading to more built up area and lesser open spaces
• Literacy rate improves due to urban influence
• Traditional ties of human association weaken, caste system also weakens.
Classification based on Transformation
Village showing industrial growth eg; Wazirpur, Mundka, Dabri etc.
Village showing commercial growth eg; Munirka, Pitampura, Masjid Moth etc.
Village residential growth eg; Seelampur, Karkarduma, etc.
URBAN VILLAGE
Urban developmenton acquired agricultural land
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Releasing population when land is acquired and there is no land for earning so people tend to migrate.
Attracts people who migrate in and settle down because of cheap rentals, affordability and employment opportunities in terms of Business.
URBAN VILLAGES HAVE BECOME A NEED FOR PLANNED AREAS.
4.2B
4.2D
4.2C
4.2A
4.2E
4.2F
4.2G
4.2H
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4.2G
Industrialized ‘Urban Village’
Land use in the ‘urban villages’ located near industrial areas turn into a mix of small scale manufacturing and slum type residence for the labour population. None of the factories are registered. Most employ typically 5 to 15 workers and manufacture low cost products – furniture, door window grills, electrical spare parts, automobile repair shops, plastic cases and bags. Effluent treatment or drainage is practically non existent. Water supply is often sourced by illegally tapping into municipal service mains or boring for ground water.
These industrialized areas are found in Shalimar village, Mundka, Nawada, Dabri etc.
Industrialized ‘urban village’ in Dabri has turned into a slum
Commercialized ‘Urban Village’
Areas located in close proximity to middle or upper income residential areas had turned into commercial areas with large shops for clothes, furniture and building materials, big show room for electronic goods, beauty parlours or computer training institutes or medical clinics.
Reason
• The planned commercial complexes in new sub-cities like Dwarka or Rohini, are exorbitantly priced.
• The shop sizes are very small and nappropriate in design.
• The formal markets do not have space for unorganized sectors like fruits and vegetable sellers. Hence, weekly markets had come up to meet the demand.
• Exploitation of the ‘Lal Dora’ status.
Villages showing Residential Growth
Kotla Mubarakpur, Tikhand, Seelampur, KarkarDuma and Nimri are some of the villages which have shown abrupt residential growth. Extensive industrial or commercial establishments are conspicuous by their absence. Population density is very high in these villages resulting in congestion and inadequacy of infrastructure.
Munirka Village – Case Study
Munirka is an urban village, located on Aravali range of mountain. Now a commercial market and a middle-class residential Village located in South West Delhi, India earlier it was a village of farmers domesticating Buffalos, Cows and farming for their livelihood.
Village Area : 74 Hec
People & Population
Within the few square kilometres that is its area, at least a 100 thousand or 1 lakh people, reside. Primarily it was home to the Jats and the Brahmans particularly of the Tokas clan. Inside the village are home to a vibrant multi-cultural cosmos – people from all over India have found a home here, or cheap accomodation at the very least.
History
Elder people of the Delhi region testify to Munirka being one of the most beautiful villages in the region till well into the 1970s, being surrounded by forest with wolf, jackal and nilgai on at least two sides, and a bani (woods), a jangal (forest) beyond that and a jhoad (pond) on the west.
Munirka (Google Earth Image)
4.2H
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Land Acquisition & Transformation
Cultivation was the main occupation of the villagers of Munirka prior to the acquisition of land. Land acquisition happened in two stages:
First acquired for the construction of outervring road in 1953-1954. Land in bulk was acquired in 1957-1958 for the housing scheme of the DDA (R.K. Puram, Vasant Vihar, JNU)
To R.K.PURAM
To PALAM AIRPORT
Vasant Vihar Depot
Vacant Land & Hilly Area
DDA SFS FLATS
To VASANT KUNJ
GODAVERI HOSTEL(J.N.U. Campus)
To KATWARIA SARAI
DDA Flats
DDA Flats
R.K.PURAM
Munirka Figure Ground
Land Use Analysis
Residential component is as low as 45% & rapid commercialization.
Prevalence of basement and mezzanine for commercial activity.
