preparation of question bankedudel.nic.in/welcome_folder/question_bank_2009_10/x_class/xth... ·...

592 (Social Science__X)

PREPARATION of Question Bank

SOCIAL SCIENCE

Class X

2009- 2010

Group Leader : Mrs. Pushpa Tripathi

P.G.T. Geography

R.P.V.V. , Yamuna Vihar

Delhi- 110053

Members : 1. Gopal Prasad Shahi

T.G.T. S.Sc.

R.P.V.V. Sham Nath Marg,

Delhi-110054

2. Neelam Sharma

T.G.T.

R.P.V.V. Yamuna Vihar,

Delhi-110053

3. S.D. Sharma T.G.T.

R.P.V.V., Hari Nagar

Delhi- 110064

4. Ashok Kr. Singh Rathore T.G.T.

R.P.V.V. Gandhi Nagar,

Delhi -110053

5. Mrs. Sanghamitra

G.S.K.V., G.T. Road,

Shahdara, Delhi-110053


iz'u dks"k2009& 10

lkekftd fo"k; d{kk&X

Hkkx 1- Hkkjr vkSj ledkyhu fo'o &2

Hkkx 2- ledkyhu Hkkjr &2

Hkkx 3- yksdrkfU=kd jktuhfr &2

Hkkx 4- vkfFkZd fodkl dh le>


CENTRAL BOARD OF SECONDARY EDUCATIONSHIKSHA SADAN, 17-ROUSE AVENUE,

NEW DELHI-110002CBSE/EO(COM.)/2009/ Daged : 17/04/2009

Circular No. 11/09

The Heads of Institutions

Affiliated to CBSE

Subject Social Science Syllabus of Class-X for Board Examination 2010

Dear Principal,

Your kind attention is drawn to the office circulars no. 15/08 dated 11.04.2008 and 20/08 dated

14.05.2008 conveying the changes effected in respect of evaluation of Disaster Management

through project work and assignments along with details of the modalities for the same.

Consequent upon this, the 8 marks allocated to Disaster Management were reallocated to the

other components of History, Geography, Political Science and Economics making the Units

total as 22,22,18,18 marks respectively.

In continuation of these changes keeping in view the recommendations contained in NCF

2005 to give equal weight age to the four components of History, Geography, Political Science

and Economics, the marks have been further revised as –

Unit 1 : India and the Contemporary World II (History) 20 Marks

Unit 2 : India – Resources and their Development (Geography) 20 Marks

Unit 3 : Democratic Politics II (Political Science) 20 Marks

Unit 4 : Understanding Economic Deveopment (Economics) 20 Marks

Accordingly the syllabus for Social Science has been updated as follows which will be effected

from the Board's Examination 2010 onwards.

In Unit 1 : India and the contemporary World, the students will exercise their option of choice

among the prescribed themes in the following manner :-

Sub. Unit 1.1 – Events and Processes

Theme 1 : Nationalism in Europe

Theme 2 : Nationalist Movement in Inco-China

Theme 3 : Nationalism in India

(Any one theme out of themes 1 and 2. Theme 3 is compulsory)

Sub-Unit 1.2 – Economies and Livelihood


Theme 4 : Industrialization 1850s – 1950s

Theme 5 : Urbanizatino and Urban Lives

Theme 6 : Trade and Globalization

(Any one theme out of themes 4, 5 and 6)

Sub-Unit 1.3 – Culture, Identity and Society

Theme 7 : Print culture and nationalism

Theme 8 : History of the novel

(Any one theme out of themes 7 and 8)

Hence, the students will be required to study four themes in Unit 1 (History) India and the

Contempoary World II.

In Unit 2 (Geography), India – Resources and their development, class X, the topic on ‘Forest

and Wild Life Resources’ has been included for the Board Examination, 2010 and onwards

and teh sub-topics given in chapter 4 of the NCERT's Geography text book - Contemporary

India Part II, namely Food Security (page 44) and Impact of Globalization on Agriculture

(6) will remain deleted.

The syllabus in the remaining three components remains the same. Also disaster manage-

ment continues to be evaluated through projects and assignments only. Sample question pa-

per based on the revised pattern will be soon uploaded on the Board's website www.cbse.nic.in.

Kindly bring the changes mentioned above to the notice of all concerned.

Yours faithfully

(C.Gurumurthy)

Director (Academics)


Design of Question Paper

Social Science

(Class - X)Time- 3 hours Max Marks=80

The Weightage of marks over different dimensions of the Question shall be as Under:-

I Weightage of Different form of Questions

Form of Questions Marks No of Que Tatal Marks

Long answer Que 4 10 40

Short Ans Que 3 8 24

Very Short answer Que 1 10 10

Map Questions 2,4 1 06

Total 29 80

II Weightage of Content Units

Unit I India and the Contemporary World-2

(History) 20 Marks.

1. Events and Processes.

Any one theme out of theme 1 and 2 (4 Marks)

Theme 1 Nationalism in Europe (Chapter 1)

Theme 2 National movement in Indo China (Ch.2)

Compulsory Theme (6 marks) - Theme 3- Nationalism in India (Ch. 3)

1.2. Economice and livelihood (Marks 4)

Any one themes

Theme 4. The making of Global world

Theme 5. The age of Industrialization

Theme 6. work, life and leisure

1.3. Culture, Identity and Society (Marks 4) Any one theme

Theme 7. Print, Culture and nationalism, (Chaptor 7.)

Theme 8. Histry of Novel

Unit 2 : Contemporary India (Geography) (20 Marks)

Chapter Name Marks

2,1 Resources and Development

2.2 Forest 6 Marks

2.4 Agriculture

2.3 Water Resources

2.5 Minerals and Energy Resources 6 Marks

2.6 Manufacturing Industries


2.7 Life line of National Economy 4 Marks

Map

Unit 3 Democratic Politice-2

(Political Science) 20 Marks

3.1 Power Sharing Mechanism in 6 Marks

Democracy

3.2 Federelism

3.3 Democracy and Diversities

3.4 Cast, Religion and Gender Issues 6 Marks

3.5 People Movement

3.6 Political Parties 4 Marks

3.7 Out comes of Democracy

Challengs of Democracy 4 Marks

Unit 4. Understanding Economics 20 Marks

4.1 The Story of Devlopement 4 Marks

4.2 The Sectors of Indian Economy 4 Marks

4.3 Money and credit 4 Marks

4.4 Globalization and Indian Economy 4 Marks

4.5 Consumer Rights 4 Marks

III Weightage of Difficulty Level

Estimated difficulty Level % Total

Difficult 20 16

Average 50 40

Easy 30 24

Total 100 80

Project on given Topice (Any one)=20 Marks

IV SCHEME OF OPTIONS :-

Internal Choice to be provided in Unit 1 (History) Only as specified Under Weightage

to Content.

V Word and time limit for Answers:-

(i) One mark Questions : One word / One sentence each and time -

(2 Miniutes each= 10x2= 20 Minutes)

(ii) Three mark Ques:- 60-80 words each and time:- 6 Minutes each.(8x6=48

Minutes)

(iii) Four mark Ques:- 80-100 Words each and time:- 8 Minutes each (10x8=80

Minutes)

(iv) Map Questions- Time=15 Minutes

Total= 180 Minutes.


VI LIST OF MAP ITEMS FOR CLASS X EXAMINATION

A. History

Outline Political Map Europe (For identification only)

Page 6 : Europe after the Congress og Vienna 1815

1. Sardinia 2. Kingdom of the two sicilies 3. Austrian Empire-Austria, Hungary and Galicia

4. Portugal 5. France 6. Spain 7. Ottoman Empire 8. Kingdom of papal state-Rome.

Outline political Map of Asia (For identification only)

Page 47 : Four states in indo-China before the formation of Republic of Vietnam

1. Laos 2. Cambodia 3. North and South Vietnam and 4. Thailand

Outline Political Map of Africa (For identification only)

Page 85 : Map of Colonial Africa aat the end of the 19th Century

Colonies in Africa of the two powerful Countries of Europe

(i) British colonies:- 1. Egypt 2. Anglo Egyptain Sudan

3. Gold Coast 4. Nigeria

5. British East Africa 6. Northern Rhodesia and

7. Southern Rhodesia

(ii) French Colonies :- 1. Morocco 2. Algeria

3.French West Africa 4. French Equatorial Africa

5. Middle Congo and 6. Madagascar

Outline political Map of india (For identification only)

Page 53 : Nationalism in India-1918-1930

(i) For locating and labelling only

1. India National Congress Sessions:- Calcutta (1920), Madras (1927) and Lahore (1929)

2. Important Centres and india National Movement

(Non-Cooperation and Civil Disobedience Movement)

(i) Chauri Chaura (U.P) calling of the NCM.

(ii) Bardoli (Gujarat) no tax campaign

(iii) Dandi (Gujarat) Civil Disobedience Movement

(iv) Champaran (Bihar) Movements of indigo Planters

(v) Amritsar (Punjab) Jallianwala Bagh incident


(ii) For identification only

3. Main centres of overseas trade in Western coast and Eastern coast india (Page 91):

Goa, Surat, Madras and Masulipatam

4. Large-scale industrial region in india, 1931 (Page 123): Bengal, Bombay, Madras etc.

B. Geography

Chapter1 : Resources and Development

Indentification: Major soil Types.

Chapter 3 : Water Resources

Locating and Labelling-Dams: 1.Salal 2. Bhakra Nangal 3. Tehri 4. Rana pratap

5. Gandhi Nagar 6. Sardar Sarovar 7. Rihand 8. Hirakud 9. Ramagundam 10. Nagarjuna Sagar

11. Tungabhadra 12. Koyna and 13. Periyar Dam

Chapter 5 : Mineral and Energy Resources

Minerals: (identification only)

(i) Iron ore mines: Mayurbhanj, Durg, Bailadila, Bellary and Kudremukh

(ii) Bauxite mines: Koreput, Katni, Amarkantak and Bilaspur

(iii) Manganese mines: Sundargarh, Balaghat, Shimoga and Nagpur

(iv) Mica mines: Ajmer, Beawar, Nellore, Gaya and Hazaribagh

(v) Coal mines: Raniganj, Jharia, Bokaro, Talcher, korba, Singareni and Neyvali

(vi) Oil Fields: Digboi Naharkatia, Mumbai High, Bassian, Kalol and Ankaleshwar

Power Plants : (Locating and Lebelling only)

(a) Thermal: Namrup, Loktak, Bongaigaon, Barauni, Harduaganj, Chandraura, Korba, Delhi, Satpura,

Bhusawal, Uran, Ramagundam, Vijaywada and Tuticorin

(b) Nuclear: Norora, Rawat, Bhata, Kakrapara , Tarapur, Kaiga and Kalpakkam

Chapter 6 : Manufacturing industries

Locating and Lebelling only

(i) Cotton Textile industries: Mumbai, Pune, Aurangabad, indore, Ahmedabad, Surat, Agra, Kanpur,

Moradabad, Chennai, Coimbatore and Madurai

(ii) Wollen industry: Srinagar, Amritsar, Ludhiana, Panipat, Kikaner, Kanpur, Mirzapur and Jamnagar

(iii) Silk industry: Baramula, Anatnag, Srinagar, Murshidabad, Bankura, Kolar, Mysore and Banglore

(iv) Iron and Steel Plants: Burnpur, Durgapur, Bokaro, Jamshedpur, Raurkela, Bhilai, Vijaynagar,

Bhadravati, Vishakhapatnam and salem

Chapter 7 : Lifelines of National Economy

Identification only: Golden Quadrilateral, North-South Corridor and East-west Corridor.


National Highways : NH-1 ,NH-2 ,NH-3, NH-5, NH-7, NH-8, NH-9, NH-15 and NH-17

Locating and Lebelling : Major Ports-Kandla, Mumbai, Jawahar lal Nehru, Marmaga, New Mangalore,

Kochi, Tuticorin, Chennai, Vishakhapatnam, Paradip, Haldia and Kolkata

International Airports : Amritsar (Raja Sansi);

Delhi (Indira Gandhi international); Mumbai (Chhatrapati Shivaji);

Triuvanantapuram (Nedimbachery): Chennai (Meenam Bakkam);

Kolkata (Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose) and Hyderabad

Note : Items of locating and labelling may also be given for identification.


Hkkjr vkSj ledkyhu fo'o&2

v/;k;&1 ;wjksi esa jk"Vªokn dk mn;

1- vad okys iz'u &

1- ^dYiukn'kZ lekt* ls D;k vfHkizk; gS\

2- jk"VªjkT; dh ladYiuk ds vk/kkj D;k Fks\

3- fujadq'kokn dk vFkZ crkb;sA

4- 18oha lnh esa ;wjksi esa dkSu ls nks u, lkekftd lewg vfLrRo esa vk;s\

5- ;wjksi esa 19oha lnh ds nkSjku u, e/; oxksZ ds fy, mnkjokn dk D;k eryc Fkk\

6- vkfFkZd {ks=k esa mnkjokn fdu nks ckrksa dk i{k/kj Fkk\

7- fczrkuh jk"Vª esa jgus okys fdUgh nks utkrh; lewgksa ds uke fyf[k;s\

8- ckYdu {ks=k ij fdl lkezkT; dk izHkqRo Fkk\

3 vad okys iz'u&

9- Ýkalhlh ØkfUr ds QyLo:i Ýkal esa vk;s jktuhfrd vkSj laoS/kkfud cnykoksa dks rhu fcUnqvksa esa Li"V dhft;sA

10- 18oha lnh esa jk"Vª ds fopkj dks fodflr djus esa dqyhu oxZ dh Hkwfedk dks fdUgha rhu fcUnqvksa esa Li"V dhft;saA

11- 1834 esa xfBr 'kqYd la?k tkWyosjkbu dh rhu fo'ks"krk;sa crkb;sa A

12- T;qlsih esfRluh dkSu Fkk \ mlds }kjk eklsZbZ rFkk cuZ esa LFkkfir Økafrdkjh laxBuksa ds uke crkb;saA

13- teZu nk'kZfud ;ksgku xkWVÝhM ds fopkjksa dh rhu fcUnqvksa esa leh{kk dhft;sA

14- Hkk"kk us ;wjksi dh jk"Vªh; Hkkoukvksa ds fodkl esas egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkbZ gSA rhu fcUnqvksa }kjk Li"V dhft;sA

15- ;wjksi esa jk"Vªh; Hkkoukvksa dks fodflr djus esa :ekuh fpardksa ds fdUgha rhu ;ksxnkuksa dk mYys[k dhft;sA

16- ,dhdr brkoyh x.kjkT; ds fuekZ.k esa dkmaV dSfeyksa ns dkowj dh Hkwfedk dks Li"V dhft;sA

4 vad okys iz'u

17- Ýkalhlh yksxksas esa ,d lkewfgd igpku dh Hkkouk fodflr djus ds fy;s Økafrdkfj;ksa }kjk mBk;s x;s pkj dneD;k Fks\ Li"V dhft,A

18- ^^usiksfy;u }kjk iz'kklfud {ks=k esa Økafrdkjh fl)kUrksa dk lekos'k fd;k x;k rkfd iwjh O;oLFkk vf/kd rdZlaxrvkSj dq'ky cu ldsA** bl dFku dks fdUgha 4 fcUnqvksa esa Li"V dhft;sA

19- fo;uk laf/k dc gqbZ\ bl laf/k ds fdUgh rhu ifj.kkeksa dk mYys[k dhft;sA

20- ^^1830 dk n'kd ;wjksi esa Hkkjh dfBukb;ka ysdj vk;kA** bl dFku dks fdUgh pkj fcUnqvksa }kjk Li"V dhft;sA


