preparing for the next phase of library automation: current realities and future trends marshall...
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PREPARING FOR THE NEXT PHASE OF LIBRARY AUTOMATION:
Current Realities and Future Trends
Marshall BreedingDirector for Innovative Technology and ResearchVanderbilt University LibraryFounder and Publisher, Library Technology Guideshttp://www.librarytechnology.org/http://twitter.com/mbreeding10 February 2012 Simmons LIS531R Guest Lecture
Abstract
Fundamental shifts in academic libraries have transpired over the last decades that demand new models of support from their automation systems. Increased emphasis on delivering access to electronic resources and digital collections, with lingering, though diminishing, involvement with print collections requires automation platforms capable of providing a more equitable balance in management of all types of resources. Breeding will describe the emerging products and services for library automation that aim to address these new realities.
International Perceptions Surveyhttp://www.librarytechnology.org/perceptions2010.pl
ARL Member Libraries – ILShttp://www.librarytechnology.org/arl.pl
Mergers and Acquisitionshttp://www.librarytechnology.org/automationhistory.pl
Library Journal Automation Marketplace
Published annually in April 1 issue Based on data provided by each vendor Focused primarily on North America
Context of global library automation market
Annual Industry report published in Library Journal: 2011: New Frontier: battle intensifies to win hearts,
minds and tech dollars 2010: New Models, Core Systems 2009: Investing in the Future 2008: Opportunity out of turmoil 2007: An industry redefined 2006: Reshuffling the deck 2005: Gradual evolution 2004: Migration down, innovation up 2003: The competition heats up 2002: Capturing the migrating customer
LJ Automation Marketplace
The New Frontier…
new phase of competition following a period of research and development that aimed to provide alternatives to libraries, both in back-end automation and end user discovery. A variety of new solutions have emerged, often representing quite different conceptual models. In a continued trend, librarians seek solutions that immediately improve the experiences of their users, especially via discovery products.
Key Context: Academic Libraries in Transition
Shift from Print > Electronic E-journal transition largely complete E-books now in play (consultation > reading)
Increasing emphasis on subscribed content, especially articles and databases
Academic libraries seeing long-term declines in print circulation
Need better tools for managing electronic resources Need better tools for access to complex multi-format
collections Strong emphasis on digitizing local collections Demands for enterprise integration and interoperability
Key Context: Technologies in transition
XML / Web services / Service-oriented Architecture
Beyond Web 2.0 Integration of social computing into core infrastructure
Local computing shifting to cloud platforms Application Service Provider offerings standard New expectations for multi-tenant software-as-a-
service Full spectrum of devices
full-scale / net book / tablet / mobile Mobile the current focus, but is only one example of
device and interface cycles
Key Text: Changed expectations in metadata management
Moving away from individual record-by-record creation Life cycle of metadata
Metadata follows the supply chain, improved and enhanced along the way as needed
Manage metadata in bulk when possible E-book collections
Highly shared metadata E-journal knowledge bases, e.g.
Great interest in moving toward semantic web and open linked data Very little progress in linked data for operational systems AACR2 > RDA MARC > RDF?
Academic Library Issues
Greater concern with electronic resources
Management: Need for consolidated approach that balances print, digital, and electronic workflows
Access: discovery interfaces that maximize the value of investments in electronic content
Public Library Issues
Enhance the experience of library patrons
Management and access to physical resources
Self-service through the Web portal: View current loans, perform holds,
renewals, pay fines and fees Self-service in the physical library
RFID-based self-issue and returns Helps the library deploy service personnel
for highest impact
1970s - 2012: Integrated Library Systems
Designed and developed to support print collections
Self-contained Communicate through library-specific
protocols Not programmed to manage electronic
content at the level of individual articles Not intended to manage collections of
digital objects New models of automation emerging…
Integrated (for print) Library System
Circulation
BIB
Staff Interfaces:
Holding / Items
CircTransact
User Vendor Policies$$$
Funds
Cataloging Acquisitions Serials OnlineCatalog
Public Interfaces:
Interfaces
BusinessLogic
DataStores
Legacy ILS Model / External API
Circulation
BIB
Staff Interfaces:
Holding / Items
CircTransact
User Vendor Policies$$$
Funds
CatalogingAcquisitions Serials OnlineCatalog
Public Interfaces:
Application Programming Interfaces / Web Services
Protocols: SIP2 NCIP Z39.50 OAI-PMH
ExternalSystems
& Services
ExternalSystems
& Services
Flexible Interoperability
Sea change in library collection and missions
Shift from Print > Electronic + Digital Increasing emphasis on subscribed
content, especially articles and databases Strong emphasis on digitizing local
collections Demands for enterprise integration and
interoperability Most libraries currently experience the
dominance of digital
2005 – Present ILS / ERM Fragmentation
Circulation
BIB
Staff Interfaces:
Holding / Items
CircTransact
User Vendor Policies$$$
Funds
CatalogingAcquisitionsSerials OnlineCatalog
Public Interfaces:
Application Programming Interfaces
`
LicenseManagement
LicenseTerms
E-resourceProcurement
VendorsE-Journal
Titles
Protocols: CORE
Fragmented automation > Fragmented workflows
Despite digital dominance, many libraries expend more personnel resources on tasks related to print
ILS demands disproportionate amounts staff time
Inadequate tools for Electronic resource management Unnecessary redundancies with ILS data and
