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Health and Safety Executive

Changes in shift work patterns over the last ten years (1999 to 2009)

Prepared by Office for National Statistics for the Health and Safety Executive 2011

RR887 Research Report

© Crown copyright 2011

First published 2011

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Matthew Steel Office for National Statistics Government Buildings Cardiff Road Newport NP10 8XG

The Health and Safety Executive (HSE) have approached the Office for National Statistics (ONS) to carry out an updated analysis of shift work in the UK based on the last ten years worth of data (1999 to 2009) from the Labour Force Survey (LFS). This paper examines changes in shift work patterns across the UK workforce over the last decade. The report investigates differences in the reporting of shift work based on gender, age, region, occupation and industry and also compares engagement in the different types of shift patterns.

This report and the work it describes were funded by the Health and Safety Executive (HSE). Its contents, including any opinions and/or conclusions expressed, are those of the author alone and do not necessarily reflect HSE policy.

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Background


Summary of Key Findings

The overall proportion engaged in shift work has remained consistent across the past decade. Where gender differences were identified, it continues to be males rather than females that are more likely to be engaged in any form of shift work pattern (irrespective of whether the frequency reported is ‘most of the time’ or some of the time’). Where we compare the proportional data between 1999 and 2009, a downward trend is evident among males in the number that have reported working shift work ‘most of the time’ across the time series.

Where we consider age, it continues to be individuals grouped within the youngest age band (16 to 24 years of age) that are most likely to report engaging in shift work patterns. The number of males within the youngest age band engaging in shift work ‘most of the time’ has increased across the decade in question where we compare the proportions between 1999 and 2009. Although an increase was also seen in reported shift work ‘most of the time’ among females in the youngest age group, this increase was not statistically significant.

Across the time series it was individuals working within the countries Wales and Scotland that were most likely to report engaging in any pattern of shift work. It was consistently the country Northern Ireland that displayed the lowest reported levels of any frequency of shift work. Where we consider government office regions, the highest levels of reported engagement in shift work were in the North East of England and Scotland. The lowest levels of shift work participation were reported in Northern Ireland and London.

Those working within the Personal protection occupations remain the most likely to engage in any form of shift work pattern. Individuals employed within the transport and communication industry classification were the most likely to be working shift patterns.

The most prevalent form of shift work pattern reported by those engaging in shift work was the two shift system. This pattern often comprises of two shifts of eight hours in duration which are usually alternated weekly or over longer intervals.

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Methodological considerations

In attempting a time-series analysis of LFS data spanning a decade, a number of issues required careful consideration. One particular issue concerned the re-weighting exercises which have been performed on the LFS datasets in the years of 2007 and 2009. For current analytical purposes, datasets between 1999 and 2006 have been weighted using the 2007 person level weights. Datasets between 2007 and 2009 have been weighted using the 2009 person level weights.

Further consideration was necessary following revisions to the structure and frequency of the LFS. In 2006 the survey switched from a seasonal-quarter to a calendar-quarter basis, in order to fall in line with EU Regulation. As a consequence of the shift work questions appearing only in a single LFS quarter, the realignment from seasonal to calendar quarters altered the months where the question would be asked. Where the variable was originally asked within the seasonal quarter of spring (March – May), from 2006 it would be administered in the calendar quarter of April-June. A major change such as this clearly presents difficulties for analysis of trend data.

The aforementioned re-weighting exercises were performed only on a limited series of LFS back data on a calendar-quarter basis. As a direct result, March data on shift work were omitted from datasets prior to 2006. Where only two of the three months worth of shift work data were present, the decision was made to apportion the observed ratio in the two month’s for which data was present to the month where data was missing. The current paper therefore makes the assumption that the reporting of shift work patterns would remain consistent across the three months and that similar reporting would occur in June as it would in April and May.

In 1999 LFS response options for the frequency of shift work at the variable SHIFTWK altered from ‘occasionally’ and ‘sometimes’ to ‘usually’ and ‘most of the time’. The variable name altered to reflect this change from SHFTWK to SHFTWK99. Although this should not impact on current analysis, any attempt to compare current analysis with the previous report (McOrmond 2004) may prove difficult due to the potential discontinuities (Please refer to Appendix i for further information about the shift work questions which are administered on the LFS).

Background – shift work

Shift work can be thought of as a work pattern under which different groups of workers succeed each other in the same job at the same site or location. At the beginning of the shift work, the work of the previous shift is taken over and at the end of the shift, the work is handed over to the next shift. Shift work can often entail working during unsocial hours in the early morning, at night or during the weekend and the weekly rest days do not always coincide with normal rest days (i.e. weekends).

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Shift work can be prevalent in firms or organisations which remain open and working or providing services outside of the expected working hours. We often tend to treat expected working hours as those conforming to the parameters of 8am and 6pm on weekdays.

Individuals whose work pattern may vary to suit day-to-day needs but, who are not part of any regular schedule do not fulfil the LFS criteria for shift work. Some respondents, especially on covering duties in the health sector, may not recognise that they are working as part of a larger shift pattern. LFS interviewers are trained to be aware of this potential under-reporting and encouraged to probe to ensure complete coverage.

Respondents who reported engaging in shift work were able to categorise this frequency under the response options ‘most of the time’ or ‘occasionally’. Where respondents were unable to distinguish between these two options, advice was provided by interviewers to treat more than fifty per cent of their employment hours as ‘most of the time’.

Frequency of shift work

As shown in Table 1, the overall proportion of respondents who reported engaging in shift work has remained largely consistent across the previous decade. Having said this, there does appear to be a slight reduction in the overall number of respondents reporting working shift patterns ‘most of the time’. This downward trend, where we compare the proportions engaging in shift work ‘most of the time’ between 1999 and 2009, is only statistically significant among men.