21- 1804 dh usiksfy;u ukxfjd lafgrk dh pkj izeq[k fo'ks"krkvksa dk mYys[k dhft;s\

22- ekjhvku o tesZfu;k dkSu Fks\ mUgsa fdl izdkj fpf=kr fd;k x;k\

23- ÝsadQVZ laln dc vk;ksftr dh xbZ\ teZu jk"Vª fuekZ.k esa ÝasdQVZ laln ds ;ksxnku dk rhu fcUnqvksa esa mYys[kdhft;sA

24- teZu ,dhdj.k izfØ;k ds fofHkUu pj.kksa dk mYys[k dhft;sA

25- ,dhdr brkyoh x.kjkT; dh LFkkiuk ds pkj&izeq[k pj.kksa dk mYys[k dhft;sA

26- fczVsu esa jk"Vªokn ds fodkl dh izfØ;k dk mYys[k dhft;asA

27- jktuhfrd vkdka{kkvksa dh iwfrZ ds fy;s ckYdu {ks=k fdl izdkj foLQksVd lkfcr gqvk\ pkj fcUnqvksa }kjk Li"Vdhft;sA

28- ^^jk"Vªokn vkSj lektokn ,d nwljs ds iwjd Fks**A bl dFku dks pkj rF;ksa }kjk Li"V dhft;sA

29- ^^jk"Vª ds fopkj ds fuekZ.k esa laLdfr us egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkbZ**A bl dFku dks ;wjksi ds :ekuhokn ds lUneZesa pkj mnkgj.k nsdj Li"V dhft;sA

gkWV~l iz'u

30- ÝsMfjd lkWj;w }kjk cuk;s x;s fp=k esa jk"Vªokn dks fdl izdkj fpf=kr fd;k x;k gS\ pkj fcUnqvksa esa

mYys[k dhft;sA ¼4 vad)

31- fuEufyf[kr iafDr;ksa dks i<+dj muds uhps fy[ks iz'uksa ds mÙkj nhft;s%& ¼4 vad)

tkWYosjkbu dk y{; teZu yksxksa dks vkfFkZd :i esa ,d jk"Vª esa ck¡/k

nsuk gSA og jk"Vª dh vkfFkZd gkyr ftruk ckgjh rjg ls mlds fgrksa dh j{kk djds etcwr cuk,xk] mruk ghvakrfjdmRikndrk dks c<+k dj HkhA mls izkarh; fgrksa dks vkil esa tksM+dj jk"Vªh; Hkkouk dks txkuk vkSj mBkuk pkfg,AteZu yksx ;gle> x, gS fd ,d eqDr vkfFkZd O;oLFkk gh jk"Vªh; Hkkoukvksa ds mRiUu gksus dk ,dek=k tfj;k gSA

(i) tkWYosjkbu dk y{; D;k gS\

(ii) jk"Vªh; fgrksa dks fdl&izdkj tkxr djuk pkfg,\

(iii) jk"Vªh; Hkkoukvksa ds mRiUu gksus dk ,dek=k tfj;k D;k gS\

(iv) mi;qZDr iafDr;ka fdlds }kjk dgh xbZ gSa\

32- ;wuku ds LorU=krk laxzke us ;wjksi ds f'kf{kr vfHktkr oxZ esa jk"Vªh; Hkkoukvksa dk lapkj fd;k**A bl dFku dhiqf"V rhu rF;ksa }kjk dhft,A ¼3 vad½


ikB&2

baMksa pkbuk esa jk"Vªoknh vkUnksyu1 vad okys iz'u

1- mu ns'kksa ds uke fyf[k,] tks b.Mks pkbuk esa 'kkfey gaSA ¼dksbZ nks ns'k ds uke½ A

2- fo;ruke ij phuh lkezkT; ds opZLo ds dkbZ nks iznf'kZr izHkko fyf[k,A

3- fo;ruke esa jk"Vªokn dk mn; fdu ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa iuik \ nks dkj.k fyf[k, A

4- nwjorhZ bykdksa esa fLFkr nks xSj&fo;rukeh leqnk; tks O;kikj ekxks± ds ek/;e ls fo;ruke ls tqM+s Fks\

5- baM+ks pkbuk esa jgus okys yksx 'kq: esa fdl 'kfDr'kkyh lkezkT; ds v/khu Fks\

6- dksyksu fdUgsa dgk tkrk gS\

7- Ýkalhlh lsok fo;ruke esa dc vkbZ rFkk ÝSap baMks pkbuk dk xBu dc fd;k x;k\

8- ^^ukike** 'kCn dk vFkZ Li"V dhft,A

9- jsoksY;w'kujh lkslk;Vh dh LFkkiuk dc vkSj fdlus dh\

10- leUo;okn dk D;k vFkZ gS\

11- Ýkalhlh ljdkj ds fojks/k esa fo;ruke Nk=k&Nk=kkvksa us fdl jktuSfrd ikVhZ dh LFkkiuk dh\

12- fo;ruke dk ,dhdj.k dc gqvk\

13- gks ph feUg us fdl ikVhZ dh LFkkiuk dh rFkk ckn esa bl ikVhZ dks fdl uke ls tkuk x;k\

rhu vad okys iz'u

14- fo;ruke ds lkezkT;okn fojks/kh vkanksyu esa vkSjrksa dh D;k Hkwfedk jgh\ fdUgh rhu fcanqvksa ls bl fojks/khvaknksyu esaa jk"Vªoknh fopkj/kkjk izdV dhft,A

15- fo;ruke esa rhljh lnh dh ik=k f=k;q v;q fdl izdkj O;kid jk"Vªoknh vk[;ku dk egRoiw.kZ fgLlk cu xbZ\rhu fcnqavksa ls Li"V dhft,A

16- 1907 esa fo;ruke esa Vksfdu Ýh* Ldwy [kksyus dh vo/kkj.kk dks rhu fcnqavks esa Li"V dhft,A

17- fo;ruke dh vkfFkZd izxfr dks ckf/kr djus okyh rhu leL;kvksa dk o.kZu dhft,A

18- ^^ikB'kkyk,¡ jktuSfrd v[kkM+kas esa rCnhy gksrh tk jgh FkhA** bl dFku dh iqf"V rhu fcanqvksa esa dhft,\

19- phu ds fo:n fonzksg esa ^Vaªx cguksa dk D;k ;ksxnku jgk\ rhu fcanqvksa esa Li"V dhft,A

20- 1902 esa Ýaklhlh ljdkj }kjk pwgksa dks idM+us ds fy, viuk, x, rhu mik;ksa dk o.kZu dhft,A

21- LdkylZ fjoksYV D;k Fkk\ fo;ruke ij bldk D;k izHkko iM+k] nks fcanqvksa ls Li"V dhft,A


22- gksvk gkvks vkUnksyu ds laLFkkid dkSu Fks\ yksxksa ds fy, mUgksaus dkSu ls dk;Z fd,\

23- fo;ruke ds lanHkZ esa vkSifuosf'kd f'k{kk dh D;k nqfo/kk Fkh\ f'k{kk dh Hkk"kk ds elys ij dkSu ls nks er Fks]Li"V dhft,A

24- 1931 rd fo;ruke fdl izdkj fo'o esa pkoy dk rhljk cM+k fu;kZrd ns'k cu x;k\

25- 1926 esa lkbxku usfVo xYlZ Ldwy esa gksus okys fookn dks pkj fcanqvksa esa Li"V dhft,A

26- 1930 dh egkeUnh dk fo;ruke ij D;k izHkko iM+k\ pkj fcnqavksa esa fyf[k,A

27- fo;ruke x.kjkT; ds lkeus eq[; pqukSfr;k¡ D;k Fkh] fdUgha pkj ds fo"k; esa fyf[k.A

28- ^^ vkSifuosf'kd 'kklu dks mfpr Bgjkus ds fy, fdrkcksa esa Ýaklhlh lH;rk dk xkSjo xku fd;k x;kA** dFkuds i{k esa pkj rdZ nhft,A

29- Qku ;w f=kUg dk fo;ruke ds lUnHkZ esa D;k mn~ns'; Fkk\ Qku cksb pkm vkSj Qku ;w f=kUg ds fopkjkas dh fHkUurkdks nks fcUnqvksa esa Li"V dhft,A

gkWV~l iz'u

30- fo;ruke esa ogka ds lekt ds fofHkUu oxksZ }kjk Qaklhfl;ksa dh gj pht ds f[kykQ fd, x, la?k"kZ ds QyLo:iogk¡ jk"V~okn dk mn; fdl izdkj gqvk\ Li"V dhft,A ¼4 vad½

31- guksbZ ij Iysx dk geyk fdl ek;us esa Ýkalhlh lÙkk dh lhek vkSj lH;rk izlkj ds fe'ku esa fufgr

varfoZjks/kksa dk n'kkZrk gS]dFku dh iqf"V 3 fcnqavksa ls dhft,A ¼3 vad½

32- chloha lnh ds igys n'kd esa iwjc dh vksj pyks* fdl izdkj lekftd ,oa jktuSfrd cnyko dk izrhd cuk]mnkgj.k nsrs gq;s le>kb;sA ¼4 vad½


v/;k;&3

Hkkjr esa jk"Vªokn1 vad okys iz'u&

1- lR;kxzg dk vFkZ crkb;sA

2- Hkkjr esa fLFkr fdUgh nks LFkkuksa ds uke fyf[k,] tgk¡ xka/khth }kjk lR;kxzg vkanksyu pykk;k x;kA

3- ^^fgan Lojkt** ds ys[kd dkSu Fks\

4- ^^vlg;ksx vanksyu** dk izLrko dkaxzsl ds fdl vf/kos'ku esa ikfjr fd;k x;k Fkk\

5- xka/khth nf{k.kh vÝhdk ls Hkkjr dc ykSVs Fks\

6- tkfy;kaokyk ckx gR;kdkaM dc vkSj dgk¡ gqvk Fkk\

7- xka/khth us vlg;ksx vknksyu dc vkSj fdl ?kVuk ls nq[kh gksdj okil ys fy;k Fkk\

8- ^^Lojkt ikVhZ** ds xBu esa fdu nks usrkvksa us egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkbZA

9- ^^oUnsekrje~** xhr ds ys[kd dkSu Fks\

10- ^^ nfer oxZ ,lksfl,'ku* dk xBu dc vkSj fdlus fd;k\

11- ^vkuUneB** ds ys[kd dkSu Fks\

12- ^^buySUM ,fexzs'ku ,DV** D;k Fkk\

rhu vad okys iz'u&

13- ^^ izFke fo'o;q} us ,d u;h vkfFkZd vkSj jktuhfrd fLFkfr dks tUe fn;k** fdUgh rhu fcUnqvksa dk mYys[kdhft,A

14- vlg;ksx vkanksyu esa 'kgjh e/;oxZ dh D;k Hkwfedk jgh\ rhu fcUnqvksa esa Li"V dhft,A

15- fdu dkj.kksa ls 'kgjh {ks=k esa vlg;ksx vkanksyu detksj iM+ x;k Fkk\ rhu fcUnqvksa esa Li"V dhft,A

16- vlg;ksx vkanksyu ds leFkZu esa xzkeh.k bykdksa esa fonzksg gq,& blds rhu dkj.k mnkgj.k lfgr Li"V dhft,A

17- ckxku etnwjksa us vlg;ksx vkUnksyu dks fdl izdkj fy;k\ fdUgh rhu fcUnqvksa esa mYys[k dhft,A

18- lkbeu deh'ku dk xBu D;ksa fd;k x;k\ ;g Hkkjr dc igq¡pk rFkk bls fojks/k dk lkeuk D;ksa djuk iM+kA

19- lu 1929 ds ykgkSj vf/kos'ku dh v/;{krk fdlus dh\ bl vf/kos'ku esa fy, x, izeq[k fu.kZ; D;k Fks\

20- f[kykQr vkanksyu D;ksa 'kq: fd;k x;k\ bl vkUnksyu ls tqM+s nks Hkkjrh; usrkvksa ds uke crkvksaA

21- ^^nakMh ;k=kk**] lfou; voKk vkUnksyu dk gh ,d :i FkhA Li"V dhft,A

22- xka/kh&bjfou le>kSrk dc gqvk\ bldh nks 'krksZ dk mYys[k dhft,A


23- ^^flfoy ukQjekuh vkanksyu esa vkSjrksa us cM+s iSekus ij fgLlk fy;k**A fdUgh rhu fcUnqvksa }kjk Li"V dhft,A

4 vad okys iz'u &

24- lu 1919 esa ikfjr jksysV ,sDV dh nks izeq[k ckrksa dk mYys[k djrs gq, rRdkyhu Hkkjrh; jktuhfr ij blds izHkkodh foospuk dhft,A

25- lfou; voKk vkanksyu esa fofHkUu oxksZ vkSj lewgksa us fgLlk D;ksa fy;k\ pkj dkj.k crkb,A

26- ^^lfou; voKk vkUnksyu tkfrxr] jktuhfrd ,oa /kkfeZd dkj.kksa dh otg ls lhekvksa esa ca/kk gqvk Fkk**A Li"Vdhft,A

27- ^^iwuk iSDV** dc rFkk fdu usrkvksa ds chp gqvk\ blesa fdu eqíksa ij lgefr gqbZA

28- jk"Vªoknh usrkvksa }kjk yksxksa dks ,dtqV djus ds fy, fdl izdkj ds fpUgkas ,ao izrhdksa dk iz;ksx fd;k x;k pkjmnkgj.kksa dk mYys[k dhft,A

29 jk"Vªokn dk mRFkku djus esa lkaLdfrd izfØ;k;sa Hkh 'kkfey FkhA pkj rF;ksa }kjk Li"V dhft,A

30- Hkkjrh; LorU=krk laxzke esa ^^vktkn fgUn QkSt** dh Hkwfedk pkj fcUnqvksa esa Li"V dhft,A

31- vlg;ksx vkUnksyu ds lUnHkZ esa egkRek xka/kh }kjk lq>k;s x;s rhu eq[; lq>koksa dk mYys[k dhft,A

32- fp=k dsk ns[kdj iz'uksa ds mrj nhft, &

1- izLrqr fp=k esa fn[kkbZ nsus okys fdUgh nks usrkvksa ds uke crkvksaA

2- ;g cSBd dc vkSj dgk¡ ij vk;ksftr dh xbZ Fkh\

3- xka/khth }kjk pyk;s x;s ,d vkUnksyu dk uke vkSj mldh nks fo'ks"krk;sa crkvksaA


3 vad okys gkWV~l iz'u

33- lfou; voKk vkUnksyu esa dsoy vaxzstksa dh voKk gh ugha cfYd vkSifuosf'kd dkuwuksa dk mYya?ku djuk Hkh'kkfey Fkk** bl dFku dks rhu fcUnqvksa }kjk Li"V dhft,A

4 vad okys

34- ^^mifuos'kokn fojks/kh vkanksyu us vk/kqfud jk"Vªokn dks tUe fn;k** bl dFku dks pkj fcUnqvkas esa Li"V dhft,A

35- ^^bfrgkl dh iquO;kZ[;k jk"Vªokn dh Hkkouk iSnk djus dk egRoiw.kZ lk/ku cuha** bl dFku dh O;k[;k pkj rdksZds vk/kkj ij dhft,A


v/;k;&4HkweaMyhd`r fo'o dk cuuk

1 vad okys iz'u

1- ,sls nks [kkn~; inkFkksZ ds uke fyf[k,] tks yxHkx 500 lky igys gekjs iwoZtksa ds ikl ugha Fks ysfdu vkt gekjseq[; [kkn~; inkFkZ gS\