LAND USE DISTRIBUTION OF MUNIRKA VILLAGE ( 1961)
RESID-ENTIAL
NON RES-IDENTIAL
COMMUNITY FACILITIES
PARKS & OPEN SPACES
CIRCU-LATION
LAND USE DISTRIBUTION OF MUNIRKA VILLAGE ( 2006)
RESIDENTIALNON RESIDENTIALCOMMUNITY FACILITIESPARKS & OPEN SPACESCIRCULATION
BUILDING HEIGHTS (2007)
G+1
G+2
G+3
G+4
SIZE OF HOUSEHOLD
<33 TO 55<
SIZE OF COMMERCIAL UNITS in sqft (2007 survey)
< 9090-225225-450450 <
4.2B
4.2D
4.2C
4.2A
4.2E
4.2F
4.2G
4.2H
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4.2B
4.2D
4.2C
4.2A
4.2E
4.2F
4.2G
OCCUPATION PATTERN (2007)
SERVICE
SELF EM-PLOYED
DISTANCE OF WORKPLACE (2007 survey)
<0.5 km
1-5 km
5 km <
YEAR OF SHOP ESTABLISHMENT (2007 survey)
< 10 years
10 to 20
20 to 30
30 years <
No. of floors per building are as high as 5 floors.
Shops are on all floor in some of the buildings.
Indication of nuclear family system.
Residential tenants are up to 78 %.
Commercial tenants are as high as 22 %.
A majority of commercial establishment are as old as 30 years.
Size of the commercial establishment goes up to more than 50 sqyrd.
Tenants are attracted to this village mainly because of work proximity.
ISSUES
Munirka village act as service provider to nearby planned area such as R.K.Puram by acting as a commercial hub creating problems of parking, infrastructure and proper access road to shops.
Traditional street pattern high residential density.
Illegal commercial activity in the extended abadi area.
Lack of percentage of community facilities.
4.2H
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4.2G
4.2H
Building Use - First Floor (2006)Building Use - Ground Floor (2006)
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GOVT. HOUSING
1. R.K PURAM2. SAROJINI NAGAR3. KIDWAI NAGAR4. MOTI BAGH5. LAXMI BAI NAGAR6. RAVINDAR NAGAR7. SEWA NAGAR8. NAUROJI NAGAR9. SHANTI NIKETAN
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` REFUGEE COLONIES
` URBAN VILLAGE
` GOVERNMENT HOUSING
4.2 FGovt. Housing
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DDA HOUSING
1. ROHINI2. MUKHERJEE NAGAR3. LOKNAYAK PURAM4. KALYAN VIHAR5. MOTIA KHAN6. SHIVAJI ENCLAVE7. KUNDLI8. TRIILOKPURI9. NASIRPUR DWARKA10.VASANT KUNJ11.MOLARBAND12.JASOLA13.DILSHAD GARDEN
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REFUGEEURBAN VILLAGEGOVERNMENTDDA
4.2 GDDA Housing
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4.2G
4.2H
Indicative distribution in Housing types
Density norms, with corresponding category of dwelling unit
(DU)sizes as permissible FAR, are proposedSlum/EWS housing (upto 25sq.m) 240DUs/AcreCategory I (25- 40 sqm)200DUs/ AcreCategory II (50- 70 sqm) 100 DUs/ AcreCategory III (85sqm and above) 70 DUs/Acre
DDA HOUSING
The DDA launched its group housing programme in 1966.
Till 1990, it had floated 17 separate registration schemes and allotted a total of over 2 lakh houses under these schemes.
65%
35%
Flats constructed till 1990
EWSOther
Group Housing
SFS MIG LIG EWS Total
Total Registration
74, 045 75, 732 91, 656 76, 332 3, 18, 765
Allotments Made
44, 714 47, 780 41, 825 59, 776 1, 94, 095
Group Housing constructed by DDA (1962-1990). Source : DDA Admn. Report 1991-1992
DDA provided
•Janta / EWS Flats – annual income less than 6000/- p.a.•LIG Flats – annual income b/w 6000/- to 8,000 /- p.a.•MIG Flats – annual income b/w 12,000/- to 24,000/- p.a.