Table 1: Proportions of people in employment working shift patterns by sex; United Kingdom; 1999 to 2009

Per Cent

Males Females All 1,2 3 1,2 3 1,2 3

1999 2009 1999 2009 1999 2009

Most of the time 16.0 14.8 13.3 13.0 14.7 14.0 Occasionally 4.0 4.1 2.1 2.8 3.2 3.5 Never 80.0 81.1 84.6 84.2 82.1 82.6

Unweighted base 22,465 22,448 19,939 20,978 42,404 43,426 1

Weighted base (000s) 9,559 12,942 8,071 11,331 17,630 24,273

1 Weighted to 2007 population totals 2 Following realignment from seasonal to calendar quarters, data for June was assumed to follow the same pattern as that of April and May. 3 Weighted to 2009 population totals

In previous analysis by McOrmond (2004), the proportion of individuals never working shift patterns were compared in an attempt to identify changes in shift work. Figure 1 illustrates the proportion of individuals that never participated

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in shift work as part of their main job across the last ten years. This graph supports the finding that overall proportions engaging in shift work related behaviour have remained relatively consistent across the last decade (For full results see Table A and Table B in Appendix iii).

Figure 1: Proportions of people in employment who never do shift work; United Kingdom; 19991,2 to 20093

7 8

8 0

8 2

8 4

8 6

8 8

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

Year

Pe

r c

en

t

M e n

W o m e n

A l l

1 Weighted to 2007 population totals 2 Following realignment from seasonal to calendar quarters, data for June was assumed to follow the same pattern as that of April and May.3 Weighted to 2009 population totals

Shift work by Gender

In every year of the previous decade, men were more likely to report engaging in shift work ‘most of the time’ when compared with women (Figure 2). This difference was most pronounced for the year 2005 where 15.7 per cent of males reported working shift work ‘most of the time’ compared with 12.2 per cent of women.

It is interesting to note that among men, the proportion working shift work ‘most of the time’ has fallen from 16.0 per cent in 1999 to 14.8 per cent in 2009. The proportion of women has remained more consistent across the decade and unlike males, has not declined by a statistically significant level – 13.3 per cent worked shift work most of the time in 1999 compared with 13.0 per cent in 2009.

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Figure 2: Proportions of people in employment who report working shift work ‘most of the time’ by sex; United Kingdom; 19991,2 to 20093

1 1

1 2

1 3

1 4

1 5

1 6

1 7

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

Year

Pe

r c

en

t

M a l e s

F e m a l e s


A similar pattern is present when we consider those who report engaging in shift work ‘occasionally’. A higher number of males declared working shift patterns at this frequency when compared with women across each of the last ten years (For full results see Table B in Appendix iii).

McOrmond (2004) was able to explain this higher propensity for males to engage in shift work through their greater likelihood to work in manufacturing based industries. Such industries are renowned for shift work patterns.

Shift work by Age

Among men, the age group most likely to be engaged in shift work ‘most of the time’ were those aged 16-24 (Table 2). The proportion of males within this age group who reported working shift patterns ‘most of the time’ has increased from 17.7 per cent in 1999 to 20.6 per cent in 2009. In each year of the last decade, employed men over the age of 50 were the least likely age group to report shift work as their regular work pattern. The proportion of males aged between 25 and 49 and reporting shift work ‘most of the time’ has declined from 17.2 per cent in 1999 to 15.3 per cent in 2009. (For full results see Table C in appendix iii).

Among women, it was also the youngest age group that were the most likely to report working some form of shift pattern. Those aged between 16 and 24 had the highest percentage engaged in shift work ‘most of the time’. This proportion has increased, although not by a statistically significant level, from 20.1 per cent in 1999 to 22.1 per cent in 2009. Women aged 50 years and over were the least likely of the three age bandings to report working shift patterns (For full results see Table D in appendix iii).

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Table 2: Proportions of people in employment working shift patterns by sex and age group; United Kingdom; 1999 to 2009

Per Cent

Males Females 1,2 3 1,2 3

1999 2009 1999 2009

Age Group

16-24 Most of the time 17.7 20.6 20.1 22.1

Occasionally 3.8 4.5 3.0 3.4

Never 78.5 74.9 76.9 74.6

25-49 Most of the time 17.2 15.3 12.9 12.4


Never 78.2 80.6 85.1 84.8

50+ Most of the time 12.0 11.5 10.0 10.1


Never 85.1 84.8 88.1 87.4

Unweighted base 22,465 22,448 19,939 20,978

Weighted base (000s) 1

9,559 12,942 8,071 11,331


Shift Work by Region

In order to prevent any risk of disclosure when analysing the regional breakdown of shift work patterns it has been necessary to amalgamate the categories for working shift work ‘most of the time’ and ‘occasionally’. Following this decision, regional analysis will compare those who have engaged in shift work patterns, irrespective of frequency, with those never engaging in shift work at all in their main job.

At the beginning of the time series those individuals working within the countries of Wales and Scotland reported the highest levels of shift work engagement. Within Wales 22.8 per cent of workers reported some frequency of shift work pattern. Within Scotland 21.8 per cent of workers reported some frequency of shift work in their main job. Individuals working within Northern Ireland were the least likely to report any form of shift pattern in their main job, with 14.6 per cent of individuals working some frequency of shift work.

Across the decade the levels of reported shift work within Wales declined from 22.8 per cent in 1999 to 18.2 per cent in 2009 (Figure 3). A slight decline was also identified where we compare the proportion engaging in any frequency of shift work in Northern Ireland in 1999 and compare this with the number engaging in 2009 although this was not statistically significant (14.6% in 1999 compared with 12.1% in 2009).

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In 2009, we see that those individuals working within Scotland are the most likely to report engaging in any form of shift work pattern (21.3% of individuals reported working some amount of shift work in their main job). It remains Northern Ireland where the lowest levels of shift work are recorded (12.1% of individuals reported working some frequency of shift work in their main job). (For full results see Table E in appendix iii).

Figure 3: Proportions of people in employment engaging in shift work by country; United Kingdom; 20011,2 to 20093

0

5

10

15

20

25

England Wales Scotland Northern Ireland

Country

Per

Cen

t

1999

2009


Where we then move on to consider the prevalence of shift work by Government Office Region, we see that the highest reported levels of shift work engagement in the year 1999 were present in the North East region of England (24.2% of respondents reported engaging in some frequency of shift work in their main job). The lowest proportions of shift work were reported in the regions of London and Northern Ireland in the year 1999 (13.9% and 14.6% respectively)

A downward trend was identified in the levels of shift work reported in the region Yorkshire and Humberside from 20.6 per cent in 1999 to 18.4 per cent in 2009. A decline was also witnessed in the proportions engaging in shift work in the North East region although this drop was not statistically significant (24.2% in 1999 compared with to 21.9% in 2009).