2- nf{k.k vesfjdk ds fdl 'kgj dks ^lksus dk 'kgj** ekuk tkus yxk Fkk\

3- fjaMjisLV D;k gS\

4- ^^cgr~&mRiknu** ds iz.ksrk dkSu Fks\ bl i)fr ls cuus okyh igyh dkj dk ekWMy D;k Fkk\

5- vkfFkZd egkeanh dh 'kq:vkr dc gqbZ\

6- ^^/kqjh jk"Vª** esa 'kkfey fdUgh nks ns'kksa ds uke crkb;sA

7- ^^ohVksa* D;k gS\

8- ;q)ksRrj vUrjkZ"Vªh; vkfFkZd O;oLFkk ds nks eq[; mn~ns'; D;k Fks \

9- ^^fe=k jk"Vª** esa 'kkfey fdUgh nks ns'kksa ds uke crkb,A

10- G&77 D;k gS\

11- ^^fofue; nj** fdls dgrs gSa\

12- nks vUrjkZ"Vªh; foÙkh; laLFkkvksa ds uke fyf[k,] tks fo'o dh vkSn~;ksfxd t:jrksa dks iwjk djrh gSA

13- vk;kr lhek fu/kkZj.k rFkk fu;kZr lhek D;k gSA\

14- nks ns'kksa ds uke fyf[k, tgk¡ ls fczVsu ds fy, oLrqvksa dk vk;kr gksrk FkkA

15- fxjfefV;k etnwj viuk ns'k NksM+us ds fy, etcwj D;ksa gq,\ nks dkj.k crkb;saA

rhu vad okys iz'u&

16- flYd ekxZ fdu nks egk}hiksa dks tksM+rk gS rFkk bl ekxZ ls dkSu&2 lh oLrqvksa dk vknku iznku gksrk Fkk\ fooj.knhft,A

17- vFkZ'kkfL=k;ksa ds vuqlkj varjkZ"Vªh; vkfFkZd fofue; ds rhu izokg dkSu ls Fks\

18- dkWuZ&yk D;k Fkk rFkk fczfV'k ljdkj dks ;g etcwju D;ksa lekIr djuk iM+k\

19- Hkkjr ds fdu bykdksa ls T;knkrj vuqcaf/kr fxjfefV;k etnwj tkrs Fks vkSj D;ksa\ bUgsa fdu ns'kksa esa ys tk;k tkrk Fkk\

20- Hkkjr ds lkFk fczVsu ds ^O;kikj vf/k'ks"k** us fczfV'k vFkZO;oLFkk dks fdl izdkj etcwrh iznku dh\ rhu fcUnqvksaesa Li"V djsaA


21- izFke fo'o ;q) dc vkSj fdu ns'kksa ds chp gqvk\ oS'ohdj.k ij bldk D;k izHkko iM+k\

22- U;w gSEi'kj fLFkr ^czsVu oqMl** esa dkSu lh nks laLFkkvksa dh LFkkiuk gqbZ rFkk mldk eq[; mnns'; D;k Fkk\

23- cszVu oqMl O;oLFkk us if'peh vkS|ksfxd jk"Vªksa vkSj tkiku ds fy;s vkfFkZd txr esa u;s ;qx dk lw=kikr fd;k**arhu fcUnqvksa }kjk Li"V dhft,A

24- ^^lkaLdfrd lekxe ls oSf'od nqfu;k dk mn; gqvk Fkk** Hkkstu ds lUnHkZ esa nks mnkgj.k nsdj Li"V dhft,A

25- ^fodflr tulapkj rduhd us HkweaMyhdj.k dks rsth ls c<+k;k gS* rhu rdZ nsdj le>kb,A

26- fo'o cSad vkSj vkbZ-,e-,Q ¼vUrjkZ"Vªh; eqnzk dks"k½ dks cszVu oqMl laLFkku dh ^tqM+ok lUrku** D;kas dgk tkrkgS\ rhu rdZ nhft,

pkj vad okys iz'u %&

27- 1870 ds n'kd rd vesfjdk ls ;wjksi dks ekal dk fu;kZr D;ksa ugh fd;k tkrk Fkk\ pkj fcUnqvksa }kjk iqf"Vdhft,A

28- vÝhdk esa ;wjksih; yksxksa us etnwjks dks vius ikl jksdus ds fy;s D;k dne mBk;s&rhu fcUnqvksa }kjk Li"Vdhft,A

29- izFke fo'o ;q) ls izHkkfor ns'kksa dh vFkZO;oLFkk dks lq/kkjus ds D;k iz;kl fd;s x;s\ pkj iz;kl fyf[k,A

30- ^^cgr~ mRiknu i)fr us vkS|ksfxd txr esa ØkfUrdkjh ifjorZu yk fn;s** rhu fcUnqvksa }kjk Li"V dhft,A

31- 1929 dh egkeanh ds izeq[k dkj.k D;k Fks\ Li"V dhft;sA

32- vkS|ksfxd ns'kksa esa egkeanh dk lcls cqjk vlj vesfjdk ij iM+kA pkj rF;ksa }kjk Li"V dhft,A

33- oS'ohdj.k orZeku vFkZO;oLFkk dk ,d :i ugha vfirq izkphu dky dh nsu gS** dFku dh iqf"V pkj rdZ nsdjdhft,A

34- ^1929 dh egkeanh ds dkj.k nqfu;k ds ,d fgLls esa gksus okyh daidaikgV ckdh fgLlksa rd Hkh igq¡p tkrh Fkh*AHkkjr ds lUnHkZ esa dFku dh iqf"V dhft,A

35- ^^vBkjgoha lnh ds iwokZ/kZ rd Hkkjr ,ao phu lEiUu ns'kksa dh Js.kh esa Fks ysfdu mifuos'khdj.k us fLFkfr cnynh** mnkgj.k lfgr Li"V dhft,A

36- izFke fo'o;q} us fczVsu ds yksxksa ds vkfFkZd thou dks fdl izdkj cny fn;k]\ Li"V dhft,A

gkWV~l iz'u %&

37- vÝhdk esa fjaMjisLV us ogk¡ ds yksxksa dh vkthfodk vkSj vFkZO;oLFkk dks cqjh rjg ls izHkkfor fd;kA rhu rdZnsdj Li"V dhft, A ¼3 vad½

38- fxjfefV;k Jfedksa dk ckgjh ns'kksa esa ys tk;k tkuk] 19oha lnh dh nqfu;k dh fofo/krk dks izdV djrk gSA ;grRdkyhu fo'o dh fdu rhu ckrksa dks iznf'kZr djrk gS ¼3 vad½

39- HkweaMyhdj.k dh izfdz;k esa fxjfefV;k etnwjksa dk izolu ,d egRoiw.kZ ?kVuk Fkh** bl rF; dks pkj fcUnqvksa esaLi"V dhft,A ¼4 vad½


v/;k;&5

vkS|ksfxdhdj.k dk ;qx1 vad okys iz'u

1- 1901 esa izdkf'kr ßnks tknwxjÞ rLohj vyknhu o eSdfud Øe'k% fo'o ds fdu nks vk;keksa dk efgekeaMun'kkZrh gS\

2- xk¡oksa esa xjhc dk'rdkj o nLrdkj eq[;r% fdlds fy, dke djrs Fks\

3- yanu dks eq[;r fQfuf'kax lsaVj ds :i esa D;ksa tkuk tkus yxk Fkk\

4- Hkki ds batu dk vkfo"dkj fdlds }kjk fd;k x;k\

5- vkfn&vkS|ksxhdj.k ls D;k vfHkizk; gS\

6- l=kgoha vkSj vBkjgoha 'krkCnh ds ;wjksih; 'kgjksa esa O;kikfjd fxYM~l D;k Fks\

7- LVsIylZ vkSj Qqyt+Z dkSu Fks\

8- vgLr{ksi dh uhfr ls D;k vfHkizk; gS\

9- Hkkjr esa igyh twV fey dgk¡ ij yxkbZ xbZ Fkh\

10- ¶ykbZ 'kVy ls D;k rkRi;Z gS\

11- vkS|ksfxd mRiknu ls D;k vfHkizk; gS\

12- izkS|ksfxdh; cnykoksa dh xfr /kheh D;ksa Fkh\

13- vkS|ksfxdhdj.k ds igys pj.k ds lcls cM+s m|ksx dk uke fyf[k,A

14- etnwj ubZ izkS|ksfxdh ¼e'khu½ ds fojks/kh D;ksa Fks\

15- Hkkjr esa igyh diM+k fey dc yxh\

16- Hkkjr ds nks izkjafHkd m|fe;ksa ds uke fyf[k,A

17- mu iwoZ vkSifuosf'kd eq[; cUnjxkgksa ds uke fyf[k,] tgk¡ ls leqnzh O;kikj Qyrk&Qwyrk FkkA ¼dksbZ nks½

18- Hkkjrh; cqudjksa us fczfV'k fuekZrkvksa ds }kjk Hkkjrh; cktkj ij dCts dk fojks/k fd;k ,oa vius eky dks cktkjesa QSyk;kA blds fy;s mUgksus fdl l{ke ek/;e dk iz;ksx fd;kA

19- u, miHkksDrk iSnk djus ds rjhdksa ds uke fyf[k+,A

20- mn~;ksxksa esa dke djus ds fy, etnwj dgk¡ ls vkrs Fks\

3 vad okys iz'u

21- ßMkWu vkQ n lsapqjhÞ ¼u;h lnh dk mn;½ fp=kksa esa vkS|ksfxdhdj.k dks fdl izdkj fpf=kr fd;k x;k gS\ rhu


fcUnqvksa esa mÙkj nhft;sA

22- fczVsu ds cgqr lkjs mn~;ksxksa esa Jfedksa dh ek¡x ekSleh vk/kkj ij ?kVrh&c<+rh jgrh FkhA bl dFku ds ifjisz{;esa rhu mnkgj.k fyf[k,A

23- foDVksfj;k dkyhu fczVsu esa mPp oxZ ds yksx dqyhu vkSj i¡wthifr oxZ gkFk ls cuh phtksa dks rjthg D;ksa nsrsFks\

24- vBkjgoha 'krkCnh esa etnwjksa dh fLFkfr dSlh Fkh\ rhu fcUnqvksa esa Li"V dhft;sA

25- 1840 ds n'kd ds ckn ds ;wjksi esa 'kgjksa ds fuekZ.k dh xfrfof/k;k¡ rsth ls c<+hA rhu mnkgj.k nsdj Li"Vdhft,A

26- gkFk ls cqus oL=k dh izeq[k rhu fo'ks"krkvksa dk o.kZu dhft,A

27- 19oha lnh esa diM+k fu;kZr esa deh D;ksa vkbZ\ rhu dkj.k nsdj Li"V dhft;sA

28- ßpSEcj vkWQ dkelZÞ dk igyk dk;kZy; Hkkjr esa dgk¡ LFkkfir gqvk\ bldh LFkkiuk ds ihNs izeq[k mn~ns';ksadk mYys[k dhft,A

29- vk/kqfud fodkl dh izxfr ds dkj.k dkSu lh leL;k,¡ iSnk gqbZ Fkh\ rhu fcUnqvksa }kjk Li"V dhft,A

30- xqek'rk dkSu Fks\ muds dksbZ nks dk;Z fyf[k,A

31- ;wjksih; izca/kdh; ,tsafl;ksa dh dqN [kkl rjg ds mRiknksa esa fnypLih FkhA rhu mnkgj.k nsdj Li"V dhft;sA

32- mifuos'kksa esa cqudjksa dh leL;k,¡ D;k Fkh\ rhu fcUnqvksa }kjk Li"V dhft;sA

33- izFke fo'o;q) ds nkSjku Hkkjr esa vkS|ksfxd mRiknu rsth ls c<+kA dFku ds i{k esa rhu rdZ nhft;sA

34- tkWcj fdUgsa dgrs gS\ mUgs dkSu o D;ksa j[krs Fks\

pkj vadksa okys iz'u

35- vkS|ksfxdhdj.k ls Hkkjr esa gksus okys cnyko dkSu ls Fks\ fdUgha pkj dks Li"V dhft;sA

36- chloha 'krkCnh ds iwokZ)Z esa Hkkjr esa y?kq m|ksxksa dh cgqrk;r D;ksa Fkh\ dksbZ pkj dkj.k fyf[k,A

37- vkS|ksfxdhdj.k us yksxksa ds thou Lrj dks Å¡pk mBkus esa fdl izdkj ls enn dhA pkj fcUnqvksa }kjk Li"Vdhft;sA

38- ßvkS|ksfxdhdj.k Økafr fefJr ojnku lkfcr gqbZÞ bl dFku ds lUnHkZ esa vius fopkj nhft;sA

39- vkS|ksfxdhdj.k dk vFkZ dsoy QSDVªh m|ksxksa ds fodkl rd gh lhfer ugha FkkA pkj rdZ nsdj Li"V dhft;sA

40- foKkiu ls D;k vfHkizk; gS\ u, miHkksDrk mRiUu djus gsrq foKkiu dk D;k egRo gS\ esupsLVj m|ksxifr;ksaus Hkkjr es viuk diM+k cspus ds fy, bldk iz;ksx fdl izdkj fd;k\

41- fczfV'k fuekZrkvksa us foKkiu dh enn ls Hkkjrh; O;kikj ij fdl izdkj dCtk djus ds iz;kl fd,\ rhu mnkgj.kks}kjk Li"V dhft;sA


gkWV~l iz'u

42- izFke fo'o;q) ds ckn Hkkjrh; cktkj esa eSupsLVj dks igys tSlh izfr"Bk iqu% gkfly D;ksa ugha gks ik;h\ dksbZrhu izeq[k dkj.k fyf[k,A ¼3 vad½

v/;k; 6

dke] vkjke vkSj thou1 vad okys iz'u %&

1- eqEcbZ fdrus Vkiqvksa ls feydj cuk gS\

2- Hkkjr ds ml igys 'kgj dk uke crkb, tgk¡ /kq¡vk fujks/kd dkuwu ikl gqvk\

3- VsusesaV~l dks ifjHkkf"kr dhft,A

4- Hkkjr ds fdl 'kgj dks ek;kiqjh ;k :igys liuksa dk 'kgj ds uke ls tkuk tkrk gS\ dkj.k crkb;sA

5- nqfu;k dh igyh Hkwfexr jsyxkM+h dc vkSj dgk¡ pyh\

6- cEcbZ esa igyh lwrh diM+k fey dc LFkkfir dh xbZ\

7- fczfV'k 'kklu ds le; Hkkjr ds izslhMsalh 'kgj dkSu&dkSu ls Fks\

8- Hkkjr dh igyh Qhpj fQYe dkSu lh Fkh\ blds fuekZrk dk uke crkb;saA

9- la;erk vkUnksyu eq[;r% fdu nks ns'kksa esa 'kq: gqvk Fkk\

10- Hkkjrh; fQYe mn~;ksx dks fdl izdkj ,d jk"Vªh; Lo:i izkIr gqvk\

rhu vad okys iz'u %&

11- yanu esa Hkwfexr jsy dh vko';drk D;ksa iM+h Fkh\ rhu fcUnqvksa }kjk Li"V dhft;sA

12- ß19oha lnh ds e/; esa cEcbZ dh vkcknh cM+h rsth ls c<+hÞA blds izeq[k rhu dkj.k nhft;sA

