prepared by louise ferguson, mark bell, mark henderson...prepared by louise ferguson, mark bell,...
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Pistachio Pests and Diseases
Prepared by Louise Ferguson, Mark Bell, Mark Henderson
IPM FOR THE DISEASES
Verticillium Wilt Armillaria Root Rot (Oak
Root Fungus) Alterneria (Late Blight) Botrytis (Blossom, Shoot
& Fruit Blight) Panicle and Shoot Blight
IPM FOR THE FOLLOWING PESTS
Navel Orangeworm Citrus Flat Mite Leaffooted Plant Bugs Plant Bugs
Fungal disease causing decline or death in tree Fungus plugs water-conducting tubes
in roots
Identification: Yellowing of leaves in mid-summer One or more scaffold death Black xylem in center of truck
Photos courtesy of: UC IPM, and University of Georgia Plant Pathology
Verticillium Wilt
Use resistant rootstocks: Pioneer Gold, Pistacia intergerrimia,
UCB 1
Avoid rootstocks: P. atlantica, P. terebinthus
Control Use clear solar-strength plastic to
“Solarize soil” for several weeks Does not work if trees are large with
lots of shade
Damage Black lesions on leaves and hulls Leaf blight Staining nut shells
Identification: Rubbing lesions will leave black
spores on the fingers.
Photos courtesy of: UC IPM, and University of Georgia Plant Pathology
Alterneria Late Blight
Causes Flood and sprinkler irrigation Sometimes microsprinklers
Control Use subsurface irrigation Adjust irrigation schedule so from
August 1st to 10th is irrigation free. Harvest mature nuts as soon as
possible.
Sprays Pyraclostrobin
Pristine Azoxystrobin
Abound Pyraclostrobin
Cabrio
Fungus attacks roots Thrives on dead roots
Identification: White “mould” between bark and
wood Black damage seen on roots
Armillaria Root Rot (Oak Root Fungus)
Black rhyzomorphs
Resistant Rootstocks P. terebinthus P. atlantica x P. intergerrima hybrids
Susceptible Rootstocks P. atlantica P. intergerrima
Management Options
Damage Death of young shoots Cankers on current or 2 year old
wood Often affects male trees more severe
Identification: Early Spring new shoots die with
wilted leaves still attached. “Flagging”.
Photos courtesy of: UC IPM, and University of Georgia Plant Pathology
Botrytus (Blossom, Shoot & Fruit Blight)
Orchard Sanitation Remove and destroy infected shoots
or fruit bunches.
Sprays Consider spray treatment if spring is
cool and wet. Fenhexamid Elevate
Pyraclostrobin Pristine
Damage Death of vegetative and fruiting
shoots Cankers Can cause leaf blight
Identification: Blackened shoots and stems of
compound leaves (May – June) BUDMON tests (early March)
Photos courtesy of: UC IPM, and University of Georgia Plant Pathology
Panicle and Shoot Blight (Botryosphaeria dothidea)
Black Shoot
Black Leaf stem
Pruning Remove and destroy
infected shoots in Summer.
Irrigation Lower sprinklers so water
does not reach canopy Irrigate only in the day
time for 12 for 2 consecutive days
Fungicide Sprays PYRACLOSTROBIN Pristine
TRIFLOXYSTROBIN Gem
AZOXYSTROBIN Abound
Destructive caterpillar of pistachios and other fruits and nuts. Pest burrows into and feeds on nuts
once hull splits
Identification Crescent shape Cream color with dark red head
Cultural Control Remove all un-harvested nuts in fall Including nuts on ground
Harvest nuts as early as possible Delayed harvesting allows orangeworm more time
Biological Control Releases of Goniozus legneri
Sprays Entrust (Spinsosad) with wasps Inteprid (METHOXYFENOZIDE) Brigade (BIFENTHRIN) Ambush/Pounce (PERMETHRIN)
Damage Feeds on early season nuts Blacken and drop
Feeds on mature nuts Pin points through hard shell. Entire nut
darkens
Entire nut clusters are usually affected
Identification Shield-shaped, about 2 cm length Brown with white stripe across the back Expanded back legs
Cultural Control Remove debris to reduce overwintering insects
Monitor Look for dropped small black nuts clusters on
ground in April and May
Sprays PERMETHRIN Pounce, Ambush
BIFENTHRIN Brigade
CYFLUTHRIN Baythroid XL
Feeds on leaf clusters and nuts Stems and nuts can shrivel
Identification Slow moving Flat Oblong Red brown or red
Sprays Best to spray when mites are present but before shriveling
occurs. SULFUR DUST WETTABLE SULFUR
Feeds on young nuts (April – May) Once nut is hard in shell, they are
finished Nuts blacken and fall Hulls turn brown
Identification Small triangle on back
Careful cover crop management to keep populations down Either eliminate all grasses and weeds Or maintain monitoring strips Or grow “trap crops” and then spray Or use unattractive cover crops
Sprays Spray the ground only if bugs aren’t in tree foliage. Don’t spray after May, as the shells are hard and the insect is no longer
damaging PERMETHRIN Ambush and Pounce
BIFENTHRIN Brigade
CYFLUTHRIN Baythroid XL
CARBARYL Sevin
• Statewide Pesticide Program. - UC ANR •www.ipm.ucdavis.edu
•IPM Images •www.ipmimages.org
Pistachio Pests and DiseasesWhat are your pests?How do you handle them?ObjectiveSlide Number 5Slide Number 6Slide Number 7Management OptionsSlide Number 9Slide Number 10Management OptionsSlide Number 12Slide Number 13Slide Number 14Slide Number 15Slide Number 16Slide Number 17Management OptionsSlide Number 19Slide Number 20Management OptionsNavel OrangewormSlide Number 23Slide Number 24Slide Number 25ManagementManagementLeaffooted Plant BugsLeaffooted Plant BugsSlide Number 30ManagementCitrus Flat MiteSlide Number 33ManagementPlant BugsSlide Number 36Slide Number 37ManagementManagementPrimary Sources:Questions?