In the year 2009, it was the Government Office Regions North East England and Scotland that reported the highest proportions of workers engaging in some frequency of shift work (21.9% and 21.3% respectively). Northern Ireland continued to display the lowest proportion of workers engaging in any form of shift work (12.1% of respondents recorded any form of shift work) (For full results see Table F in appendix iii).

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Shift work by Occupation

The new SOC2000 variables were introduced into the Labour Force Survey in 2001, because SOC90 became outdated. The revisions, which included tighter definition of managerial occupations and the movement of many job titles between major job groups, make analysis of occupation across the previous decade difficult. A decision was therefore taken to exclude data for the years 1999 and 2000 from analysis which reported existing SOC1990 variables.

Where we consider the prevalence of individuals who report working shift patterns, irrespective of whether this is ‘most of the time’ or ‘occasionally’, it is those workers in the personal protection occupational grouping who were most likely to report engaging in shift work. Among males within this occupation, a consistent proportion of at least two-fifths reported working any patterns of shift work in their main job (Figure 4). The years 2001 and 2006 contained the highest proportions of shift work among males in the personal protection occupations, with 47.4 per cent and 46.9 per cent of workers engaging in any form of shift work respectively. The percentage of males working in the personal protection industry and engaging in shift work has dropped slightly, but not at a statistically significant level, from 47.4 per cent in 2001 to 45.3 per cent in 2009.

Two occupations which displayed a rise in the number of males engaging in shift work were sales and clerical/secretarial. Within sales, the proportion of men engaging in shift work has increased from 18.1 per cent in 2001 to 26.0 per cent in 2009. Within the clerical/secretarial occupational grouping, the proportion of men engaging in shift work increased from 12.7 per cent in 2001 to 15.4 per cent in 2009 although this particular increase was not statistically significant (For full results see Table G in appendix iii).

Among females, it was similarly those working in the personal protection occupation who reported the highest propensity for shift working (Figure 4). The highest proportion was reported in 2002 where 31.0 per cent recorded working some form of shift pattern. Although the percentage of women engaging in shift work has remained highest for those in personal protection occupations, this proportion has displayed a downward but not statistically significant decline (30.7% in 2001 compared with 26.9% in 2009).

Women working in sales displayed a rise in the number reporting shift work patterns. The overall proportion increased from 15.9 per cent in 2001 to 21.2 per cent in 2009.

In 2001 the proportion of women engaged in shift work in the associate professional/technical occupation was 26.0 per cent. In 2009 this proportion had reduced to 22.2 per cent. In 2001, 14.2 per cent of women working within craft and related occupations reported engaging in shift work. In 2009 this proportion had decreased to 11.9 per cent. This change was not statistically significant. (For full results see Table H in appendix iii).

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Figure 4: Proportions of people in employment engaging in shift work by occupation; United Kingdom; 20011,2 to 20093

Men

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

All

Occupation

Managers

and Admin

Professional Associate

Prof and

Tech

Clerical,

Secretarial

Craft and

related

occupations

Personal,

Protection

Sales Plant and

machine

operatives

Other

Occupations

Occupation

Pe

r C

en

t

2001

2009

Women

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

All

Occupation

Managers

and Admin

Professional Associate

Prof and

Tech

Clerical,

Secretarial

Craft and

related

occupations

Personal,

Protection

Sales Plant and

machine

operatives

Other

Occupations

Occupation

Per C

en

t

2001

2009


Where we consider just those who report working shift patterns ‘most of the time’, the personal protection occupation had the highest reported levels of shift work. About two-fifths of male workers within this occupation reported working shift work ‘most of the time’. Men working in professional occupations were the least likely to report working shift patterns ‘most of the time’.

Although among women, the personal protection occupation was again the most likely occupation for respondents to report working shift work ‘most of the time’, the actual proportions were considerably lower than for males. Approximately a quarter of female workers in the personal protection occupation reported working shift work ‘most of the time’. Similarly to males,

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women working within the professional occupation were the least likely to report working shift patterns ‘most of the time’.

Shift work by Industry

The new SIC2007 variables were introduced onto the Labour Force Survey in 2009, as an update to the existing SIC92 classification. As data for 2009 was classified using SIC2007 rather than SIC92 a decision was made to exclude this year from analysis.

Where we consider the prevalence of individuals who report working shift patterns, irrespective of whether this is ‘most of the time’ or ‘occasionally’, it is those workers in the transport and communication industry where we find the proportion of workers engaged in shift work to be highest. Among males within this industry, a consistent proportion of at least one third reported working any patterns of shift work (Figure 5). The proportion of men in this industry engaged in shift work has decreased slightly, although not by a statistically significant level, from 37.2 per cent in 1999 to 35.2 per cent in 2008. (For full results see Table I in appendix iii).

Among females, the transport and communication industry also accounts for the highest proportion of women in shift work. Just over one fifth of women within this industry reported engaging in shift work and this figure has remained stable across the time-series (Figure 5) (For full results see Table J in appendix iii).

Among both men and women, the proportions engaging in shift work within the manufacturing industry has shown a small decline. In the year 1999, 28.2 per cent of men in this industry were working shift patterns compared with 25.4 per cent in 2008. For women, although not a statistically significant decline, 11.5 per cent were working shift work in this industry in 1999 compared with 9.4 per cent in 2008.

Where we consider the distribution, hotels and restaurants industry, the proportion of men engaging in shift work has increased across the time series (18.4% in 1999 compared with 23.1% in 2008). An increase can also be seen among females – the proportion working within this industry and engaged in shift work has increased from 15.8 per cent in 1999 to 19.2 per cent in 2008.