13- 'kgj fdls dgrs gS\ 'kgjksa dh rhu fo'ks"krk,¡ crkb,A

14- 18oha lnh ds e/; ls yanu dh vkcknh D;ksa QSyus yxh\ rhu dkj.k crkb,A

15- yanu dh Hkwfexr jsyos dks izkjaHk esa yksxksa us D;ksa udkjk] dksbZ rhu rdZ nhft;sA

16- cEcbZ ds ifjisz{; esa vk/kqfud uxjksa dh rhu fo'ks"krk,¡ crkb,A

17- 19oha lnh esa yanu ds izeq[k mn~;ksx dkSu&dkSu ls Fks] ftUgksaus 'kgjhdj.k dks c<+kok fn;kA

18- yanu esa gkf'k;s ds lewg* ds vUrxZr dkSu&dkSu ls yksx vkrs Fks\ buesa lq/kkj ds fy;s fd;s x;s dk;Z crkb;sA


19- 'kgjksa esa xjhcksa ds fy, Hkh vkokl dk bUrtke djuk t#jh gSA* yanu ds lUnHkZ esa bl fpUrk ds rhu dkj.kfyf[k,A

20- cEcbZ esa pkWyksa dh vko';drk D;ksa iM+h\ budh rhu izeq[k fo'ks"krk,¡ crkb,A

21- ^cEcbZ ds fodkl esa Hkwfe fodkl ifj;kstukvksa dk vge~ LFkku jgk* dFku dh lkFkZdrk Li"V dhft;sA

22- 17oha o 18oha lnh esa cEcbZ Hkkjr dk lcls egRoiw.kZ 'kgj D;ksa cuk jgk\ rhu fcUnqvksa }kjk Li"V dhft;sA

pkj vadks okys iz'u%&

23- baXyS.M esa 'kgjksa esa jgus okys yksxksa ds euksjatu ds izeq[k lk/ku dkSu&dkSu ls Fks\

24- yanu ds lUnHkZ esa xkMZu flVh* dh vo/kkj.kk fdlus izLrqr dh\ bldh rhu eq[; fo'ks"krk;sa crkb;sA

25- Hkwfexr jsyksa ls yanuokfl;ksa dks gq, ykHk crkb;sA

26- cEcbZ dh cgqr lh fQYesa 'kgj ds ckgj ls vkus okyksa dh ftUnxh ij vk/kkfjr D;ksa gksrh Fkh\ pkj dkj.k nhft,A

27- 19oha 'krkCnh esa Hkwfexr jsyekxZ yanu esa ifjogu leL;kvksa ds lkFk&lkFk vkoklh; leL;kvksa dks fdl gn rdgy djus esa lQy jgk\

28- vijkf/k;ksa dks lq/kkjus ds fy, yanu dh iqfyl us D;k&D;k iz;kl fd,\

29- mUuhloh vkSj chloha lnh ds chp yanu esa vkSjrksa ds fy, miyC/k dkeksa esa fdl rjg ds cnyko vk;s\ ;scnyko fdu dkj.kksa ls vk;s\

30- ^isfjl dk gzklekuhdj.k* dk D;k vFkZ gS\ i{k vkSj foi{k esa nks&nks rdZ nhft;sA

gkWV~l iz'u%

31- 'kgjhdj.k dh izfØ;k us lkekftd cnyko ykus esa egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk vnk dh*A blds i{k esa rhu rdZ nhft;sA

¼3 vad½

32- 'kgjhdj.k vkSj ifjfLFkfrdh; ,oa i;kZoj.k dk uqdlku* ,d gh flDds ds nks igyw gSaA bl dFku ds i{k esapkj rdZ nhft;sA ¼4 vad½

ikB &7

eqnz.k lLad`fr vkSj vk/kqfud nqfu;k1 vad okys iz'u%&

1- gkFk ls cM+s&lqMkSy v{kjksa esa lgh&lgh dykRed fy[kkbZ dks fdl dke ls tkuk tkrk FkkA

2- eqnz.k dh lcls izkphu rduhd fdu nks ns'kks esa fodflr gqbZ\


3- osye ls D;k rkRi;Z gS\

4- tkiku esa lu~ 868 bZ- esa Nih iqLrd dk uke fyf[k,A

5- fizafVx izsl ds vkfo"dkjd dkSu Fks\ mudh igyh iqLrd dk uke fyf[k,A

6- bXySUM esa ,d iSfl;k fdrkcsa cspus okyksa dks fdl uke ls iqdkjk tkrk Fkk\

7- jkseu dSFkksfyd ppZ dh dqjhfr;ksa dh vkykspuk djus okys /keZ lq/kkjd dk uke crkb;sA

8- tkfrxr Hksn Hkko ds f[kykQ fdu nks Hkkjrh; ys[kdksa us lcls igys fy[kk\

9- jktk jke eksgu jk; us lcls igys dc ,oa dkSu lh if=kdk izdkf'kr dh Fkh\

10- ik¡Mqfyfi ls D;k rkRi;Z gS\

11- f'kfyax lhjht D;k Fkh\

12- cky xaxk/kj fryd us dkSu lk lekpkj i=k Nkiuk 'kq: fd;k Fkk\

13- ml dkuwu dk uke fyf[k, ftlds }kjk fczfV'k ljdkj us Hkkjrh; Hkk"kk esa Nius okys lekpkj i=kksa ij vadq'kyxkus dk iz;kl fd;kA

14- ^caxky xtV* uked lkIrkfgd if=kdk dk lEiknu fdlus o dc fd;k Fkk\

15- ^bUDoht+h'ku* dks Li"V dhft,A

3 vad okys iz'u %&

17- Hkkjrh; lkfgR; dks johUnz ukFk VSxksj dh D;k nsu gS\ rhu fcUnqvksa esa mYys[k dhft,A

18- l=kgoha 'krkCnh rd phu esa NikbZ esa fdl izdkj dh fofo/krk vkbZ\ rhu ifjorZuksa dk mYys[k dhft,a

]19- oukZ dqyj izsl ,DV D;k Fkk\ rhu fcUnqvksa esa mYys[k dhft,A

20- eqnz.k ds izkjfEHkd dky esa iqLrdksa dh lkt lTtk fdl izdkj dh tkrh Fkh\ rhu fcUnqvksa esa Li"V dhft,A

21- ^fizafVx izSl ls lapkj ds {ks=k esa nwjxkeh cnyko gq,*A dFku ds lUnHkZ esa fiazfVx izSl ds dksbZ rhu ykHk fyf[k,A

22- nks eqfLye ys[kdksa ds uke fyf[k, ftUgksaus eqlyekuksa dks f'k{kk nsus ij tksj fn;kA muds bl ;ksxnku dk D;kizHkko iMka\

23- ^^eqnz.k bZ'oj dh nh gqbZ egkure nsu gS] lcls cM+k rksgQk gS** bfrgkl dkjksa ds bl er ds i{k esaa rhu rdZnhft,A

24- fn;s x;s vuqPNsn dks /;kuiwoZd i<+dj fuEu iz'uksa ds mÙkj nhft, %& tkuh&ekuh f'k{kk fon~ vkSj ysf[kdk osxejksdS;k 'ks[kkor gqlSu us 1926 cax efgyk f'k{kk lEesyu dks lEcksf/kr djrs gq,] /keZ ds uke ij efgykvksa dksi<+us ls jksdus okys iq#"kksa dh fuUnk dhA

ukjh f'k{kk ds fojks/kh dgrs gS fd blls efgyk,a mn~naM gks tk;sxh --------------


^fN%! ;s [kqn dks eqlyeku dgrs gS] vkSj bLyke }kjk vkSjrksa dks cjkcjh dh rkyhe dk gd nsus ds cqfu;knh mlwyds f[kykQ tkrs gSA vxj iq#"k i<+ fy[k dj ugh HkVdrs rks efgyk,a D;ksa fcxM+ tk;saxh\

d- efgykvksa dh f'k{kk esa vkus okyh nks ck/kk,a D;k gS\ 1

[k- mijksDr dFku ds lUnHkZ esa efgykvksa ds f'kf{kr gksus ls iq#"k lekt dks D;k Mj Fkk\ nks rdZ nhft,A 2

25- jkseu dSFkksfyd ppZ us lksygoh 'krkCnh ds e/; ls izfrcfU/kr fdrkcksa dh lwph j[kuh D;ksa 'kq: dj nh\ pkjdkj.k nsdj Li"V dhft,A

26- ßvusd dkj.kksa ls esjh nqfu;k¡ NksVh gS] esjs thou esa vk/kh ls vf/kd [kqf'k;ka fdrkcs i<+us ls vkbZ gSÞ bl rF;dks fdlus rFkk D;ksa fy[kk\ rhu fcUnqvksa esa Li"V dhft,A

27- 19oha lnh ds nwljs v)ZHkkx esa izsl us vk/kqfud jk"Vªokn ds izlkj esa vge Hkwfedk fuHkkbZA pkj rdZ nsdj Li"Vdhft,A

28- 19oha lnh esa Hkkjr dh xjhc turk ij eqnz.k laLdfr dk D;k vlj gqvk\ pkj fcUnq nsdj Li"V dhft,A

29- tkfr Hksn tSlh vlekurk dks lekIr djusa esa fizafVx izSl dk ,d fo'ks"k egRo gSA mnkgj.k nsdj Li"V dhft,A

30- eqnzdksa vkSj izdk'kdksa us vius mRikn dks cspus ds fy, dkSu&dkSu ls u;s rjhds viuk;s\ rhu rjhds crk,A

gkWV~l iz'u

31- ^Nkik[kkuk izxfr dk lcls rkdroj vkStkj gS blls cu jgh tuer dh vka/kh esa fuajdq'kokn mM+ tk;sxkA* Ýkaldh ØkfUr ds lanHkZ esa dFku dks rhu rdZ nsdj le>kb;sA 3

ikB&8

miU;kl ] lekt vkSj bfrgkl1 vad okys iz'u %&

1- i=kkRed miU;kl ls D;k rkRi;Z gS\

2- ^fidfod isilZ* fdl miU;kl dkj us fy[kk\

3- ;wjksi dh fdUgh nks efgyk miU;kl dkjksa ds uke fyf[k,A

4- [knku etnwjksa dh 'kkspuh; n'kk dk o.kZu djrs gq, ,feyk tksyk us fdl miU;kl dh jpuk dh\

5- pkYlZ fMfdUl ds vkSn~;ksxhdj.k ls izHkkfor nks miU;klks ds uke fyf[k,A

6- ^izkbM ,UM fizT;wMkbl* miU;kl ds jpf;rk dk uke fyf[k,A

7- miU;kl fo/kk dk vlyh fodkl 18oha lnh esa fdu nks ;wjksih; ns'kksa esa gqvk\


8- ,d ,sls miU;kl dkj dk uke fyf[k, ftlus mifuos'kokn ds fojks/k esa fy[kk gSA

9- fgUnh lkfgR; dk lcls izfl) miU;kldkj fdldks ekuk tkrk gS\ muds ,d miU;kl dk uke Hkh fyf[k,A

10- 'kjr~pUnz pV~Vksik/;k; us vius miU;kl fdl Hkk"kk esa fy[kas\

11- ey;kye Hkk"kk esa miU;kl fy[kusa dk Js; lcls vf/kd fdls feyk\

12- vk/kqfud fgUnh lkfgR; ds iqjks/kk ds :i esa fdls ekuk tkrk gS\

13- fgUnh dk igyk miU;kl fy[kus dk Js; fdl ys[kd dks tkrk gS\ muds miU;kl dk uke fyf[k,A

14- eqa'kh izsepUn us vius miU;klksa esa eq[;r% lekt dh fdu dqjhfr;ksa ij fo'ks"k cy fn;k gS\ fdUgh nks ds ukefyf[k;sA

15- 1836 esa Nis /kkjkokfgd miU;kl o mlds ys[kd dk uke crkb;sA

16- bUnqys[kk miU;kl fdl Hkk"kk esa fy[kk x;k rFkk blds miU;kl dkj dk D;k uke gS\

3 vad okys iz'u

17- ßvkSn~;ksxhdj.k us miU;kl dkjksa dks miU;kl fy[kus ds fy, izsfjr fd;kAÞ nks miU;klksa dk mnkgj.k nsdj dFkudh iqf"V dhft,A

18- /kkjkokfgd miU;kl ,oa i=kkRed miU;kl esa vUrj le>krs gq, ,d&,d miU;kl dk mnkgj.k fyf[k,A

19- eqa'kh izsepUn ds miU;klksa esa lekt ds fofHkUu oxksZ dh leL;k,a ifjyf{kr gksrh gS rhu mnkgj.k nsdj Li"Vdhft,A

20- ijh{kk xq# miU;kl dks ubZ ih<+h dk miU;kl ekuk x;k gSA blesa ;qokvksa dks D;k&D;k lq>ko fn;s x;s gS\

21- Hkkjr esa jk"Vªh;rk ds fodkl esa miU;klksa us egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkbZ gSA dFku dh iqf"V esa rhu rdZ nhft,A

22- tkfrizFkk tSlh cqjkb;ksa ij fyf[kr fdUgh nks miU;klksa ds uke fyf[k, rFkk mudh nks fo'ks"krk,a crkb;sA

23- miU;klksa dh yksdfiz;rk dks c<kus esa fdjk;s ij pyus okys iqLrdky;ksa dh fo'ks"k Hkwfedk jghA rhu rdZ nsdjiqf"V dhft,A

24- tuHkk"kk dks gh vf/kdka'k miU;kl dkjksa us D;ksa viuk;k\ blds i{k esa rhu mYys[k dhft,A

4 vaadkas okys iz'u %&

25- efgyk miU;kl dkjksa us lekt esa QSyh dqjhfr;ksa ,oa efgykvksa ds izfr gksus okys Hksn Hkko dks fdl izdkj n'kkZ;k\pkj fcUnqvksa esa mYys[k dhft,A

26- Hkkjr esa miU;kl e/;oxZ ds euksjatu dk izeq[k lk/ku FkkA pkj mnkgj.k nsdj Li"V dhft,A

27- i=kkRed miU;kl ,ao /kkjkokfgd miU;klksa dh nks&nks fo'ks"krk,a ,oa nksuksa izdkj ds ,d ,d miU;kl dk ukefyf[k,A

28- miU;kl ds fodkl ls fczVsu dh efgykvksa esa fdl izdkj ds lkekftd cnyko vk;s\ dksbZ pkj cnyko le>k;saaA


29- fczVsu 'kklu dky esa miU;kl jk"Vªokfn;ksa ,oa vkSifuos'kdkjksa ds fy, fdl izdkj ykHknk;d Fks\

30- fczfVu o Ýkal esa miU;kl ds izfr c<+rh yksdfiz;rk ds ihNs D;k eq[; dkj.k Fks\ Li"V dhft,A

31- iq#"k iz/kku lekt esa efgykvksa dks miU;kl i<+us ls jksdus ds ihNs D;k rdZ Fks\ D;k ;g rdZ Bhd Fks\ mÙkjdh iqf"V dsfy, pkj fcUnqvksa esa foospuk dhft,A