Some of the schemes provided by DDA
•HUDCO Pattern Group Housing SchemeLow specification, low cost housing
•Self-Financing SchemesIn addition to initial deposit, allottees periodically finance the construction
•Scheme for Retired persons – scheme to provide dwelling units to retired employees of central govt., Delhi Admn. Etc.
SELF FINANCING SCHEME & ITS OBJECTIVES
It was DDA Launched in 1977. Scheme was a way to obtain financial participation during the period of construction by person who wished to own flats provided by
Reducing financial burden on DDA which previously was constructing dwellings with its own finances.
OBJECTIVES
•Govt. employees residing in govt. quarters after retirement can have an opportunity to readily own a house•Before SFS, DDA only catered to low or middle income groups. But, now high class could pay for their dwellings in stages, and thus, hampering them from displacing middle income groups.•It provides houses to households to whom soft loans are avilable•NRIs whop wish to come back, can own a readily built house in the near future.
TYPE OF FLATS
Category I(one Bedroom) – 55-75 sq.m.Ctegory II (two Bedroom) – 75-110 sq.m.Category III ( three bedroom) – 95-136 sq.m.
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Dilshad Garden is a large housing colony situated in East Delhi that was primarily developed by DDA.The area is divided into several Blocks and Pockets named from A through R and is well. The most Well known housing Blocks are J&k - Pocket, B - Pocket, SG - Pocket, A - Block, B - Block, C - Block, E - Block and R - Block. The area caters to middle class and upper middle class, mostly traders and professionals.
Date 1980
Agency DDA
typology Plotted high density
Density 73 du/acre
height G + 3
Plot sizes 55 to 136 sqm
Construction Brick masonry, RCC
Maintenance RWA
Facilities •Markets at a walking distance from every block•Medical facilities like Teg Bahadur Hospital•Schools
J & K BLOCK•The block follows a linear structure•Staggered built mass•Well defined housing clustered separated by 9m wide roads•Service roads lead into the inner areas
CIRCULATION
Grand Trunk Road at the periphery
Main road
Secondary access streets and serivce lanes
PresentIt become cluttered over years due to rampant unauthorized construction by its residents. Streets across blocks P , O , I & L have become totally commercial with almost all road facing ground floor flats being turned into shops.
Open spacesThe clusters are designed such that there are individual open spaces for every 12 plots. This also allows for ample parking space for every unit. The open spaces are divided bringing them down to the human scale.
They form the center of activity and interaction
following a regular geometric pattern
hierarchy
Between clusters
Along the main road
Interconnected open spaces
Dwelling units•Each unit is repeated 4 times to form a block•Blocks are joined in a staggered form to allow light and ventilation.• 2-3 bedroom flats
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4.2B
4.2F
4.2C
4.2A
4.2D
4.2E
4.2G
COOPERATIVE HOUSING
1. ROHINI2. PITAMPURA3. SHAHADRA4. PASHCHIM VIHAR5. ROTHAK ROAD6. VIKASPURI7. NAJAFGARH ROAD8. SOUTH WEST DELHI9. GEETA COLONY10.MAYUR VIHAR11.CHILLA DALLUPURA12.SOUTH DELHI – ALAKNANDA & YAMUNA
APARTMENTS
5 Km
5 Km
35
1
6
9
10 11
7
4
12
8
2
35
1
6
9 7
4
82
3
51
6
9
7
48
2
3
5
1
6
9
10
7
4
8
2
11
3
5
1
6
9
10
11
7
4
12
8
2
13
COOPORATIVE
REFUGEEURBAN VILLAGEGOVERNMENTDDA
5 Km
5 Km
4.2 HCooperative Housing
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4.2B
4.2E
4.2C
4.2A
4.2D
4.2F
4.2G
4.2H
During 1950s and 1960s, private developers and housing companies also became active.