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Figure 5: Proportions of people in employment engaging in shift work by industry; United Kingdom; 19991,2 to 20083

Men

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

Agriculture and

Fishing

Energy and

Water

Manufacturing Construction Distibution,

hotels and

restaurants

Transport and

communication

Banking,

finance,

insurance etc

Public

adminstration,

education and

health

Other servies

1999

2008

* *

Women

0

5

10

15

20

25

Agriculture and

Fishing

Energy and

Water

Manufacturing Construction Distibution,

hotels and

restaurants

Transport and

communication

Banking, finance,

insurance etc

Public

adminstration,

education and

health

Other servies

1999

2008

* * *

1 Weighted to 2007 population totals 2 Following realignment from seasonal to calendar quarters, data for June was assumed to follow the same pattern as that of April and May.3 Weighted to 2009 population totals *Sample size too small for reliable estimate

Among males, almost one-third of workers in the transport and communication industry reported working shift work ‘most of the time’. This proportion has dropped slightly over the past decade from 31.1 per cent in 1999 to 29.5 per cent in 2008. This downward trend is not statistically significant.

Approximately one fifth of women working within the transport and communication industry were doing shift work ‘most of the time’ and this proportion has remained stable.

Within the manufacturing industry, the proportion of males working shift work ‘most of the time’ has shown a decline. In 1999, 24.0 per cent of males reported engaging in shift work ‘most of the time’ compared with 21.8 per cent in 2008. A similar decrease but not at a statistically significant level can be

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seen among women - the proportions working shift work most of the time has decreased from 10.1 per cent in 1999 to 7.9 per cent in 2008.

In 1999, 14.7 per cent of males working within the distribution, hotels and restaurants industry reported working shift patterns ‘most of the time’. This proportion has increased to 18.6 per cent in 2008. A slight rise in the proportions is also evident among women (13.3% in 1999 compared with 15.7% in 2008).

A reduction in the proportion of women reporting shift work ‘most of the time’ was identified in the public administration, education and health industry. The proportions have dropped from 18.3 per cent in 1999 to 15.7 per cent in 2008.

Type of Shift Work

Where respondents indicated working shift work in their main job, either ‘most of the time’ or ‘occasionally’, a further question investigated the actual type of shift work that they engaged in (For some further information about the different types of shift work please refer to Box 1 in appendix ii).

Across the previous decade, the most common type of reported shift pattern among those engaging in shift work was the two shift system (Figure 6). This result is again directly comparable with that found by McOrmond (2004). Across the last ten years the proportion of those reporting shift work and working this type of shift pattern has remained consistent at approximately 30 per cent. Across every year of the decade in question, women were more likely than men to report working the two shift system (33.3% compared with 26.2% in 1999 and 31.6% compared with 25.4% in 2009).

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Figure 6: The type of shift work reported by those working any frequency of shift work in their main job; United Kingdom; 19991,2 to 20083

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

1999

2009

Three-shift Continental Two shift Sometimes Split Morning Evening or Night Weekend Other

night/ twilight

Sometimes

day


The number of shift workers reporting a three shift working pattern has declined from 15.4 per cent in 1999 to 9.5 per cent in 2009. A decline in the proportions working a night shift pattern is also evident although this change is not statistically significant (10.0% in 1999 compared with 8.3% in 2009).

The response ‘other type of shift work’, which is used by respondents when no other response option will suffice has seen an increase in reporting from 18.4 per cent in 1999 to 25.5 per cent in 2009. Such a finding helps to suggest that new patterns of shift work may be emerging (For full results see Table K in appendix iii).

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References

McOrmond, T (2004) ‘Changes to working trends over the past decade’, pp 11, vol 112, no 1, Labour Market Trends.

Appendix i

SHFTWK99 Administered in the April to June LFS quarter only Do you do shift work in your (main) job…

1. Most of the time 2. Occasionally 3. Or never? Applies to all respondents in employment during the interviewing reference week excluding college based government schemes.

SHFTYP Administered in the April to June LFS quarter only What type of shift pattern do you work?

1. three-shift working 2. continental shifts 3. two-shift system with ‘earlies and ‘lates’/double day shifts 4. sometimes night and sometimes day shifts 5. split shifts 6. morning shifts 7. evening or twilight shifts 8. night shifts 9. weekend shifts 10. other type of shift work. Applies to all respondents in employment who may do shift work (SHFTWK99 = 1 or 2)

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Appendix ii

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1

1

1

Appendix iii

Table A Proportions of people working shift patterns ; United Kingdom; 1999 to 2009

1999 1,2

2000 1,2

2001 1,2

2002 1,2

2003 1,2

2004 1,2

2005 1,2

2006 1,2

2007 3

2008 3

2009 3

Most of the time 14.7 15.0 14.5 14.3 14.4 14.5 14.1 13.9 14.1 14.1 14.0

Occasionally 3.2 3.2 3.1 3.1 3.2 3.2 3.1 3.3 3.3 3.4 3.5

Never 82.1 81.8 82.4 82.6 82.3 82.3 82.8 82.8 82.6 82.4 82.6

Unweighted base 42,404 41,259 40,598 40,619 37,991 36,500 36,140 50,464 49,253 46,596 43,426


17,630 17,652 18,067 18,060 17,798 17,954 18,059 25,940 25,693 24,885 24,273

1 Weighted to 2007 population totals

2 Following realignment from seasonal to calendar quarters, data for June was assumed to follow the same pattern as that of April and May.


Table B Proportions of people working shift patterns by sex; United Kingdom; 1999 to 2009

1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 3 3 3 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009

Males

Most of the time 16.0 16.2 15.7 15.6 15.4 15.7 15.7 15.1 15.1 15.3 14.8

Occasionally 4.0 3.8 3.6 3.7 3.9 3.9 3.6 3.9 3.8 4.1 4.1

Never 80.0 80.1 80.8 80.7 80.8 80.3 80.7 81.0 81.1 80.6 81.1

Unweighted base 22,465 21,880 21,259 21,281 19,932 19,036 18,770 26,135 25,581 24,136 22,448

Weighted base (000s) 9,559 9,577 9,714 9,719 9,609 9,670 9,693 13,898 13,862 13,357 12,942

Females

Most of the time 13.3 13.5 13.2 12.8 13.3 13.0 12.2 12.6 12.8 12.8 13.0

Occasionally 2.1 2.5 2.5 2.4 2.5 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.8 2.7 2.8