Hkkx &2

Hkwxksy & ledkyhu Hkkjr&2

lalk/ku ,oa fodkl1 vad okys iz'u

1- lalk/ku 'kCn esa fufgr izeq[k vo;oksa ds vk/kkj ij mls ifjHkkf"kr dhft,A

2- lalk/kuksa dks oxhZdr djus ds dksbZ nks vk/kkj fyf[k,A

3- tSo vkSj vtSo lalk/ku dks ,d&,d mnkgj.k ls le>kb,A

4- HkaMkj 'kCn ls vki D;k le>rs gSa\

5- lafpr dks"k fdls dgrs gSa\ ¼Hkwxksy ds lanHkZ fcanqls½

6- lalk/kuks ds va/kk/kq/k 'kks"k.k ls mRiUu dksbZ nks oSf'od ikfjfLFkfrdh ladV fy[kksA

7- lalk/ku fu;kstu ls D;k vfHkizk; gS\

8- Hkkjr tSls ns'k esa lalk/ku fu;kstu D;ksa egRoiw.kZ gS\

9- fdlh {ks=k ds fodkl ds fy, nks egRoiw.kZ 'krsZ D;k gS\

10- Hkwfe] fdl izdkj ,d egRoiw.kZ izkdfrd lalk/ku gS\

11- ns'k ds {ks=kQy dk fdruk izfr'kr fgLlk iBkjh {ks=k gS\

12- iBkjh {ks=k fdl izdkj gekjs fy, mi;ksxh gS\

13- eSnkuh {ks=k dh dksbZ nks mi;ksfxrk fyf[k,A

14- vf/kd flapkbZ fdl izdkj Hkwfe fuEuhdj.k ds fy, mÙkjnk;h gS\

15- [kfut izfØ;k,W tSls lhesaV m|ksx esa iz;qDr pwuk iRFkj fdl izdkj Hkw&fuEuhdj.k dk dkj.k cuk\

16- Hkwfe fuEuhdj.k dh leL;kvksa dks lqy>kus ds dksbZ nks rjhds fyf[k,A

17- ty iznw"k.k vkSj Hkwfe iznw"k.k dks fdl izdkj de fd;k tk ldrk gS\

18- fdUgh nks tSo dkjdks dk uke fyf[k,] tks enk cukus dh izfØ;k esa lgk;d gSA


19- laiw.kZ mÙkjh eSnku dk fuekZ.k eq[;r% fdl enk ls gqvk gS\

20- ihyh enk dk ihyk jax fdl dkj.k gksrk gS\

21- ysVjkbV enk esa áwel dh ek=kk D;ksa de ikbZ tkrh gS\

22- voukfydk,¡ D;k gSa\

23- mR[kkr Hkwfe (bad lands) fdls dgrs gSa\ pacy csaflu esa ;g fdl uke ls tkuh tkrh gS\

24- pknj vijnu (Sheet erosion) ls D;k vfHkizk; gS\

25- <ky okyh Hkwfe esa fdu nks izdkj dh df"k dk vf/kd izpyu gS\

26- iwohZ rVh; eSnku fo'ks"kdj egkunh] xksnkojh] d".kk vkSj dkosjh ufn;ksa ds MsYVk fdl izdkj dh enk ls cus gS\

rhu vadks okys iz'u %&

27- dkyh dikl enk nDdu iBkj ds fdu nks jkT;ksa esa eq[;r% ikbZ tkrh gS\ bl enk dh dksbZ pkj fo'ks"krk,¡fyf[k,A

28- igkM+h vkSj ioZrh; {ks=kksa esa vkerkSj ij fdl izdkj dh enk ikbZ tkrh gS\ bl feêh dh dksbZ pkj fo'ks"krk,¡fyf[k,A

29- Hkkjr % catj Hkwfe & 2000

• • ••••••• •••••••••••

••••••••••••••••• ••••••••

• ••••••••••••••••••••

••••••••••• ••••••••••

56%

28%

6%

10%

mijksDr fp=k ns[kdj fn, x, iz'uksa ds mÙkj nhft,A

d- mijksDr fooj.k ds vuqlkj Hkwfe fuEuhdj.k ds pkj dkj.k D;k gSa\

[k- ;|fi yo.kh; o {kkjh; {ks=k esa fuEuhdj.k dk izfr'kr de gS ijUrq Hkfo"; ds fy;s ;g ?kkrd ladV dSls gS\nks mik; Hkh lq>k;saA


x- ok;q vijnu dks de djus dh ,d rduhd fyf[k,A

30- izkS|ksfxd vkSj vkfFkZd fodkl ds dkj.k lalk/kuksa dk vf/kd miHkksx dSls gqvk gS\ rhu fcanqvksa ls Li"V dhft,A

pkj vad okys iz'u

31- Hkkjr ds vf/kdka'k Hkw&Hkkx ij ikbZ tkus okyh enk dh pkj fo'ks"krk, fyf[k,A

32- ysVjkbV enk,¡ rfeyukMq vkSj dsjy jkT; esa fdl Qly ds fy, vf/kd mi;qDr gS\ rFkk bl enk dh rhufo'ks"krka, D;k gaS\

33- lalk/ku fu;kstu ds rhu izeq[k lksiku fyf[k,A fdlh ,d jk"Vªh; lalk/ku dk uke fyf[k,A

34- lalk/kuksa dk fodkl fdu nks ewy dkjdksa ij fuHkZj gS\ fodflr lalk/ku D;k gS\ mnkgj.k nsrs gq, Li"V djsA

gkWV~l iz'u%&

35- xSj df"k iz;kstuksa esa yxh Hkwfe mi;ksx ds nks mnkgj.k fyf[k;sA fdl izdkj Hkwfe laj{k.k ,ao izcU/ku dh vogsyukds dkj.k xSj df"k iz;kstu Hkw lalk/kuksa ds fuEuhdj.k esa lg;ksx dj jgs gS\ 4

iz'u %& uhps dqN {ks=kksa ds uke fy[ks gS vkSj ekufp=k esa mUgs n'kkZ;k x;k gS mUgs igpkfu;s ,oa jkT;ks@ {ks=kksa ds ukefyf[k;sA

yky vkSj ihyh enk okyk jkT;A

tyks<+ enk dk jkT;A

og jkT; tgk¡ 'kq) cks;k x;k {ks=k 10 izfr'kr ls de gSA

enk dk og izdkj tks jkT; esa dktw dh Qly ds fy, mi;qDr gSA

jkT;] tks iêh df"k o j{kd es[kyk iz;ksx dj jsr ds Vhyksa ds LFkk;hdj.k esa enn ysrk gSA


ou ,oa oU; tho lalk/ku &21 vad okys iz'u %&

1- ikS/kksa ,oa izkf.k;ksa dh lqHks| tkfr;ksa ls D;k rkRi;Z gS\

2- ,f'k;kbZ phrk ,oa xqykch flj okyh cÙk[k dks varjkZ"Vªh; izkdfrd laj{k.k ,oa izkdfrd laj{k.k la?k (IUCNB)

us fdl Js.kh esa j[kk gS\

3- ikS/kksa ,oa izkf.k;ksa ds lanHkZ es LFkkfud tkfr;k¡ fdls dgrs gS\ nks mnkgj.k nhft;sA

4- Hkkjrh; oU; thou j{k.k vf/kfu;e fdl o"kZ ykxw fd;k x;kA

5- cDlk Vkbxj fjtoZ fdl jkT; es gS\ bl fjtoZ dk vfLrRo [krjs es D;ksa iM+ x;k gS\

6- Hkkjr ds fdl jkT; es LFkkbZ ouksa ds vraxZr lokZf/kd {ks=k gS\

7- HkSjksnso Mkdo lsapqjh fdl jkT; es gS\

8- ouksa dh dVkbZ ds nks ijks{k ifj.kke D;k gS\

9- ouksa ,oa oU; thou ds [kRe gksus dk oU; lekt dh efgykvksa ij D;k izHkko iM+k gS\

10- leqnk;ksa dh lh/kh Hkkxhnkjh djus okys i;kZoj.k lja{k.k ds nks rjhds crkb;sA

rhu vad okys iz'u %&

11- unh ?kkVh ifj;kstukvksa us i;kZoj.k dks fdl izdkj uqdlku igq¡pk;k gS\ rhu fcUnqvksa esa Li"V dhft,A

12- izcU/ku dh nf"V ls Hkkjr esa ouksa dks fdrus oxksZ esa ck¡Vk x;k gS\ izR;sd dh ,d&,d fo'ks"krk fyf[k,A

13- i;kZoj.k dks uqdlku igq¡pkus okyh izeq[k vkfFkZd fØ;k;as dkSu lh gS vkSj mUgksus i;kZoj.k dks fdl rjg uqdlkuigaqpk;k gS\

14- tSo lalk/kuksa dk fouk'k lkaLdfrd fofo/krk dks fdl rjg izHkkfor dj jgk gS\ mnkgj.k nsrs gq;s Li"V dhft;sA

15- la;qDr ou izcU/ku ;kstuk D;k gS vkSj blls LFkkuh; yksxksa dks D;k ykHk gksrk gS\ Li"V dhft;sA

16- fgeky; ds igkM+h {ks=kksa esa i;kZoj.k laj{k.k lac/kh eq[; rhu vkanksyuksa dks mudh izeq[k fo'ks"krkvksa ds lkFkfyf[k;sA

17- ßvf/kd tula[;k ds ckotwn Hkkjr fodflr ns'kksa dh rqyuk esa i;kZoj.k dks uqdlku igq¡pkus esa vis{kkdr deftEesnkj gSÞ bl dFku dh iqf"V mi;qDr mnkgj.kksa ds lkFk dhft;sA

pkj vad okys iz'u

18- Hkkjr esa izkdfrd i;kZoj.k ds laj{k.k esaa gekjh le) lkaLdfrd ijaijk dk vewY; ;ksxnku jgk gS pkj mnkgj.knsrs gq;s Li"V dhft;sA

19- tSo fofo/krk ls D;k vk'k; gS bls cuk;s j[kus ds fy;s ljdkj us D;k&D;k dne mBk;s gS\ Li"V dhft;sA


gkWV~l

1 vad okys iz'u

1- ouksa dks izkFkfed mRiknd D;ksa dgrs gS\

2- fdl vf/kfu;e ds vUrxZr dhVksa dks Hkh laj{k.k fu;kstu ds varxZr j[kk x;k gS\

4 vad okys iz'u

3- ^i;kZoj.k lalk/ku izcU/ku es LFkkuh; leqnk;ksa dks 'kkfey djuk pkfg;s* mi;qDr mnkgj.k ds lkFk bl dFku dsi{k esa pkj rdZ nhft;sA

ty lalk/ku &31 vad okys iz'u %&

1- vyo.kh; ty ds nks L=kksrksa ds uke fyf[k,A

2- Hkkjr esa c<+rh gqbZ ty nqyZHkrk ¼ty dh deh½ ds nks dkj.k fyf[k,A

3- vf/kd tula[;k fdl izdkj ty dh deh dk dkj.k gS\

4- orZeku le; es Hkkjr esa dqy fo|qr dk yxHkx fdruk izfr'kr ty fo|qr ls izkIr gksrk gS\

5- futh dq,¡ vkSj uydwi flapkbZ djds mRiknu c<+k jgs gSa] blds nks udkjkRed ifj.kke D;k gS\

6- Hkkjr fo'o dh dqy of"V dk fdruk izfr'kr fgLlk izkIr djrk gS\

7- Hkkjr esa dqy uohdj.k ;ksX; ty lalk/ku fdruk vuqekfur gS\

8- ^ck¡/kksa dks cgqmn~ns'kh; ifj;kstuk,¡ Hkh dgk tkrk gS* D;ks\ nks dkj.k crkb;sA

9- mu nks lkekftd vkUnksyuksa ds uke fyf[k, ftudk laca/k cgqmn~ns'kh; ifj;kstukvksa ds fojks/kks ls tqMk jgkA

10- ^ueZnk cpkvks vkanksyu* vkSj ^fVgjh ck¡/k vkanksyu*] ifj;kstukvksa ds fojks/k dk eq[; fcanq D;k gS\

11- ck¡/k fdl izdkj Hkwfe fuEuhdj.k dh leL;k dks c<+kok nsrs gS\

12- cgqmn~ns';h; ifj;kstukvksa ds gkfuizn vlj vkSj mu ij mBs fooknksa ds pyrs lkekftd&vkfFkZd vkSj ifjfLFkfrdrkSj ij fodYi fyf[k,A

13- ^Nr o"kkZ ty laxzg.k dk rjhdk fdl jkT; esa igys ls gh vke iz;ksx es Fkk\ bl jhfr es ml jkT; esa orZekule; esa deh D;ksa vk;h\

14- ^Vk¡dk* D;k Fks\

15- [kknhu ls D;k vfHkizk; gS\


rhu vad okys iz'u

16- dukZVd fLFkr xaMkFkwj xkao us fdl dkj.k [;kfr vftZr dh gS\ igkM+h vkSj ioZrh; {ks=kksa esa o"kkZ ty laxzg.kdh fof/k;ksa ds uke fyf[k,A

17- mu rhu izeq[k vkifÙk;ksa dk mYys[k dhft,] ftuds dkj.k unh ifj;kstukvksa ij mn~ns'; esa foQy gksus dk vkjksigS\

18- cgqmn~ns'kh; ifj;kstuk,¡ fdl izdkj tyh;&thoksa ds fy, ?kkrd fl) gqbZ gS\ dksbZ rhu rdZ nsdj le>kb,A

19- df"k ds lanHkZ esa cgqmn~ns';h; ifj;kstuk, fdl izdkj xaHkhj ikfjfLFkfrd valarqyu dks c<+kok ns jgh gS\ ;sifj;kstuk;sa fdu nks dkj.kksa ls varjkZT;h; >xM+ksa dks c<+kok ns jgh gS\

20- uhps nh x;h tkudkjh ds vk/kkj ij Hkkjr ds ekufp=k es jkT;ksa dks igpkfu;s ,oa muds uke fyf[k;sA

jkT; tks o"kkZ ty laxzg.k ds dqy ;k xqy fof/k dk iz;ksx djrk gSA,d ek=k jkT;] tgk¡ Nr o"kkZ ty laxzg.k <kapk vfuok;Z gSAjkT;] tgk¡ ,d lqnwj xkao] tks o"kkZ ty laiUu [;kfr vftZr gSAjkT; tgk¡] ueZnk ck¡/k ds fojks/k esa vaknksyu gqvkA


d`f"k&41 vad okys iz'u

1- df"k ds nks izeq[k dk;Z D;k gSa\

2- thou fuokZg df"k D;k gS\

3- df"k fdu i;kZoj.kh; ifjfLFkfr;ksa dh mi;qDrrk ij fuHkZj djrh gS\ fdUgh nks ds uke fyf[k,A

4- drZu&ngu iz.kkyh (Slash and burn) df"k ef.kiqj o vaMeku fudksckj esa Øe'k% fdu ukeksa ls iqdkjh tkrh gS\

5- xgu thfodk df"k dh nks fo'ks"krk,¡ D;k gS\

6- Hkkjr dh rhu 'kL; _rqvksa ds uke fyf[k,A

7- Hkkjr ds if'pe vkSj mÙkjif'pe jkT;ksa esa jch dh Qly ns'k ds vU; jkT;ksa dh rqyuk esa vf/kd mRikfnr gksrhgSA D;ksa\

8- ekulwu ds vkxeu ds lkFk cksbZ tkus fdUgh nks Qlyksa ds uke fy[kksA

9- tk;n D;k gS\

10- iatkc] gfj;k.kk] if'peh mÙkjizns'k vkSj jktLFkku ds de o"kkZ okys {ks=kksa esa pkoy dh Qly mxkuk D;ksa laHkogks ik;k gS\