workflow Digital collections management also requires
isolated infrastructure and task workflows
Is the status quo sustainable? ILS for management of (mostly) print Duplicative financial systems between library and campus Electronic Resource Management (non-integrated with
ILS) OpenURL Link Resolver w/ knowledge base for access to
full-text electronic articles Digital Collections Management platforms (CONTENTdm,
DigiTool, etc.) Institutional Repositories (DSpace, Fedora, etc.) Discovery-layer services for broader access to library
collections No effective integration services / interoperability among
disconnected systems, non-aligned metadata schemes
Libraries need a new model of library automation
Not an Integrated Library System The ILS was designed to help libraries
manage print collections Generally did not evolve to manage
electronic collections Other library automation products evolved:
Electronic Resource Management Systems – OpenURL Link Resolvers – Digital Library Management Systems -- Institutional Repositories
Library Services Platform
Library-specific software. Designed to help libraries automate their internal operations, manage collections, fulfillment requests, and deliver services
Services Service oriented architecture Exposes Web services and other API’s Facilitates the services libraries offer to their users
Platform General infrastructure for library automation Consistent with the concept of Platform as a Service Library programmers address the APIs of the platform to
extend functionality, create connections with other systems, dynamically interact with data
Library Services Platform Characteristics
Highly Shared data models Knowledgebase architecture
Some may take hybrid approach to accommodate local data stores
Delivered through software as a service Multi-tenant
Unified workflows across formats and media Flexible metadata management
MARC – Dublin Core – VRA – MODS – ONIX New structures not yet invented
Library Services Platform candidates
Ex Libris: Alma Serials Solutions: Intota Open Source: Kuali OLE Innovative Interfaces: Sierra OCLC: WorldShare Management Services
Traditional Proprietary Commercial ILS Aleph, Voyager, Millennium, Symphony, Polaris, BOOK-IT, DDELibra, Libra.se LIBERO, Amlib, Spydus, TOTALS II
Traditional Open Source ILS Evergreen, Koha
New generation unified resource management Ex Libris Alma, Kuali OLE, OCLC Web-scale Management
Services Cloud-based automation systems
Ex Libris Alma OCLC Web-scale: Management Service Serials Solutions: Web-Scale Management Solution
Competing Models of Library Automation
Decoupled Discovery?
Decoupled interfaces emerged from broken online catalogs Poor interfaces, inadequate scope
Inefficient integration between automation and discovery platforms
New wave of more tightly integrated suites: Ex Libris Alma > Primo OCLC Web-scale Management Services > WorldCat Local Serials Solutions Web-Scale Management Solution >
Summon Still possible to decouple, but more effort, worse
results
Disjointed approach to information and service delivery
Silos Prevail Books: Library OPAC (ILS module) Articles: Aggregated content products, e-journal
collections OpenURL linking services E-journal finding aids (Often managed by link
resolver) Subject guides (e.g. Springshare LibGuides) Local digital collections
ETDs, photos, rich media collections Metasearch engines
All searched separately
Next-gen Catalogs or Discovery Interface
Single search box Query tools
Did you mean Type-ahead
Relevance ranked results Faceted navigation Enhanced visual displays
Cover art Summaries, reviews,
Recommendation services
Discovery Interface search model
Search: Digital
Collections
ProQuest
EBSCOhost
…MLA
Bibliography
ABC-CLIO
Search Results
Real-time query and responses
ILS Data
Local Index
Meta
Search
En
gin
e
Differentiation in Discovery
Products increasingly specialized between public and academic libraries
Public libraries: emphasis on engagement with physical collection
Academic libraries: concern for discovery of heterogeneous material types, especially books + articles + digital objects
Discovery from Local to Web-scale Initial products focused on technology
AquaBrowser, Endeca, Primo, Encore, VuFind, LIBERO Uno, Civica Sorcer, Axiell Arena Mostly locally-installed software
Current phase focused on pre-populated indexes that aim to deliver Web-scale discovery Primo Central (Ex Libris) Summon (Serials Solutions) WorldCat Local (OCLC) EBSCO Discovery Service (EBSCO) Encore with Article Integration
Citations / Metadata > Full Text Citations or structured metadata provide
key data to power search & retrieval and faceted navigation
Indexing Full-text of content amplifies access
Important to understand depth indexing Currency, dates covered, full-text or citation Many other factors
Web-scale Index-based Discovery
Search: Digital
Collections
ProQuest
EBSCOhost
…MLA
Bibliography
ABC-CLIO
Search Results
Pre-built harvesting and indexing
Con
solid
ate
d In
dex
ILS Data
Challenge for Relevancy
Technically feasible to index hundreds of millions or billions of records through Lucene or SOLR
Difficult to order records in ways that make sense
Many fairly equivalent candidates returned for any given query
Must rely on use-based and social factors to improve relevancy rankings
Open Discovery Initiative
Project underway to address issues related to information providers, discovery service providers, and libraries
Protocols for transfer of content Transparency of what is transferred and indexed Rights or restrictions on how discovery services use
content Initial meeting at ALA Annual Proposal under consideration by NISO
“Proposed New Work Item: Standards and Best Practices for Library Discovery Services Based on Indexed Search”
Con
solid
ate
d in
dex
Search Engine
Unified Presentation LayerSearch:
Digital Coll
ProQuest
EBSCO…
JSTOR
Other Resour
ces
New Library Management Model
`
API Layer
Library Services Platform
LearningManageme
nt
LearningManageme
nt
Enterprise ResourcePlanning
Enterprise ResourcePlanning
StockManageme
nt
StockManageme
nt
Self-Check /
Automated Return
Self-Check /
Automated Return
Authentication
Service
Authentication
Service
Smart Cad /
Payment systems
Smart Cad /
Payment systems
Discovery
Service