Never 84.6 83.9 84.3 84.7 84.2 84.6 85.3 84.8 84.4 84.5 84.2

Unweighted base 19,939 19,379 19,339 19,338 18,059 17,464 17,370 24,329 23,672 22,460 20,978

Weighted base (000s) 8,071 8,075 8,354 8,341 8,189 8,284 8,366 12,042 11,832 11,528 11,331

Total

Most of the time 14.7 15.0 14.5 14.3 14.4 14.5 14.1 13.9 14.1 14.1 14.0 Occasionally 3.2 3.2 3.1 3.1 3.2 3.2 3.1 3.3 3.3 3.4 3.5

Never 82.1 81.8 82.4 82.6 82.3 82.3 82.8 82.8 82.6 82.4 82.6

Unweighted base 42,404 41,259 40,598 40,619 37,991 36,500 36,140 50,464 49,253 46,596 43,426

Weighted base (000s) 17,630 17,652 18,067 18,060 17,798 17,954 18,059 25,940 25,693 24,885 24,273




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1

Table C Proportion of males working shift patterns by age group; United Kingdom; 1999 to 2009

1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 3 3 31999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009

Males

16-24

Most of the time 17.7 19.3 19.7 18.3 18.5 20.5 18.8 20.0 18.2 19.2 20.6

Occasionally 3.8 3.9 3.5 3.6 4.7 4.2 4.4 4.1 4.0 3.8 4.5

Never 78.5 76.8 76.8 78.1 76.8 75.3 76.8 75.9 77.7 77.0 74.9

25-49

Most of the time 17.2 17.3 16.2 16.7 16.4 16.4 16.6 15.8 16.0 16.1 15.3

Occasionally 4.5 4.1 4.1 4.0 4.1 4.2 3.9 4.2 4.0 4.5 4.2

Never 78.2 78.6 79.7 79.3 79.5 79.3 79.5 80.1 80.0 79.4 80.6

50+

Most of the time 12.0 11.7 12.3 11.8 11.7 11.8 12.1 11.4 11.8 12.1 11.5

Occasionally 2.9 2.9 2.4 2.8 2.8 3.1 2.5 3.2 3.2 3.3 3.7

Never 85.1 85.4 85.3 85.4 85.4 85.1 85.5 85.4 84.9 84.6 84.8

Unweighted base 22,465 21,880 21,259 21,281 19,932 19,036 18,770 26,135 25,581 24,136 22,448


9,559 9,577 9,714 9,719 9,609 9,670 9,693 13,898 13,862 13,357 12,942

1 Weighted to 2007 population totals 2 Following realignment from seasonal to calendar quarters, data for June was assumed to follow the same pattern as that of April and May. 3

Weighted to 2009 population totals

Table D Proportion of females working shift patterns by age group; United Kingdom; 1999 to 2009

1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 3 3 3 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009

Females

16-24

Most of the time 20.1 18.9 19.6 18.9 19.7 19.5 19.6 19.0 20.6 20.3 22.1

Occasionally 3.0 3.4 3.0 2.9 2.9 3.4 3.3 3.2 3.4 3.5 3.4

Never 76.9 77.7 77.3 78.2 77.5 77.1 77.1 77.8 76.0 76.2 74.6

25-49

Most of the time 12.9 13.7 12.8 12.4 12.9 12.6 11.7 12.5 12.3 12.2 12.4

Occasionally 2.0 2.6 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.4 2.4 2.6 2.8 2.8 2.8

Never 85.1 83.7 84.7 84.9 84.4 85.0 85.8 84.9 84.8 85.1 84.8

50+

Most of the time 10.0 9.8 10.2 10.1 10.7 10.3 9.4 9.5 9.9 10.3 10.1

Occasionally 1.9 1.9 1.9 1.7 1.9 1.9 2.1 2.0 2.3 2.2 2.5

Never 88.1 88.3 87.9 88.2 87.4 87.8 88.5 88.5 87.8 87.5 87.4

Unweighted base 19,939 19,379 19,339 19,338 18,059 17,464 17,370 24,329 23,672 22,460 20,978

Weighted base (000s) 8,071 8,075 8,354 8,341 8,189 8,284 8,366 12,042 11,832 11,528 11,331

1 Weighted to 2007 population totals 2 Following realignment from seasonal to calendar quarters, data for June was assumed to follow the same pattern as that of April and May. 3


18

Table E Proportions of people working shift patterns by country; United Kingdom; 1999 to 2009

1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 3 3 3 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009

England 17.3 17.7 17.1 17.1 17.0 17.2 16.7 16.8 16.9 17.2 17.2

Wales 22.8 20.6 20.1 18.7 20.0 19.8 19.5 20.0 20.9 19.7 18.2

Scotland 21.8 23.1 22.8 22.2 24.3 23.8 20.9 21.7 22.1 22.0 21.3

Northern Ireland 14.6 11.7 12.3 11.1 12.8 8.8 13.9 12.3 12.6 11.6 12.1

Unweighted base 7,555 7,437 7,087 7,020 6,620 6,342 6,120 8,532 8,387 7,995 7,399


3,156 3,206 3,177 3,146 3,147 3,180 3,097 4,466 4,469 4,371 4,223




Table F Proportion of people working shift patterns by Government Office Region;

United Kingdom; 1999 to 2009

1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 3 3 3 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009

North East 24.2 25.0 23.6 21.4 22.5 22.2 22.2 23.0 22.7 22.0 21.9

North West 18.7 19.0 19.4 19.0 18.1 18.8 18.4 19.2 19.0 17.6 19.0

Yorkshire and Humberside 20.6 20.1 20.0 18.7 17.9 18.9 18.5 17.4 17.9 17.8 18.4

East Midlands 17.5 19.0 18.6 17.7 17.6 17.6 19.1 18.1 17.3 18.9 18.3

West Midlands 17.3 18.5 17.8 17.5 19.7 17.6 17.4 18.0 17.3 17.8 17.6

Eastern 15.6 16.3 15.3 16.6 14.8 15.3 15.2 15.4 15.5 15.8 16.2

London 13.9 14.2 13.3 14.5 15.4 15.1 13.2 14.2 15.1 15.8 14.6

South East 16.3 16.6 15.3 14.9 15.1 16.4 15.1 14.9 14.6 15.8 16.3

South West 17.9 17.1 16.8 17.9 17.3 17.1 17.1 16.1 17.6 17.8 16.6

Wales 22.8 20.6 20.1 18.7 20.0 19.8 19.5 20.0 20.9 19.7 18.2

Scotland 21.8 23.1 22.8 22.2 24.3 23.8 20.9 21.7 22.1 22.0 21.3

Northern Ireland 14.6 11.7 12.3 11.1 12.8 8.8 13.9 12.3 12.6 11.6 12.1

Unweighted base 7,555 7,437 7,087 7,020 6,620 6,342 6,120 8,532 8,387 7,995 7,399


