prepositions, adverb particles and phrasal verbs
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Prepositions, adverb particles and phrasal verbs
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What a preposition is and what it does
• We normally use prepositions in front of nouns or noun phrases, pronouns or gerunds to express a relationship between one person, thing, event, etc. and another:
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• preposition + noun: / gave the book to Charlie
• preposition + pronoun: / gave it to him
• preposition + gerund: Charlie devotes his time to reading
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Some relationships expressed by prepositions are:
• Space: We ran across the field
• Time: The plane landed at 4 25 precisely
• Cause: Travel is cheap for us because of the strength of the dollar
• Means: You unlock the door by turning the key to the right
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Form and stress of prepositions
• Prepositions may take the form of:
• - single words: at from in to into, etc.
• - two or more words: according to apart from because of,
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Words that can be used as prepositions or adverb particles
• Some words function both as prepositions and as adverb particles. When they are followed by an object, they function as prepositions: We drove round the city (round + object = preposition)
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• When no object is stated, these words function as adverb particles (even if an object is implied): – We drove round (no object = adverb particle)
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• The most common of the words that can be used as prepositions or as adverb particles are: about, above, across, after along around before, behind below beneath beyond by down in inside near off on opposite, outside, over past round through under underneath up without
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Words that are used as prepositions, but not as particles
• The following words are used only as prepositions (that is, they take an object): against at beside despite during except for from into of onto per since till/until to toward(s) upon via with and prepositions ending in -ing such as excepting regarding
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Words that are used as adverb particles, but not as prepositions
• The following words are used only as particles (that is, they do not take an object): away back backward(s) downward(s) forward(s) out and upward(s).
• The children rang the bell and ran away
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Words that can be used as prepositions or conjunctions
• Some words can be used as prepositions (when followed by an object) or as conjunctions (when followed by a clause): e.g. after as before since, till until
• / haven t seen him since this morning (preposition)
• / haven t seen him since he left this morning (conjunction)
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