Occupied land
Created housing
(upper class)
Interim General plan(development of the city)
DDA (1961)
housing
Green buffer
STATUTORY MASTER PLANPrivate developers eliminated
Co-operative societies66,000 flats from 1961 to 1980
SLUMS
Relocating the residents
(200,000 units alloted)
Unwilling residents(away from workplaces)
Failure of the scheme
Improvement of slums
Poppulation– 1.8m (1961)
8.4m (1991)
47,000 acres of residential land
SLUM CLEARANCE AND REHABILITATION
ULCRA(dwelling units for the poor)
17%
21%
27%
35%
Planned Housing Production, Delhi (1961-81) Source : 1961 Master
Plan 1961-66 (1,25,000)1966-71 (1,50,000)1971-76 (1,90,000)1976-81 (2,50,000)
16%
11%
8%
23%2%
7%
19%
14%
1991
Plotted devel-opmentDDA FlatsCooperative Group HousingResettlement or Squatter unitsSlum RehousingGovt. HousingTraditional housingUnauthorized and regularized housing
13% 6%0%
25%
1%
6%
32%
17%
1981
7%9% 1%
7%
68%
8%
19615%5%
86%
5%
1951
8%1%
16%
1%7%
55%
11%
1971
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4.2B
4.2E
4.2C
4.2A
4.2D
4.2F
4.2G
4.2H
COOPERATIVE HOUSING
The concept of cooperative group housing societies was introduced in Delhi with the decision of the govt. of India, Ministry of works and Housing in February 1970.
Dwarka sub-city
Group Housing required less land but would accommodate more number of families. To achieve maximum use of land within a time period, concept of group housing societies envisaged the construction of two-storeyed and multistoried buildings.
The new cooperatives societies were permitted to register only as group housing societies.
By 1973, 161 societies were registered as group housing societies and by 1979, 416 new societies were registered.
By 1983, as many as 1400 new societies were registered.
ALLOCATION OF LAND TO GROUP HOUSING SOCIETIESYEAR NO. OF SOCIETIES
ALLOTED
1973 3
1975 37
1977 72
1979 79
1981 330
1983 530
Growth in the year wise allotment of land to the societies
YEAR NO. OF SOCIETIES COMPLETED
1978 2 400 D.U.
1980 5 1000
1982 26 2600
1984 45 4500
1986 120 16500
1988 250 35250
1990 518 73000Growth in the year wise completion of the number of societies and dwelling units providedSource : Registrar of Cooperative Societies
17%
21%
27%
35%
Planned Housing Production, Delhi (1961-81)
Source : 1961 Master Plan
1961-66 (1,25,000)1966-71 (1,50,000)1971-76 (1,90,000)1976-81 (2,50,000)
90%
5%3% 2%
Housing Stock in 2001. Source : Census of India, 2001
PuccaSemi - puccaServicable kutchaUnservicable kutcha
89%
7%
2%2%
Housing Stock in 1981. Source : Census of India, 1981
PuccaSemi - puccaServicable kutchaUnservicable kutcha
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4.2B
4.2E
4.2C
4.2A
4.2D
4.2F
4.2G
4.2H
Date 1981 (1962-80)
Clients The Yamuna Co-operative Group Housing Society Ltd.
Architects Ranjit Sabikhi And Ajoy Choudhary , The Design Group
Typology Low rise medium density
Area 4.3 acres (195 units)
Density 45 dwelling units per acre
FAR 175
height G + 3
Construction RCC Columns, Beams and Brickwork in cement mortar.
Maintenance By society
40%
35%
25%
Land Use
BUILT UP
OPEN AREAS
ROADS
About 65,000 dwelling units were built in 20 colonies for the displaced people. Besides, the government took up a large scale housing program for its growing number of employees. Between 1947 and 1962, 12,000 units were constructed for government servants.
GROUP HOUSING
SFS MIG LIG EWS
TOTAL REGISTRATION
74,045 75,732 91,656
76,332
ALLOTMENTS MADE
44,714 47,780 41,825
59,776
Group Housing Constructed By DDA 1962-1990
Cooperative housing societies concept was introduced by the Ministry of Works and Housing in 1970 to achieve maximum land use.
Types of cooperative housing societies:
•Tenant ownership cooperative housing society: land is held by the society and houses are owned by members.
•Plot holders housing cooperative society: society develops residential area and sells plots to members
•Tenant co- partnership housing cooperative: society holds both land and buildings.
•Housing finance cooperative society: raises funds and provides finance to its members for construction.