3,156 3,206 3,177 3,146 3,147 3,180 3,097 4,466 4,469 4,371 4,223

1 Weighted to 2007 population totals 2 Following realignment from seasonal to calendar quarters, data for June was assumed to follow the same pattern as that of April and May.


19

Table G Proportion of males working shift patterns by occupation; United Kingdom; 1999 to 2009

2001 1,2 2002 1,2 2003 1,2 2004 1,2 2005 1,2 2006 1,2 2007 3 2008 3 2009 3

Males

Managers and Admin

Most of the time 5.6 6.2 6.5 6.6 6.3 6.7 6.7 6.8 6.7

Occasionally 3.3 3.1 3.4 3.3 2.9 3.0 3.4 3.4 3.6

Never 91.1 90.7 90.1 90.1 90.7 90.3 89.9 89.9 89.7

Professional

Most of the time 2.9 4.1 3.3 3.6 3.9 4.1 3.9 4.8 3.7

Occasionally 2.9 2.9 2.3 2.9 3.3 2.7 3.2 2.8 3.2

Never 94.1 93.0 94.3 93.5 92.8 93.2 93.0 92.4 93.1

Associate Prof and Tech

Most of the time 18.8 18.6 19.1 18.9 19.1 17.7 17.3 17.8 18.2

Occasionally 3.8 4.5 4.2 4.8 3.6 4.2 4.1 5.1 4.8

Never 77.4 76.9 76.7 76.3 77.3 78.1 78.6 77.1 77.0

Clerical, Secretarial

Most of the time 10.7 9.6 11.4 11.7 10.2 9.1 11.4 11.1 12.7

Occasionally 2.0 2.0 2.4 2.5 1.3 1.8 1.7 2.2 2.7

Never 87.4 88.4 86.2 85.8 88.5 89.0 86.9 86.7 84.6

Craft and related occupations

Most of the time 11.9 11.6 11.3 10.3 10.5 10.9 11.1 11.0 10.2

Occasionally 3.9 4.3 5.0 4.1 3.7 4.4 4.2 3.9 4.5

Never 84.2 84.1 83.6 85.7 85.9 84.7 84.7 85.1 85.3

Personal, Protection

Most of the time 42.4 41.2 39.0 40.3 40.5 42.1 44.1 41.5 40.3

Occasionally 5.0 2.8 3.9 3.3 1.7 4.8 2.7 5.1 5.0

Never 52.7 56.0 57.1 56.4 57.8 53.1 53.2 53.4 54.7

Sales

Most of the time 15.6 15.5 18.1 21.3 17.4 20.2 17.3 20.1 22.0

Occasionally 2.5 2.6 3.7 4.6 4.0 3.8 4.3 4.9 4.0

Never 81.9 81.9 78.2 74.1 78.6 75.9 78.4 74.9 74.0

Plant and machine operatives

Most of the time 31.1 30.1 29.2 30.8 30.9 28.8 28.3 28.3 26.5

Occasionally 4.5 4.1 4.2 5.1 5.2 6.3 4.7 5.5 5.6

Never 64.4 65.8 66.6 64.1 63.9 64.9 67.0 66.2 67.9

Other Occupations

Most of the time 27.8 27.8 26.8 27.7 28.2 26.2 27.4 26.7 25.7

Occasionally 4.0 4.2 4.2 4.3 4.0 3.8 4.2 4.4 3.1

Never 68.2 68.0 69.0 68.1 67.8 70.0 68.3 68.9 71.3

Unweighted base 21,249 21,273 19,918 19,030 18,755 26,120 25,557 24,106 22,433

Weighted base (000s) 1 9,709 9,715 9,602 9,666 9,684 13,890 13,848 13,338 12,933


2 Following realignment from seasonal to calendarquarters,data forJune wasassumed to followthe same pattern asthatofApril and May.


* Data for1999 and 2000 excluded asdata were classified using SOC1990

20

Table H Proportion of females working shift patterns by

occupation; United Kingdom; 1999 to 2009

2001 1,2 2002 1,2 2003 1,2 2004 1,2 2005 1,2 2006 1,2 2007 3 2008 3 2009 3

Females

Managers and Admin

Most of the time 7.4 7.2 8.8 7.7 6.6 7.9 7.9 7.9 7.8

Occasionally 4.1 3.2 4.0 3.7 3.8 3.2 3.4 3.8 3.4

Never 88.5 89.6 87.2 88.6 89.6 88.9 88.7 88.3 88.8

Professional

Most of the time 2.0 2.2 2.4 2.9 2.7 2.5 2.2 2.7 2.5

Occasionally 1.0 1.5 1.6 1.2 0.9 1.5 1.7 1.5 1.8

Never 97.0 96.3 96.0 96.0 96.4 96.0 96.1 95.8 95.7

Associate Prof and Tech

Most of the time 22.3 20.9 21.7 19.1 18.9 18.8 19.2 17.7 18.6

Occasionally 3.7 3.9 3.7 3.7 3.1 3.6 4.2 3.5 3.6

Never 74.0 75.2 74.7 77.2 78.0 77.6 72.6 78.8 77.8

Clerical, Secretarial

Most of the time 4.6 4.5 4.5 4.6 4.3 4.5 4.3 4.3 5.1

Occasionally 1.2 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.4 0.9 0.9 1.3 1.1