11- pkoy ds vfrfjDr Hkkjr dh nwljh lcls egRoiw.kZ [kk|kUu Qly dkSu lh gS\

12- Hkkjr esa mxk, tkus okys nks eq[; eksVs vuktksa ds uke fyf[k,A

13- {ks=kQy vkSj mRiknu dh nf"V ls ns'k dh rhljh egRoiw.kZ [kk|kUu Qly dkSu lh gS\

14- Tokj mRiknu esa dkSu lk jkT; vxz.kh gS\

15- vjgj ds vfrfjDr vU; nygu Qlyksa dks vU; Qlyksa ds vkorZu esa D;ks cksa;k tkrk gS\

16- ,slh Qly dk uke fyf[k, tks [kk|kUUk ,oa pkjk nksuksa :iksa esa iz;ksx gksrh gS\

17- ewWxQyh ds lcls cM+s mRiknd jkT; dk uke fyf[k,A

18- ml Qly dk uke fyf[k, tks mÙkj Hkkjr esa [kjhQ dh Qly gS vkSj nf{k.kh Hkkjr esa jch dh\

19- Hkkjr esa dkWQh dh fdl fdLe dk mRiknu gksrk gS\

20- js'ke mRiknu ls D;k vfHkizk; gS\

rhu vad okys iz'u

21- ^drZu ngu iz.kkyh* df"k D;k gS\ bldh ,d fo'ks"krk fyf[k,A bl izdkj dh df"k esa mRikndark de D;ksa gksrhgS\

22- jksi.k df"k fdls dgrs gSa rFkk bldh rhu izeq[k fo'ks"krk,¡ fyf[k,A


23- okf.kfT;d df"k ds nks eq[; y{k.k D;k gSa\ dkSu lh Qly gfj;k.kk vkSj iatkc esa okf.kT; dh Qly gS fdarqmM+hlk esa ,d thfodk Qly gS\

24- [kjhQ vkSj jch dh Qly ds #i esa mxkbZ tkus okyh nks&nks nkyksa ds uke fyf[k,A bUgsa Qlyksa ds vkorZu esaD;kas cks;k tkrk gS\

25- nDdu iBkj ds 'kq"drj Hkkxksa esa dkyh feêh dikl mRiknu ds fy, mi;qDr ekuh tkrh gS] dikl mRiknu dhrhu vU; egRoiw.kZ HkkSxksfyd lgk;d n'kk,¡ fyf[k;sA

pkj vad okys iz'u

26- lqugjs js'ks twV* ds fy, mi;qDr tyok;q n'kk,¡ dkSu lh gS\ rFkk fdu nks dkj.kks ls ckt+kj esa twV dh ek¡x degks jgh gS\

27- Lora=krk ds i'pkr ns'k esa df"k ds fodkl ds fy, dkSu ls pkj lLaaFkkxr lq/kkj fd, x,\

28- df"k ds egRo dks le>krs gq, crkb;s fd Hkkjr ljdkj us blds vk/kqfudhdj.k ds fy, dkSu ls pkj iz;kl fd,gS\

29- df"k esa fodkl nj esa of) ds pkj izeq[k dkj.k fyf[k,A

30- uhps nh x;h tkudkjh ds vuqlkj fpfUgr jkT;ksa ds uke fyf[k;sA

,d eksVk vukt mRiknd jkT; tks bl izns'k ds vknzZ {ks=k ds fy, mi;qDr Qly gSjkT;] tks jkxh ds fy, ,d izeq[k mRiknd jkT; gSpk; dh [ksrh dk ,d jkT;jkT;] tgk¡ eDdk jch dh _rq esa mxkbZ tkrh gSA


[kfut rFkk mtkZ lalk/ku&51 vad okys iz'u

1- [kfut D;k gS\

2- [kfutksa ds [kuu dh lqfo/kk fdu nks ckrksa ij fuHkZj djrh gS\

3- ^Iyslj fu{ksi* fdls dgrs gS\

4- egklkxjh; ryh esa fdu [kfutksa dh izpqjrk gS\

5- leqnzh ty ls izxzghr ¼izkIr½ (derived) nks [kfutks ds uke fyf[k,A

6- loksZre izdkj ds ykSg v;Ld dk uke fyf[k,A

7- lokZf/kd egRoiw.kZ vkS|ksfxd ykSg v;Ld dkSu lk gS\

8- eSaxuht+ ds dksbZ nks mi;ksx fyf[k,A

9- eSaxuht+ dk lcls cM+k mRiknd jkT; dkSu lk gS\

10- rk¡cs ds fy, izfl) [ksrM+h [knku fdl jkT; esa fLFkr gSa\

11- [kuu dks ?kkrd m|ksx cuus ls jksdus ds fy, dksbZ nks mik; fyf[k,A

12- fo|qr eq[;r% fdu nks izdkjksa ls mRiUu dh tkrh gS\

13- ;wjsfu;e vkSj Fkksfj;e fdu nks jkT; esa iz/kkur% ik, tkrs gSa\

14- lrr~ iks"k.kh; mtkZ ds nks eq[; vk/kkj D;k gSa\

15- Hkkjr esa Hkw&rkih; mtkZ ds nksgu ds fy, Hkkjr esa nks izk;ksfxd ifj;kstuk,¡ dgk¡ 'kq# dh xbZ gS\

16- okf.kfT;d iz;ksx ds fy, lokZf/kd mi;ksxh dks;yk dkSu lk gS\

rhu vad okys iz'u

17- vHkzd] ,d v/kkfRod [kfut gS] rFkk ;g fdl #i esa ik;k tkrk gS] fdUgh rhu fcanqvksa ls Li"V djks fd ;gbysDVªkWfud m|ksx esa iz;qDr gksus okys vifjgk;Z [kfutksa esa ls ,d gS\

18- [kfut lalk/kuksa ds laj{k.k ds rhu mik; fyf[k,A

19- xzkeh.k Hkkjr esa ydM+h o miys cgqrk;r esa iz;ksx gksrs gSa] budk mi;ksx fdu rhu dkj.kksa ls grksRlkfgr fd;ktkuk pkfg,\

20- ÅtkZ ds iajijkxr lk/ku dks;yk] rsy] xSl bR;kfn ij fuHkZjrk dks de djuk D;ksa vko';d gS\ rhu dkj.kfyf[k,A


pkj vad okys iz'u

21- Hkw&rkih; ÅtkZ fdls dgrs gS\ rFkk bldk iz;ksx dSls gksrk gS\

22- lkSj&mtkZ dks fo|qr ÅtkZ esa dSls ifjofrZr fd;k tkrk gS\ bl ÅtkZ ds nksgu dh vlhe laHkkoukvksa ds e/; Hkkjresa lkSj ÅtkZ ds rhu ykHk fyf[k,A

gkWVl

23- Hkkjr fo'o ds vYire ÅtkZn{k ns'kksa esa fxuk tkrk gSA bl dFku ds izdk'k esa ÅtkZ dh cpr ds dksbZ pkj lq>konhft;sA

24- fn, x, ekufp=k esa fuEufyf[kr tkudkjh ds vk/kkj ij jkT;ks@ LFkku dks igpkfu;s o uke fyf[k;sA

jkT; tks vfr mÙke dksfV ds gsesVkbV ds fy, izfl) gSvHkzd dh egRoiw.kZ mRiknd isVh okyk jkT;jkT;] tgk¡ dk dksjkiqV ftyk ckWDlkbV fu{ksi dk dsUnz gSjktLFkku] es] og LFkku tks rk¡cs dh [kkuksa ds fy, izfl) gSAH H

HH


fofuekZ.k m|ksx &61- fofuekZ.k ;k oLrq fuekZ.k fdls dgrs gS\

2- ljdkjh uhfr;k¡ ds varxZr vkS|ksfxd mRiknu dh c<+ksÙkjh ds fy, fdl ifj"kn dk xBu fd;k x;k gS\

3- ^lewgu cpr* (Agglomeration Economies) fdls dgk tkrk gS\

5- df"k ls izkIr dPps eky ij vk/kkfjr fdUgh nks m|ksxks ds uke fyf[k,A

6- [kfut vk/kkfjr m|ksx fdls dgrs gS\

7- yksgk rFkk bLikr ,d Hkkjh m|ksx D;ksa gS\]

8- lkoZtfud {ks=k ds lHkh miØe vius bLikr dh fcØh fdl laLFkk ds ek/;e ls djrs gS\

9- bLikr m|ksx dks vf/kd Li/kkZoku cukus esa lgk;d nks eq[; rRo dkSu ls gS\

10- ns'k esa ,Y;qfefu;e m|ksx dh LFkkiuk esa lgk;d nks eq[; rRo dkSu ls gS\

11- ty esa rkih; iznw"k.k dSls gksrk gS\

rhu vad okys iz'u

12- fofuekZ.k m|ksx ds rhu egRo le>kb;sA

13- ^gekjs fy;s vf/kd ek=kk esa /kkxs dh fu;kZr dh vis{kk vf/kd cqukbZ {ks=k dks lq/kkjuk vko';d gSA* D;ksa\ mÙkjdh iqf"V esa rhu rdZ nhft;sA

14- orZeku le; esa lwrh oL=k m|ksx fdu leL;kvksa dk lkeuk dj jgk gS\

15- iVlu m|ksx gqxyh unh ij gh D;ksa dasfnzr gS\

16- twV m|ksx dh rhu izeq[k pqukSfr;k¡ D;k gSa\

17- ty dks vkS|ksfxd iznw"k.k ls cpkus ds rhu mik; fyf[k,A

pkj vad okys iz'u

18- Hkkjr lalkj dk ,d egRoiw.kZ ykSg bLikr mRiknd ns'k gS rFkkfi ge buds iw.kZ laHkkO; dk fodkl ugh dj ik,gSa] pkj dkj.k fyf[k,A

19- ok;q esa fuyafcr iznw"k.k dks de djus ds fy, dksbZ pkj mik; fyf[k,A

20- vUrj Li"V djs%& ¼1½l;qaDr ,oa lgdkjh m|ksx ¼11½ futh ,oa lkoZtfud {ks=k ds m|ksx

gkWV~l iz'u%

21- ßfdlh m|ksx dh LFkkiuk esa dbZ dkjdksa dh Hkwfedk gksrh gSÞA bl dFku dh iqf"V es pkj rdZ nhft;sA¼4 vad½

a22- vki dSls dg ldrs gaS fd jlk;u m|ksx vius vki esa ,d cM+k miHkksDrk gS\ rhu rF;ksa ds vk/kkj ij Li"Vdhft;sA


21- fn;s x;s ladsrksa ds vk/kkj ij uxjksa ds uke fyf[k;sA

¼d½ rfeyukMq fLFkr yksgk bLikr la;a=k

¼[k½ e/; izns'k fLFkr Åuh oL=k {ks=k@ LFkku

¼x½ xka/kh dh tUeLFkyh tks lwrh oL=k m|ksx ds fy, izfl) gSA

¼?k½ dukZVd jkT; fLFkr js'ke oL=k m|ksx ds fy, LFkkuA

[k

x

sd

?k


jk"Vªh; vFkZO;oLFkk dh thou js[kk,¡&71 vad okys iz'u

1- ns'k ds xzkeh.k {ks=kksa dks izeq[k 'kgjksa ls iDdh lM+dks }kjk tksM+us okyh ;kstuk dk D;k uke gS\

2- Hkkjr dk lokZf/kd yEck jktekxZ dkSu lk gS\

3- lM+d ?kuRo ls D;k vfHkizk; gS\

4- jk"Vªh; jktekxZ u-1 fdu nks egkuxjksa dks tksM+rk gS\

5- Hkkjr esa lcls de rFkk lcls vf/kd lM+d ?kuRo okys jkT;ksa ds Øe'k% uke fyf[k,A

6- Lora=krk izkfIr ds i'pkr fodflr fd, x, igys iRru dk uke fyf[k,A

7- Hkkjr ds mÙkjh o mÙkjh if'peh jkT;ksa ds vkS|ksfxd [kk|kUuksa dk vk;kr fu;kZr fdl iRru ls lapkfyr gksrkgS\

8- ok;q ifjogu dk jk"Vªh;dj.k fdl o"kZ gqvk\

9- Hkkjr ds iwohZrV ij fLFkr izkphure df=ke iRru dkSu lk gS\

10- tu lapkj ek/;eksa ls gksus okys nks ykHk crkb;sA

11- Hkkjr ds laHkkO; i;ZVu fodkl LFkyksa ds uke fyf[k,A

12- Hkkjr ds fdUgh nks egRoiw.kZ jk"Vªh; tyekxksZa ds uke fyf[k,A

13- lqnwj nf{k.k if'pe esa ySxwu ds eqgkus ij fLFkr ,d izkdfrd iksrkJ; dk uke fyf[k,A

14- ,d vUr% LFkyh; unh iRru dk uke fyf[k,A

rhu vad okys iz'u %

15- jsy ifjogu ds forj.k dks izHkkfor djus okys dksbZ rhu dkjd dkSu ls gS\

16- Hkkjr ljdkj }kjk fdu rhu tyekxksZ dks jk"Vªh; tyekxZ ?kksf"kr fd;k x;k gS\

17- larqfyr vkSj valrqfyr O;kikj esa D;k varj gS\

18- okf.kT; ds nf"Vdks.k ls O;kikj dk lcls lLrk lk/ku D;k gS\ vius mÙkj ds i{k es rhu rdZ nhft;sA

19- lhekar lM+dksa dk egRo rhu fcanqvksa esa Li"V dhft;saA

20- ifjogu] lapkj ,ao O;kikj ,d nwljs ds iwjd gSaA rhu rdZ nsdj Li"V dhft;sa A

pkj vad okys iz'u

21- lM+d ifjogu] jsy ifjogu dh vis{kk vf/kd egÙkk fdu dkj.kksa ls vftZr dj jgk gS\ dksbZ pkj rdZ nhft,A


22- Mkd lapkj lk/kuksa ds dksbZ nks :i fyf[k,A Mkd fudkl es iz;qDr pSuykas dh rkfydk cukb,A

23- Hkkjrh; jsy esa fd, x, pkj lq/kkjksa dk fooj.k nhft,A

24- iz'kklfud Lrj ij lM+dksa dks fdrus Hkkxksa esa ck¡Vk x;k gS\ izR;sd dk ifjp; nhft,A

25- iSVªksfy;e vkSj izkdfrd xSl ifjogu esa ikbiykbuksa ds pkj ykHk fyf[k,A

gkWV~l iz'u

26- ifjogu rFkk lapkj ds lk/kuksa dks fdlh ns'k dh vFkZO;oLFkk dh thou js[kk;s D;kas dgk tkrk gS\ Li"V dhft;sA

27- uhps nh x;h tkudkjh ds vuqlkj ekufp=k esa fpafàr LFkkuksa ds uke fyf[k;s %&

(i) Hkkjr foHkktu ds i'pkr djkph iÙku dh deh dks iwjk djus o O;kikfjd ncko dks de djus ds fy, [kksykx;k iÙku

(ii) ,d Tokjh; iÙku(iii) jkT;] tks lM+d ?kuRo dh nf"V ls vxz.kh gSA(iv) mÙkj&iwohZ jkT; tks laHkkO; i;ZVu fodkl LFky gSA