•Authorities concerned with cooperative housing:
• Delhi Development Authority• The cooperative department and the Land
and Building Department of Delhi Administration
• Municipal Corporation of Delhi
Cooperative Housing Societies
YAMUNA APARTMENTS
The units are oriented north-south with openings in north and balconies in the south. The west façade is blank with external wall finished with stone aggregate applied insitu.
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1. Living2. Dining3. Kitchen4. Bedroom5. Balcony6. Patio7. Shaft
4.2B
4.2E
4.2C
4.2A
4.2D
4.2F
4.2G
4.2H
TYPE AREA(SQ. FT.)
CONST. COST / SQ. FT.
TOTAL COST
A 1250 80 1,00,000
B 1090 80 87,000
C 875 80 70,000
• Network of short and narrow pedestrian streets• Road network is peripheral
• A grassy common and hard-surfaced public area with a stage for outdoor performances, integrated into the scheme
1. Living2. Dining3. Kitchen4. Bedroom5. Balcony6. Patio7. Shaft
• Compact clustering• Each unit has a courtyard or terrace, partly open to the sky.
• Limited types of units, leading to inevitable repetition of standard volumes
• It was designed keeping in mind the people who were going to reside here, i.e. people of south indian origin. A puja Room was established right next to the kitchen
• To reduce the heating effect each unit is sheltered on the outside by either a balcony or terrace and also a shaft is provided in the internal area for the ventilation of internal spaces.
• The access staircase
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4.2B
4.2F
4.2C
4.2A
4.2D
4.2E
4.2G
4.2H
I.P. EXTENSIONHIGH RISE HIGH DENSITY
SITE PLAN
Date 1985-91
Agency DDA/Co-op Society
typology High rise High density
Plot sizes 1.5 to 6.25 acres
Density 56 dwelling units per acre
FAR 175
height G + 7
Construction RCC Columns, Beams and Brickwork in cement mortar.
Maintenance By society
37%
37%
26%
Land Use
BUILT UPOPEN AREASROADS
Open Spaces•Central green around the blocks •Vehicular access street and car parking•Roof tops
Circulation
HIGH RISE BLOCK WALKUP BLOCK
Unit covered area 114.4 sq. m. 87.0 sq. m.Semi-public area 13.25 sq. m. 6.66 sq. m.Public area 22.4 sq. m. 9.80 sq. m.
Main Highway Roads
Locality Feeder (runs by the plot)
Vehicular Access Road (connects the block to the gate) (pedestrian activity zone)
Circulation Network In The Blocks
LivingBedroom 40 sq. m.Dining 9 sq. m.Drawing 22.6 sq. m.
ServicesToilets 18.8 sq. m.Kitchen 8.1 sq. m.Circulation 46.3 sq. m.
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4.2 IBuilder Apartments
4.2B
4.2F
4.2C
4.2A
4.2D
4.2E
4.2G
4.2H
Over the past decade or so we can see a shift towards apartment buildings. What stemmed out as a result of scarcity of land is now being opted by many through choice.
Apartment blocks are better equipped and provide greater facilities and services to their tenants as opposed to villa homes. A sense of security which one gets in a well guarded society is the driving force for many individuals, so much so, that they are selling off their independent bungalows to buy space in such housings.
Moreover the developers have a lot to offer from in built gyms and swimming pools to community centres and 100% power back up for their clients.
In addition to such developer done up apartment blocks we have a rise in the cooperative group societies in the city. The positive impact is that there is optimum utilization of space.
The societies built by the private developers are well planned in terms of interspersing huge blocks of dwelling units with green spaces in the form of landscape gardens and recreational spaces.
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DLF PARK PLACE, GURGAON
Date 2012
Agency DLF
typology High rise low density
FAR 350
height G + 29
Flats 3 to 4 bedroom apartments.
Construction Brick masonry, RCC frame structures
Maintenance Society association
Flat sizes 1975 – 2704 sq. ft.
DLF Park Place is located in DLF City, Phase V, in close proximity to DLF Golf Links. An area in the midst of one of the finest developments by DLF.
OPEN-LAYOUT WITH BUILDINGS BEING PLACED IN A MANNER THAT THERE IS NO OVERLOOKING AND MOST OF THE APARTMENTS (50% AT LEAST) ENJOY THE VIEWS OF STRUCTURED LANDSCAPING.