Never 94.2 94.6 94.4 94.2 94.2 94.6 94.8 94.4 93.8

Craft and related occupations

Most of the time 11.1 10.0 12.5 11.6 8.9 9.0 11.8 9.1 7.8

Occasionally 3.1 1.8 2.3 4.0 1.6 3.0 2.2 3.2 4.1

Never 85.8 88.1 85.2 84.3 89.4 88.0 86.1 87.7 88.1

Personal, Protection

Most of the time 27.2 27.4 27.3 27.0 25.5 25.6 25.6 24.8 23.5

Occasionally 3.5 3.6 3.4 2.6 3.4 3.3 3.6 3.1 3.4

Never 69.3 69.0 69.3 70.3 71.2 71.1 70.7 72.1 73.2

Sales

Most of the time 13.4 13.1 14.1 14.7 13.9 13.6 14.4 15.9 17.4

Occasionally 2.5 2.8 3.2 2.9 2.8 2.8 3.7 3.5 3.8

Never 84.0 84.0 82.7 82.5 83.3 83.6 81.9 80.6 78.8

Plant and machine operatives

Most of the time 19.5 22.6 22.3 20.2 20.5 25.3 25.5 20.9 18.9

Occasionally 1.7 2.1 2.0 1.7 2.1 2.7 3.5 2.1 3.8

Never 78.8 75.3 75.7 78.1 77.4 72.0 71.0 77.0 78.8

Other Occupations

Most of the time 16.2 15.0 15.4 15.7 15.0 15.5 15.5 17.0 17.6

Occasionally 2.5 2.4 2.0 2.5 2.8 3.5 2.8 2.9 2.9

Never 81.3 82.6 82.6 81.8 82.2 81.1 81.7 80.1 79.4

Unweighted base 19,335 19,337 18,054 17,461 17,360 24,317 23,657 22,448 20,971

Weighted base (000s) 1 8,351 8,341 8,187 8,283 8,361 12,036 11,824 11,521 11,327


2

Following realignment from seasonal to calendarquarters,data forJune wasassumed to followthe same pattern asthatofApril and May. 3


* Data for1999 and 2000 excluded asdata were classified using SOC1990

21

Table I Proportion of males working shift patterns by industry:


1999 1,2 2000 1,2 2001 1,2 2002 1,2 2003 1,2 2004 1,2 2005 1,2 2006 1,2 2007 3 2008 3

Males

Agriculture and Fishing

Most of the time * * * * * * * * * *

Occasionally * * * * * * * * * *

Never * * * * * * * * * *

Energy and Water

Most of the time * * * * * * * * * *

Occasionally * * * * * * * * * *

Never * * * * * * * * * *

Manufacturing

Most of the time 24.0 24.6 22.8 22.2 21.3 22.4 23.0 21.6 22.3 21.8

Occasionally 4.2 3.9 3.6 3.9 3.9 3.5 3.4 3.9 3.0 3.6

Never 71.8 71.5 73.6 73.9 74.8 74.2 73.6 74.5 74.7 74.6

Construction

Most of the time 1.7 2.0 1.3 1.8 1.5 1.3 1.3 1.4 1.6 1.7

Occasionally 5.2 5.7 4.7 4.6 4.2 4.0 4.0 4.7 4.5 4.2

Never 93.1 92.2 94.0 93.6 94.3 94.7 94.7 93.9 93.9 94.1

Distibution, hotels and restaurants

Most of the time 14.7 16.5 16.4 16.9 16.4 18.3 17.4 18.0 18.2 18.6

Occasionally 3.7 3.1 3.0 3.0 3.8 3.5 4.0 3.4 4.2 4.5

Never 81.6 80.5 80.6 80.1 79.8 78.1 78.7 78.6 77.5 76.9

Transport and communication

Most of the time 31.1 30.3 31.1 29.8 29.9 30.5 31.2 31.6 29.1 29.5

Occasionally 6.1 4.3 4.9 4.9 5.1 5.2 5.0 6.0 6.2 5.7

Never 62.9 65.3 64.0 65.4 65.0 64.4 63.8 62.4 64.7 64.9

Banking, finance, insurance etc

Most of the time 6.3 6.7 6.6 6.8 6.9 6.7 6.9 5.7 6.6 6.0

Occasionally 2.4 2.1 2.1 2.0 2.2 2.7 2.2 2.2 2.0 2.6

Never 91.3 91.2 91.3 91.2 90.9 90.6 90.9 92.1 91.5 91.4

Public adminstration, education and health

Most of the time 20.0 19.1 17.8 19.1 19.7 19.7 18.9 17.9 18.9 20.0

Occasionally 4.1 4.4 4.7 4.5 4.5 5.2 3.8 4.3 4.2 4.8

Never 75.9 76.5 77.5 76.4 75.8 75.1 77.2 77.8 76.9 75.2

Other servies

Most of the time 11.3 10.9 11.8 11.6 11.9 11.8 11.7 13.7 11.0 12.3

Occasionally 3.9 3.0 2.7 2.8 3.6 3.9 2.5 3.5 3.9 4.0

Never 84.8 86.1 85.5 85.5 84.4 84.2 85.7 82.8 85.1 83.8

Unweighted base 22,457 21,868 21,243 21,271 19,927 19,027 18,756 26,115 25,560 24,108

Weighted base (000s) 1 9,555 9,571 9,706 9,715 9,606 9,665 9,684 13,887 13,849 13,340




* Data for'Agriculture and Fishing' and 'Energyand Water' exluded due to disclosive base numbers

22

Table J Proportion of females working shift patterns by industry;


1999 1,2 2000 1,2 2001 1,2 2002 1,2 2003 1,2 2004 1,2 2005 1,2 2006 1,2 2007 3 2008 3