Hkkx & 3 yksdrkfU=kd jktuhfr

v/;k; &1

lÙkk dh lk>snkjh

1 vad ds iz'u1- lÙkk dh lk>snkjh ls D;k rkRi;Z gS\

2- csfYt;e ds nks Hkk"kk lewgksa ds uke fyf[k,A

3- Jhyadk esa izeq[k tkrh; lewg dkSu&dkSu ls gSa\

4- csfYt;e ds nks iM+kslh ns'kksa ds uke crkb,A

5- Jhyadk esas fdl /keZ dks ljdkjh laj{k.k izkIr gS\

6- ^cgqla[;dokn* ls vki D;k le>rs gSa\

7- ^xg;q)* fdls dgrs gSa\

8- ^lÙkk ds {kSfrt forj.k* ls vki D;k le>rs gSa\

9- lkeqnkf;d ljdkj dk vFkZ Li"V dhft,A

10- ^;qfDrijd* QSlys dk D;k vFkZ gS\

3 vad ds iz'u

1- csfYt;e us lÙkk dh lk>snkjh ds vUrxZr viuh leL;k dk lek/kku fdl izdkj fd;k\

2- Jhyadk esa flagfy;ksa dh izHkqlÙkk dk;e djus ds fy, mBk, x, rhu dneksa dks fyf[k,A

3- lÙkk dh lk>snkjh D;ksa t:jh gS\ rhu rdZ nhft,A

4- JhyadkbZ rfey fdu ek¡xksa dks ysdj vkanksyu pyk jgs gSa\

5- csfYt;e ljdkj vkSj JhyadkbZ ljdkj esa rhu varj crkb,A

4 vad okys iz'u

1- csfYt;e esa {ks=kh; varj vkSj lkaLdfrd fofo/krkvksa ls fuiVus ds fy, fd, x, pkj laoS/kkfud izko/kkuksa dksfyf[k,A

2- Jhyadk esa cgqla[;dokn dh uhfr ds pkj ifj.kke crkb,A

3- csfYt;e esa nks fofHkUu Hkk"kkbZ lewgksa ds chp ruko ds dkSu ls nks&izeq[k dkj.k gSa\ ogk¡ dh ljdkj }kjk bldslek/kku gsrq fd, x, nks mik;ksa dks fooj.k nhft,A


gkWV~l iz'u

1- lÙkk ds fofHkUu vaxksa ds chp fu;a=k.k vkSj larqyu* dh O;oLFkk D;ksa vko';d gS\ vius mÙkj ds leFkZu esa rdZnhft,A ¼4½

v/;k; & 2

la?kokn1- la?kokn D;k gS\

2- la?kh; O;oLFkk okys nks ns'kksa ds uke fyf[k,A

3- ,dkRed 'kklu O;oLFkk fdls dgrs gSa\

4- ,dkRed 'kklu O;oLFkk okys nks ns'kksa dk uke fyf[k,A

5- Hkkjr esa fo/kk;h 'kfDr;ksa dks fdu rhu lwfp;ksa esa ck¡Vk x;k gS\

6- la?k lwph ds nks fo"k;ksa ds uke fyf[k,A

7- leoÙkhZ lwph fdls dgrs gSa\

8- Hkkjr esa loZ izFke jkT;ksa dk iquxZBu fdl vk/kkj ij fd;k x;k Fkk\

9- dsUnz 'kkflr izns'k ls vki D;k le>rs gSa\

10- Hkkjr dh vkBoha vuqlwph esa fdruh Hkk"kkvksa dks 'kkfey fd;k x;k gS\

11- ^xBca/ku ljdkj* fdls dgrs gSa\

12- lÙkk ds fodsUnzhdj.k ls vki D;k le>rs gSa\

13- tEew&d'ehj ds lanHkZ esa nks laoS/kkfud izko/kku crkb,A

14- uxj fuxe ds izeq[k dks D;k dgrs gS\

15- ^jktHkk"kk* ls D;k rkRi;Z gS\

3 vad okys iz'u

1- la?kh; O;oLFkk dh rhu fo'ks"krkvksa dks fyf[k,A

2- Hkkjr esa la?kh; O;oLFkk dh vko';drk ds i{k esa rhu rdZ nhft,A

3- Hkkjr esa dsUnz vkSj jkT;ksa ds chp fo/kk;h 'kfDr;ks dks fdrus fgLlksa esa ck¡Vk x;k gS\

4- 'kklu ds la?kh; vkSj ,dkRed Lo:iksa esa rhu vUrj Li"V dhft,A

5- Hkkjr us viuh Hkk"kk;h leL;k dk lek/kku fdl izdkj fd;k gS\


6- LFkkuh; 'kklu O;OkLFkk ds rhu Lrj dkSu ls gSa\ blds xBu dh izfØ;k dk mYys[k dhft,A

7- Hkkjr esa 1990 ds ckn dsUnz&jkT; lEcU/kksa esa D;k eq[; ifjorZu gq, gS\ rhu fcUnqvksa esa mYys[k dhft,A

8- Hkkjr esa la?kh; O;oLFkk dh lQyrk ds rhu dkj.kksa dks fyf[k,A

9- Hkkjr esa vf/kdka'k jkT;ksa dk xBu Hkk"kk ds vk/kkj ij gqvk gS] ijUrq ukxkyS.M] mÙkjk[k.M vkSj >kj[k.M jkT;ksadk xBu fdu vk/kkjksa ij gqvk gS\ Li"V dhft;sA

4 vad okys iz'u

1- ^LFkkuh; ljdkjksa dh LFkkiuk] Lo'kklu ds yksdrkaf=kd fl)kar dks okLrfod cukus dk lcls vPNk rjhdk gSA*pkj rdksZa }kjk Li"V dhft,A

2- lÙkk ds fodsUnzhdj.k dh fn'kk esa 1992 esa dkSu&dkSu ls laoS/kkfud izko/kku fd;s x;s gSa\

3- ^Hkkjr esa dsUnz o jkT;ksa ds chp 'kfDr;ksa dk foHkktu fofHkUu lwfp;ksa esa fd;k x;k gSA** bl dFku dh foospukdhft,A

4- ml izfØ;k dk uke crkb,] ftlds vURkxZr dsUnz o jkT; ljdkjksa ls 'kfDr;k¡ ysdj LFkkuh; Lo'kklu dks nhtkrh gSA blds dksbZ rhu ykHk crkb,A

v/;k; & 3

yksdra=k vkSj fofo/krk1 vad okys iz'u

1- 1968 esa vksyafid [ksyksa esa fdu nks vejhdh /kkodksa us vesfjdk esa gksus okys jaxHksn ds izfr varjkZ"Vªh; fcjknjhdk /;ku vkdf"kZr fd;k Fkk\

2- lkekftd foHkktuksa ds nks vk/kkjksa dks fyf[k,A

3- ^le:i lekt* fdls dgrs gSa\

4- vk;jySaM ds yksx fdu nks /kkfeZd [kseksa esa c¡Vs gq, gSa\

5- mu vÝhdh yksxksa ds oa'ktksa ds fy, ftUgsa 17oha lnh ls ysdj 19oha lnh dh 'kq:vkr rd vejhdk es xqykecukdj yk;k x;k Fkk] fdl 'kCn dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk Fkk\

6- ^vejhdh ukxfjd vf/kdkj vkanksyu* dk D;k vfHkizk; gS\

7- /kkfeZd vkSj tkrh; foHkktu ds vk/kkj ij ;wjksi dk dkSu lk ns'k dbZ VqdM+ksa esa c¡V x;k\


8- fdlh ns'k dk lkekftd foHkktu fdl ifjfLFkfr esa gksrk gSa\

3 vad okys iz'u

1- mu rhu dkjdksa dk mYys[k dhft, ftlds vk/kkj ij lkekftd HksnHkko gksrk gaS\

2- mÙkjh vk;jySaM esa jktuSfrd Vdjko ds rhu dkj.kksa dk mYys[k dhft,A

3- ^lkekftd foHkktuksa dh jktuhfr dk ifj.kke rhu vk;keksa ij fuHkZj djrk gSaA* Li"V dhft,A

4- lkekftd foHkktu jktuhfr dks izHkkfor djrs gSaA rhu rdksaZ ds lkFk bl dFku dh iqf"V dhft,A

5- D;k vius ns'k ds vkarfjd elys dks fo'o eap ij mBkuk mfpr gaS\ vius fopkj dh iqf"V esa rhu rdZ nhft,A

4 vad okys iz'u

1- ;qxksLykfo;k ds fo[kaMu ds nks dkj.kksa dks fyf[k,A D;k ml fo[kaMu dks jksdk tk ldrk Fkk\ ;fn gk¡ rks dSls\nks lq>ko nhft,A

2- csfYt;e vkSj Jhyadk dh ljdkj us viuh tkrh; leL;k dk lek/kku vius&vius <ax ls djus dh iz;kl fd;kgaSA vkidh jk; esa muesa dkSu lgh gaS vFkok dkSu xyr\ vius mÙkj ds leFkZu esa nks&nks rdZ nhft,A

3- ^^lkekftd lewg ljdkj ds egRoiw.kZ fu.kZ;ksa dks izHkkfor djrs gSaA** bl dFku dh iqf"V easa pkj rdZ nhft,A

gkWV~l iz'u

yksdra=k erHksn vkSj la?k"kksZa dks nwj djus dk vU; 'kklu O;oLFkkvksa ls csgrj fodYi izLrqr djrk gSA vius mÙkjds leFkZu esa pkj rdZ nhft,A ¼4½

v/;k; & 4

tkfr] /keZ vkSj ySafxd elys1 vad okys iz'u

1- Je dk ySafXkd foHkktu D;k gaS\

2- ^ukjhoknh vkanksyu* ls D;k rkRi;Z gaS\

3- ^fir&iz/kku lekt* dk D;k vfHkizk; gaS\

4- lu~ 2001 dh tux.kuk ds vuqlkj Hkkjr esa fyax vuqikr fdruk gaS\

5- Hkkjr ds nks ,sls jkT;ksa ds uke crk,a tgk¡ fyax vuqikr] jk"Vªh; vuqikr ls de gaSA


6- Hkkjr esa efgykvksa dh lk{kjrk&nj D;k gaS\

7- LFkkuh; ljdkjksa esa efgykvksa ds fy, fdruh lhVsa vkjf{kr dh xbZ gSa\

8- fofHkUu /kkfeZd leqnk;ksa ds e/; lekUkrk LFkkfir djus ds fy, Hkkjrh; lafo/kku esa D;k izko/kku fd;k x;k gS\

9- lkEiznkf;drk fdls dgrs gSa\

10- ^/keZ fujis{krk* D;k gaS\

11- ^ikfjokfjd dkuwu* fdls dgrs gSa\

12- vaR;t tkfr;ksa ds lkFk NqvkNwr ds O;ogkj ds fo:) vkanksyu pykus okys nks izeq[k usrkvksa ds uke fyf[k,A

13- fdl Lrj dh ljdkj esa efgykvksa ds fy, 33 izfr'kr vkj{k.k dk iz;kl fd;k tk jgk gaS\

3 vad okys iz'u

1- Hkkjr esa efgykvksa dh fuEu vkSj n;uh; fLFkfr ds fy, mÙkjnk;h fdUgha rhu dkj.kksa dks Li"V dhft,A

2- lkEiznkf;drk ,oa jktuhfr ,d&nwljs dks fdl izdkj izHkkfor djrs gSa\ rhu fcUnqvkas esa O;k[;k dhft,A

3- Hkkjrh; lekt esa efgykvksa dh fLFkfr dks csgrj cukus ds fy, dkSu&dkSu ls laoS/kkfud izko/kku fd, x, gSa\rhu fcUnqvksa esa mYys[k djsaA

4- lafo/kku esa Hkkjr dks ,d /keZ fujis{k jkT; ?kksf"kr fd;k x;k gSA rhu rdksZa ds lkFk bldh lkFkZdrk dks fl)dhft,A

4 vad okys iz'u

1- tkfrokn lkekftd xBUk dk ,d izeq[k vk/kkj ekuk x;k gS vkSj ;g Hkkjrh; jktuhfr dks cgqr gn rd izHkkfordjrk gSA pkj fcUnqvksa esa bl rF; dks Li"V dhft,A

2- lkEiznkf;drk D;k gS\ lekt ij blds iM+us okys rhu izeq[k nq"izHkkoksa dk mYys[k dhft,A

3- efgyk l'kfDrdj.k ,oa ySafxd lekurk ns'k ds fodkl ds fy, vko';d gSA bl fn'kk esa Hkkjr ljdkj }kjkmBk, ,d fdUgha pkj dneksa dk mYys[k dhft,A

gkWV~l iz'u

tkfrxr igpku ij vk/kkfjr jktuhfr yksdra=k ds fy, 'kqHk ugha gksrh cfYd ;g lkekftd fodkl esa ck/kkigq¡pkrh gSA pkj mnkgj.k nsdj bls fl) dhft,A ¼4½


v/;k; & 5

tu la?k"kZ vkSj vkanksyu1 vad okys iz'u %

1- usiky esa loZizFke yksdra=k dh LFkkiuk dc gqbZ Fkh\

2- yksdra=k dh LFkkiuk ds ckn Hkh usiky esa jkT; dk iz/kku dkSu cuk jgk\

3- usiky eas tu&la?k"kZ fdlfy, gqvk Fkk\

4- ^ekvksoknh* fdls dgrs gSa\

5- usiky esa yksdra=k dh LFkkiuk ds fy, laln dh lHkh cM+h jktuSfrd ikfVZ;ksa }kjk dkSu lk laxBu cuk;k x;k Fkk\

6- usiky esa jgL;e; rjhds ls fdl jktk dh gR;k dj nh xbZ Fkh\

7- lu~ 2004 eas yksdra=k dh LFkkiuk ds ckn usiky esa fdls iz/kkuea=kh cuk;k x;k\

8- lu~ 2000 esa cksfyfo;k esa tu la?k"kZ dk izeq[k vk/kkj D;k Fkk\

9- tc fdlh ns'k dk 'kklu ogk¡ dh lsuk ds gkFkksa eas vk tkrk gS] rks bls D;k dgrs gSa\

10- ^ykecanh* fdls dgrs gSa\

11- cksfyfo;k esa tu&la?k"kZ dk usrRo fdl laxBu us fd;k Fkk\

12- ckelsQ (BAMCEF) dk 'kCn&foLrkj fyf[k,\

13- ncko lewg fdls dgrs gSa\

3 vad okys iz'u

1- lu~ 1990 ls 2004 ds chp usiky esa yksdra=k dh LFkkiuk ds fy, dkSu&dkSu ls iz;kl fd;s x,\

2- cksfyfo;k esa tu&vkanksyu D;ksa gqvk Fkk\ rhu dkj.k crkb,A

3- yksdra=k eas tu&la?k"kZ dk D;k egRo gS\ rhu fcUnqvksa }kjk Li"V dhft,A

4- tu&vkanksyu ljdkjh uhfr;ksa dks fdl izdkj izHkkfor djrs gSa\ ¼dksbZ rhu fcUnq½

5- fgr&lewg vkSj ncko lewg esa rhu varj Li"V dhft,A

4 vad okys iz'u

1- ^ncko lewg* fdlh ns'k dh jktuhfr dks fdl izdkj izHkkfor djrk gS\ pkj rF;ksa }kjk le>kb,A