Entry to Towers I, II, III
Entry toTowers IV
SUBSECTORIAL ROAD24 M WIDE
IN CAMPUS ROADS11 M WIDE
BASEMENT ENTRY
TOWERS
TOWERS
TOWERS
TOWERS
TOWERS
BASEMENT ENTRY
•An easy access from a 60 meter wide Sector Road – connecting Delhi and Faridabad on the one side and Sohna and Jaipur on the other, through a 24 meter wide boulevard to avoid any congestion in the future•Located at a close proximity to DLF Golf and Country Club, it is only at a 14.7 km drive from the Indira Gandhi International Airport, New Delhi
Green buffer spaces with a planned central open space and commercial sectors alongside at the periphery
4.2 IBuilder Apartments
4.2B
4.2F
4.2C
4.2A
4.2D
4.2E
4.2G
4.2H
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AREA – 2329 SFT.AREA – 1975 SFT.
AREA – 2677 SFT. AREA – 2677 SFT.
•All bedrooms with attached bath•Balconies with most of the living spaces and a utility balcony with kitchen•Air Conditioned Apartments – Controlled Environment•Two Passenger and one Service Elevator per core•Fitted Modular Kitchen•Great Aesthetics•Gated Community – Secure & Safe•Sprawling Greens – serenity all around•Adequate Parking•Structure designed for the highest seismic considerations for Zone V, against Zone IV.
DESIGN ANALYSIS•Since the building is planned to be fully air conditioned, therefore, natural ventialtion has not been incorporated in the design•No buffer space between the main entrance and the guest sitting are.•A more user sensitive planning could have reduced circulation inside the livable units.
COSTING & SIZES
BEDROOMS
3 BR + UTILITY ROOM + 4T
3 BR + UTILITY ROOM + 4T
3 BR + UTILITY ROOM + 4 T
4 BR + UTILITY ROOM + 5 T
4 BR + UTILITY ROOM + 5 T
SIZES - SQ
FT
1975 2282 2329 2677 2704
RATE PSF * 6,750 6,750 6,750 6,750 6,750
PARKING 600,000
600,000
600,000
900,000
900,000
IBMS @ 100 197,500
228,200
232,900
267,700
270,400
GROSS
COST
1.41 CR 1.62 CR 1.66 CR 1.92 CR 1.94 CR
BKNG AMT 15 LACS
15 LACS
15 LACS
15 LACS
15 LACS
4.2B
4.2G
4.2C
4.2A
4.2D
4.2D
4.2F
4.2H
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4.2 JFuture of Housing in Delhi (Master Plan 2021)
4.2B
4.2F
4.2C
4.2A
4.2D
4.2E
4.2G
4.2H
“The 60,000 hectares to be unlocked in Delhi under
the new Master Plan could help lakhs realize their dreams of owning homes in the Capital by 2021
“
The Gurgaon-Noida story was based on the premise of lack of availability of land in Delhi. It was the absolute dearth of land in Delhi that forced people to look for options in the periphery. The new Master Plan is likely to change all that.
UNLOCKING LANDFive new sub cities proposed in Delhi under MPD 2021
LAND BONANZA60, 000 hectares of land to be released for development
GREAT OPPORTUNITIESPopulation to be expected around 230 lakh by 2021. need 15 lakh* housing units for additional population
PRIVATE BUILDERSEntry of private builders, encouraging acquiring and developing the land
NEW ZONES
90s saw NCR catering to spillover
from Delhi, which is likelly to change
•Quoted by DDA planning commissioner, AK Jain
Main vision of MPD 2021 : develop a world class city with multistory buildings, But not much increase in the GC or FAR.
Whereas, considering the demand of housing and increase in population, HIGHRISE HOUSING is the need of the times.
PUBLIC – PRIVATE PARTNERSHIP
the new Plan seeks to focus on public-private partnerships and has a provision that provides for entry of private developers in the acquisition and development of New Delhi.
GOVT. PVT.
Delhi will compete with areas such as Gurgaon and Noida. “The largest demand lies in the mid- and affordable housing segment.