Females

Agriculture and Fishing

Most of the time * * * * * * * * * *

Occasionally * * * * * * * * * *

Never * * * * * * * * * *

Energy and Water

Most of the time * * * * * * * * * *

Occasionally * * * * * * * * * *

Never * * * * * * * * * *

Manufacturing

Most of the time 10.1 9.7 10.6 10.4 9.2 9.0 8.3 10.5 9.2 7.9

Occasionally 1.4 1.6 1.2 1.2 1.6 1.4 1.6 1.7 1.9 1.5

Never 88.5 88.7 88.2 88.4 89.3 89.6 90.1 87.9 88.9 90.6

Construction

Most of the time * * * * * * * * * *

Occasionally * * * * * * * * * *

Never * * * * * * * * * *

Distibution, hotels and restaurants

Most of the time 13.3 13.2 12.9 13.7 14.9 14.0 13.9 14.1 15.2 15.7

Occasionally 2.5 3.4 3.2 2.9 3.3 3.4 3.0 3.3 3.8 3.5

Never 84.2 83.4 83.8 83.5 81.8 82.7 83.0 82.6 81.0 80.8

Transport and communication

Most of the time 19.9 22.0 20.6 19.9 18.2 20.0 16.9 21.6 18.7 20.0

Occasionally 2.1 1.6 3.3 2.2 3.0 3.3 3.1 2.4 4.1 2.5

Never 78.1 76.4 76.1 77.9 78.9 76.8 80.0 76.1 77.2 77.4

Banking, finance, insurance etc

Most of the time 4.5 5.1 5.2 4.6 4.6 4.6 4.0 4.6 4.1 4.5

Occasionally 1.4 1.6 1.5 1.1 1.3 1.4 1.3 1.4 1.3 1.2

Never 94.1 93.4 93.3 94.3 94.1 94.0 94.7 94.1 94.6 94.2

Public adminstration, education and health

Most of the time 18.3 18.3 17.4 16.6 17.2 16.6 15.8 15.6 16.1 15.7

Occasionally 2.4 3.0 2.7 3.0 2.8 2.6 2.6 2.7 3.1 3.1

Never 79.3 78.8 80.0 80.4 80.0 80.8 81.6 81.7 80.8 81.2

Other servies

Most of the time 10.1 10.6 10.3 9.8 10.8 10.1 8.4 8.7 9.8 9.7

Occasionally 2.4 1.9 2.5 2.5 2.7 1.8 3.4 3.2 2.2 3.0

Never 87.6 87.5 87.1 87.7 86.6 88.1 88.2 88.1 88.0 87.3

Unweighted base 19,934 19,368 19,329 19,332 18,057 17,462 17,363 24,310 23,652 22,438

Weighted base (000s) 1 8,069 8,074 8,349 8,341 8,187 8,283 8,362 12,032 11,820 11,516




* Data for'Agriculture and Fishing', 'Construction' and 'Energyand Water' exluded due to disclosive base numbers

23

Table K Proportion of shift workers by shift pattern type and sex;


1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 3 3 31999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009

Males

Three-shift working 16.3 14.6 13.2 13.4 12.6 12.2 12.4 11.1 10.1 9.6 9.8

Continental Shifts 5.0 4.9 5.2 4.9 4.1 4.3 3.8 3.4 3.5 3.3 3.4

Two shift system 26.2 27.2 25.6 26.1 27.1 25.8 25.5 25.3 26.4 26.3 25.4

Sometimes night/ Sometimes day 13.9 14.3 14.2 14.5 14.8 13.9 14.7 15.4 15.6 15.5 14.4

split shifts 2.6 2.9 3.5 3.4 2.6 3.2 3.7 3.6 3.9 3.7 3.5

morning shifts 2.5 1.9 2.0 2.2 2.4 2.3 2.6 2.7 2.6 2.5 2.3

evening or twilight shifts 3.8 3.8 4.2 3.6 3.8 4.7 4.7 4.2 4.8 4.3 4.6

night shifts 10.5 10.0 10.4 9.8 9.5 10.2 10.6 10.2 9.5 9.9 9.3

weekend shifts 1.0 0.9 1.0 0.9 0.8 1.2 1.3 1.1 1.5 1.6 1.4

other type of shift work 18.2 19.5 20.9 21.1 22.2 22.3 20.7 23.0 22.0 23.3 26.0

Unweighted base 4,495 4,325 4,071 4,084 3,775 3,667 3,565 4,858 4,734 4,554 4,129


1,911 1,902 1,866 1,870 1,845 1,892 1,858 2,623 2,611 2,571 2,429

Females



Two shift system 33.3 32.5 32.8 31.7 30.7 31.8 28.4 31.1 30.1 28.8 31.6


split shifts 5.0 4.2 3.5 4.7 3.9 3.5 4.7 4.3 4.4 5.2 4.1

morning shifts 2.5 2.7 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.6 3.4 2.3 2.9 2.9 3.1


night shifts 9.3 9.2 9.4 8.9 8.6 9.0 7.6 8.6 7.6 7.6 7.0

weekend shifts 1.1 0.8 1.3 1.6 2.0 2.0 2.0 1.7 1.8 2.0 2.0


Unweighted base 3,052 3,095 3,004 2,926 2,829 2,649 2,526 3,625 3,617 3,397 3,226


1,242 1,296 1,306 1,272 1,295 1,274 1,225 1,818 1,837 1,777 1,775

Total



Two shift system 29.0 29.4 28.6 28.4 28.6 28.2 26.6 27.7 27.9 27.3 28.0


split shifts 3.5 3.4 3.5 4.0 3.1 3.3 4.1 3.9 4.1 4.3 3.8

morning shifts 2.5 2.2 2.2 2.4 2.6 2.4 2.9 2.6 2.8 2.7 2.6


night shifts 10.0 9.6 10.0 9.5 9.2 9.7 9.4 9.5 8.7 8.9 8.3

weekend shifts 1.0 0.9 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.5 1.6 1.3 1.6 1.8 1.7


Unweighted base 7,547 7,420 7,075 7,010 6,604 6,316 6,091 8,483 8,351 7,951 7,355

Weighted base (000s) 1 3,153 3,198 3,172 3,142 3,139 3,167 3,083 4,442 4,449 4,348 4,204

1 Weightedto2007populationtotals

2 Followingrealignmentfrom seasonal tocalendar quarters,datafor Junewas assumedtofollowthesamepatternas thatofAprilandMay. 3 Weightedto2009populationtotals

24

Published by the Health and Safety Executive 09/11




This report and the work it describes were funded by the Health and Safety Executive (HSE). Its contents, including any opinions and/or conclusions expressed, are those of the author alone and do not necessarily reflect HSE policy.

RR887

www.hse.gov.uk

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