This is because of favorable land pricing. The surrounding markets are creating low-cost/affordable housing projects almost 60-80 kms away from, with low infrastructure and transportation connect. The Delhi opportunity would bring back quality of life, affordability through the MPD vision of integrated sub cities.
REVERSE EXODUS
WHERE WILL THE LAND COME FROM . . ?
But, is it justifiable to eleminate green cover for the sake of housiing. When there are already numerous housing projects going on around NCR.
JUST TO AGAIN CONGEST THE CITY MORE.
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CASE STUDY ECONOMIC ASPECTS ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS SOCIAL ASPECTS
RAJINDER NAGAR Demographic & economic conditions : earlier, allotted to refugees from govt. servants, now it caters to middle class and upper middle class tenants.Dwellings : dense built form due to small plot sizes and layout. Original structures of masonry walls and asbestos sheet roofing which upgraded gradually.Density : 60 du/acreF.A.R : 225Site coverage : 45%Roads : 20%Open areas: 35%
Open and Built spaces : there is a little public open space occurring as cluster level open space, where a block or a part of it left unbuilt.Layout and street pattern : strongly grid iron, minor variation in plot size, everyday amenities in close proximityHuman scale : due to no encroachment on front yard these lanes give a better perception of openness and is pleasing, back lanes seem narrower due to encroachment.Micro climate : cool due top narrow streets, pollution rising due to arterial roads connecting shankar road to karol bagh.Urban structure : well planned, but starting to be chaotic due to insufficient width of roads and rampant encroachment.
Evolution : encroachment was limited to shops for some time, but now has lead to omission of front and back yards.Public circulation and street pattern : vehicular movement mainly on hemu kalani marg and bazaar marg. Streets connect all plots but slow. Well served by public transport system running through bazaar marg.Visual Character : presents as sense of high density housing with small pockets of green areas dispersed randomly. With an increasing vehicular density and parking problems.
I.P. EXTENSION(KALLOL APARTMENTS)
Demographic & economic conditions : middle class & upper middle class, mostly traders and professionalsDwellings : DDA / Co-op societies, high rise high density apartmentsDensity : 56 du/acrePlot sizes : 1.5 to 6.25 acresF.A.R : 175Site coverage : 35%
Open and built spaces : open area is central & public and common to all residents, and abundant but under-utilisedLayout and street pattern :plots laid out don’t show any logical basis or systemHuman scale : due to high rise apartments human scale is dwarfedMicro-climate : shaded voids occurring b/w buildings facilitates airflowUrban structure : large circulation areas due to high rise housing lead to inadequate monitoring which makes them uneconomical in terms of use nor they have any public character.
Evolution : part of DDA / co-op society. Changes limited to individual housing projectsPublic Circulation and traffic pattern : Connection to city by wide primary roads, preet vihar being the main commercial area. Monitoring of large circulation stretches is absent.Visual character : open spaces have very imposing built mass around them
4.2 HComparisons
4.2B
4.2F
4.2C
4.2A
4.2D
4.2E
4.2G
4.2H
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CASE STUDY ECONOMIC ASPECTS ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS SOCIAL ASPECTS
YAMUNA APARTMENTS
Demographic & economic conditions : allotted to Govt. servants of South Indian origin.Dwellings : compact clustering. Limited types of units leading to inevitable repetition.Area : 4.3 acresDensity : 45 dwelling units per acre
Open and Built spaces : each unit having a courtyard or terrace. Grassy common and hard surfaced public area.Layout and street pattern : road network peripheral. Network of short and narrow streets.Micro climate : series of courtyard and terraces allow for movement of air leading to good ventilation and comfortable living.
Visual Character : Brutalism is visible in the expression of material and structure, but subdued due to chalky veneer of aggregate plaster.
4.2B
4.2F
4.2C
4.2A
4.2D
4.2E
4.2G
4.2H
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4.2B
4.2F
4.2C
4.2A
4.2D
4.2E
4.2G
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4.2B
4.2G
4.2C
4.2A
4.2D
4.2D
4.2F
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4.2B
4.2F
4.2C
4.2A
4.2D
4.2E
4.2G
COLOR CODING FOR THE GROUPS
Policies
Issue Specific
Technology and Climate
City Specific
Site Specific