2- ncko lewg vkSj jktuhfrd ny esa pkj varj Li"V dhft,A

3- cksfyfo;k vkSj usiky ds tu&vkanksyu fdl izdkj ,d&nwljs ls fHkUu Fks\ LIk"V dhft,A


gkWV~l iz'u

dksbZ ncko lewg dc jktuSfrd ny cu tkrk gS\ mnkgj.k nsrs gq, le>kb,A ¼4½

v/;k; & 6

jktuhfrd ny1 vad okys iz'u

1- jktuhfrd ny fdls dgrs gSa\

2- jktuhfrd ny dks ekU;rk dkSu iznku djrk gS\

3- 'kkld ny fdls dgrs gSa\

4- Hkkjr ds nks izeq[k jktuhfrd nyksa ds uke fyf[k,A

5- yksdra=k eas cgqnyh; O;oLFkk ls D;k rkRi;Z gS\

6- xBca/ku ljdkj fdls dgrs gSa\

7- jk"Vªh; ny dks ifjHkkf"kr dhft,A

8- nqfu;k¡ ds nks ns'kksa ds uke crkb, tgk¡ f}&nyh; 'kklu O;oLFkk gSA

9- {ks=kh; ny ls D;k rkRi;Z gS\

10- nks {ks=kh; nyksa ds uke fyf[k, tks vius&vius jkT; esa lÙkk esa gSaa

3 vad okys iz'u

11- yksdrakf=kd 'kklu O;oLFkk esa jktuhfrd nyksa dh t:jr D;ksa gksrh gS\ rhu dkj.k nhft,A

12- cgqnyh; jktuSfrd iz.kkyh yksdra=k ds lQy lapkyu esa lgk;d gS vFkok ck/kdA vius mÙkj dh iqf"V esa rhurdZ nhft,A

13- cgqnyh; O;oLFkk vkSj xBca/ku ljdkj izR;sd ds rhu izeq[k nks"k crkb;saA

14- Hkkjrh; turk ikVhZ dk xBu dc gqvk\ blds nks izeq[k dk;ZØe crkb;asA

15- Hkkjrh; jk"Vªh; dkaxzsl dh LFkkiuk vkSj mldh uhfr;ksa ,oa dk;ZØe ds ckjs esa crkb,A

16- pquko vk;ksx ds rhu izeq[k dk;ksZa dks Li"V dhft,A


4 vad okys iz'u

17- jktuhfrd nyksa ds pkj izeq[k dk;ksZa dk mYys[k dhft,A

18- jk"Vªh; ny vkSj {ks=kh; ny esa pkj vUrj crkb;saA

19- Hkkjrh; yksdra=k esa jktuhfrd nyksa ds Lrj esa yxkrkj fxjkoV gks jgh gS] bl lanHkZ esa pkj fcUnqvksa dk mYys[kdhft, tks jktuhfrd nyksa esa lq/kkj ykus ds fy, izkjEHk fd, x, gaSA

20- jktuhfrd nyksa dh mu pkj izeq[k pqukSfr;ksa dk mYys[k dhft,] ftudk lkeuk jktuhfrd ny dj jgs gSaA

v/;k; & 7

yksdra=k ds ifj.kke1 vad okys iz'u

1- 'kklu dh og iz.kkyh] ftls mÙkjnk;h] ftEesnkj vkSj oS/k ekuk tkrk gS] D;k dgykrh gS\

2- nks fofHkUu izdkj dh 'kklu iz.kkfy;ksa ds uke crkb,A

3- fdl izdkj dh ljdkjksa dks fo/kkf;dk dk lkeuk ugha djuk IkM+rk gS\

4- rkuk'kkgh ljdkj dh nks fo'ks"krk,¡ fyf[k,A

5- fdlh 'kklu iz.kkyh dh oS/krk fdl ckr ij fuHkZj djrh gSA

6- jktuSfrd lekurk dk vFkZ crkb,A

7- ^ikjnf'kZrk* ls D;k rkRi;Z gS\

8- fdl dkjd ij fdlh ns'k dk vkfFkZd fodkl fuHkZj djrk gS\

3 vad okys iz'u

1- yksdra=k dh oS/krk ls vki D;k le>rs gSa\ bldh nks fo'ks"krkvksa dks fyf[k,A

2- Hkkjrh; lanHkZ esa yksdra=k ds le{k rhu izeq[k pqukSfr;ksa dks Li"V dhft,A

3- yksdra=k vkSj rkuk'kkgh 'kklu O;oLFkk okys ,d&,d ns'k dk mnkgj.k nhft,A nksuksa 'kklu O;oLFkkvksa esa nksvarj fyf[k,A

4- yksdra=k lekurk ds fl)kar ij vk/kkfjr 'kklu O;oLFkk gSA rhu fcUnqvksa }kjk bls fl) dhft,A

5- fdlh yksdrkaf=kd ljdkj ls ,d vke vkneh D;k vis{kk djrk gS\ rhu ckrksa dk mYys[k dhft,A


4 vad okys iz'u

1- lalkj dh lHkh 'kklu O;oLFkkvksa esa yksdra=k dks lcls csgrj ekuk x;k gSA pkj rF;ksa }kjk bls Li"V dhft,A

2- vkfFkZd fodkl ds ekeys esa yksdra=k ,d csgrj 'kklu iz.kkyh lkfcr ugha gqbZ gSA pkj dkj.k nhft,A

3- lkekftd fofo/krkvksa esa lkeatL; LFkkfir djus ds nf"Vdks.k ls yksdra=k ,d csgrj fodYi gSaA fofHkUu rdksZads }kjk bl dFku dh iqf"V dhft,

4- ^fofHkUu yksdrkaf=kd ns'kksa esa uhfr&fuekZrkvksa dk yxkrkj uSfrd iru gks jgk gS] ftlls vke vkneh dk yksdra=kls Hkjkslk mB jgk gSA* vius mÙkj dh iqf"V esa pkj rdZ nhft,A

v/;k; & 8

1 vad okys iz'u

1- ^yksdra=k dh pqukSrh* dk D;k rkRi;Z gS\

2- yksdra=k dh nks pqukSfr;ksa dks fyf[k,A

3- ml ns'k dk uke crkb, tgk¡ foxr 15 o"kksZa ls yksdra=k leFkZd ,d efgyk usrk dks utjcan j[kk x;k gSA

4- ml O;fDr dk uke crkb, tks 24 o"kksZa rd tsy esa jgus ds ckn fjgk fd;s x, vkSj mlds ckn nf{k.k vÝhdkds jk"Vªifr cussA

5- ,uØwek fdl ns'k ds jk"Vªifr Fks\

6- ml ns'k dk uke crkb, tgk¡ efgykvksa dks lkoZtfud xfrfof/k;ksa esa fgLlk ysus dh vuqefr ugha gSA

7- og dkSu lk jk"Vªifr gS ftls vk/kqfud fo'o dk lcls cM+k rkuk'kkg ekuk x;k gS\

8- ;wxksLykfo;k dk fo[k.Mu fdu nks tkrh; lewgksa ds chp la?k"kZ dk ifj.kke Fkk\

9- fdlh ,d ns'k dk mnkgj.k nsa tgk¡ ,dy ikVhZ 'kklu dh O;oLFkk gSA

3 vad okys iz'u

1- yksdra=k dh rhu izeq[k pqukSfr;ksa dk mYys[k dhft,A

2- nks ns'kksa dk mnkgj.k nsrs gq, nks fcUnqvksa esa Li"V dhft, fd ogk¡ yksdra=k ds le{k vyx&vyx izdkj dhpqukSfr;k¡ gSaA

3- Hkkjrh; yksdra=k ds lanHkZ esa fdUgha rhu jktuhfrd lq/kkjksa dk o.kZu dhft,A

4- lwpuk dk vf/kdkj D;k gS\ bl vf/kdkj us fdl izdkj yksdra=k dh tMa+s etcwr dh gS\ ¼nks fcUnq½


4 vad okys iz'u

1- ,d vPNs yksdra=k dh D;k fo'ks"krk,¡ gksrh gSa\ rhu fcUnqvksa esa LIk"V dhft,A

2- nqfu;k¡ ds pkj ns'kksa dk uke fyf[k, tgk¡ vyx&vyx izdkj dh 'kklu O;oLFkk gS rFkk ml ns'k dh ,d&,dpqukSrh dks Hkh fyf[k,A

gkWV~l iz'u

1- D;k dkuwu ek=k ls yksdra=k esa jktuSfrd lq/kkj yk, tk ldrs gSa\ vius mÙkj dh iqf"V eas pkj rdZ nhft,A¼4 vad½

Hkkx & 4

vkfFkZd fodkl dh le> & 2

v/;k; & 1 fodkl1 vad okys iz'u

1- yksxksa ds fodkl ds y{; fHkUu&fHkUu D;ksa gksrs gSa\

2- f'k'kq eR;q nj ls D;k vfHkizk; gS\

3- lk{kjrk nj ls vki D;k le>rs gSa\

4- fdlh ns'k ds vkfFkZd fodkl dks ekius dh dksbZ ,d lk/kkj.k fof/k crkb,A

5- fdlh ns'k dh izfr O;fDr vk;@vkSlr vk; ls D;k vk'k; gS\

6- fo'o cSad dh fo'o fodkl fjiksVZ 2006 ds vuqlkj ns'kksa dk oxhZdj.k djus esa fdl ekin.M dks vk/kkj ds :iesa iz;ksx fd;k x;k gS\

7- fo'o cSad dh fo'o fodkl fjiksVZ 2006 ds vuqlkj le) ns'k o fuEu vk; okys ns'k dk fu/kkZj.k djus ds fy,izfr O;fDr vk; dh U;wUkre lhek D;k gS\

3 vad okys iz'u

8- fdlh ns'k ds vkfFkZd fodkl esa vk; ds vfrfjDr dkSu ls nks ekuoh; dkjd lgk;d gSa\

9- fodkl dh /kkj.kh;rk dk D;k vFkZ gS\ vkfFkZd fodkl ds lanHkZ esa bldh egÙkk dks nks fcUnqvksa esa LIk"V dhft,A

10- fodkl dk vkadyu djus okys ekin.M dkSu&dkSu ls gSa fdUgha rhu ds fo"k; esa fyf[k,A

11- ^fodkl dh vo/kkj.kk IkzR;sd O;fDr ds fy, vyx gS*] dksbZ rhu mnkgj.k nsdj Li"V dhft,A


4 vad okys iz'u

12- vk; ds vfrfjDr pkj vU; ,sls dkjd crkb, tks gekjs thou ds egROkiw.kZ igyw gSa\

13- ge vkSlr dk iz;ksx D;ksa djrs gSa] fodkl ls tqM+s rhu mnkgj.k nsdj Li"V dhft,A

14- uhps nh xbZ rkfydk dk v/;;u djds uhps fn, x, iz'uksa ds mÙkj nhft,A

jkT; f'k'kq e`R;q nj lk{kjrk nj d{kk 1 ls 5 rd

izfr gtkj O;fDr izfr'kr fucy mifLFkfr vuqikr

2003 % 1995&96

iatkc 49 70 81

dsjy 11 91 91

fcgkj 60 47 41

1- fucy mifLFkfr vuqikr fdl jkT; esa de gS\

2- fdl jkT; esa lk{kjrk nj lcls vf/kd gS\

3- f'k'kq eR;q nj fdl jkT; esa lcls de gS vkSj D;ksa\

gkWV~l iz'u%

15- dsjy] iatkc vkSj fcgkj eas rqyukRed :Ik ls dsjy esa f'k'kq eR;q nj de gS] bl dFku dks nks lkFkZd rdZ nsrsgq, Li"V dhft,A ¼4½

v/;k; & 2

Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk ds {ks=kd1 vad okys iz'u

1- vFkZO;oLFkk ds izkFkfed {ks=k ls D;k vfHkizk; gS\

2- lsok {ks=kd dh ,slh nks vifjgk;Z lsok,a crkb, tks izR;{k :i ls oLrqvksa ds mRiknu esa lgk;rk ugha djrhA

3- th-Mh-ih- ¼ldy ?kjsyw mRIkkn½ fdls dgrs gSa\

4- vYi csjkstxkjh ;k izPNUu csjkstxkjh fdls dgrs gSa\


5- ,slh nks izkFkfed ftEesnkjh dkSu lh gSa] ftu ij O;; djuk ljdkj dh vfuok;Zrk gSA

6- fdUgha nks laxfBr {ks=kdksa ds mnkgj.k fyf[k,A

7- futh {ks=kd ds dksbZ nks mnkgj.k nhft,A

3 vadksa okys iz'u

8- izkFkfed {ks=kd dks izkFkfed D;ksa dgk tkrk gS] nks dkj.k crkb,A bl {ks=k dks vU; fdl uke ls tkuk tkrkgS\

9- vFkZO;oLFkk esa f}rh;d {ks=kd ls D;k rkRIk;Z gS] bls vkS|ksfxd {ks=kd D;ksa dgk x;k gS\

10- izkFkfed vkSj f}rh;d {ks=kd ds fodkl esa enn djus okyh xfrfof/k;k¡ fdl {ks=kd ds varxZr vkrh gSa] dksbZ nksmnkgj.k nsdj Li"V dhft,

11- izR;sd {ks=kd dh fofo/k OkLrqvksa vkSj lsokvksa dh x.kuk esa dsoy vafre lsokvksa vkSj OkLrqvksa dh gh x.kuk D;ksagh tkrh gS] rhu mnkgj.k nsdj Li"V dhft,A

12- ,sfrgkfld ifjiszz{; esa vFkZO;OkLFkk ds {ks=kdksa esa gq, ifjorZu dks rhu fcUnqvksa esa Li"V dhft,A

13- vfrfjDr jkstxkj dk ltu vYi csjkstxkjh dh leL;k dk lek/kku gS] dSls\ rhu mnkgj.k ls Li"V dhft,A

14- vf/kdka'kr% Jfed vlaxfBr {ks=kd esa dke djus ds fy, foo'k D;ksa gSa] dksbZ rhu dkj.k crkb,A

15- xzkeh.k o 'kgjh {ks=kksa esa vf/kdka'kr% vlaxfBr {ks=kksa esa yxs yksx dkSu gSa] ftUgsa laj{k.k dh vko';drk gSA

16- ^lsok {ks=kd esa lHkh lsokvksa dk leku lao/kZu ugha gks ik jgk gS]* dFku dh lkFkZdrk dks nks fcUnqvksa esa Li"Vdhft,A

4 vadksa okys iz'u

17- ,u-vkj-b-th-, ¼jk"Vªh; xzkeh.k jkstxkj xkjaVh vf/kfu;e½ 2005 dh pkj fo'ks"krk,¡ crkb,A

18- laxfBr o vlaxfBr {ks=kd esa dksbZ pkj vUrj Li"V dhft,A

19- LokfeRo ds vk/kkj ij vFkZO;oLFkk dks fdu nks {ks=kdksa esa foHkkftr fd;k x;k gS] buesa dksbZ rhu varj crkb,A

20- futh {ks=kd dh dqN xfrfof/k;ksa dks ljdkjh leFkZu dh t:jr D;ksa iM+rh gS] dksbZ pkj dkj.k crkb,A

21- fdlh ns'k ds vkfFkZd fodkl esa lkoZtfud {ks=kd egROkiw.kZ Hkwfedk dSls vnk djrk gS] pkj fcUnqvksa esa Li"Vdhft,A

22- uhps fn, x, vkjs[k dk v/;;u djds mlds uhps fn, x, iz'uksa ds mÙkj nhft,A


th-Mh-ih- esa {ks=kdksa dh fgLlsnkjh ¼izfr'kr½

100

90

80

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0%

%

%

%

%

%

%

%

%

%

%

•••••• •••••••

•••••• •••••••

•••••••• •••••••

1- 1973 es alcls cM+k mRiknd {ks=kd dkSu lk Fkk\

2- 2003 esa lcls cM+k mRIkknd {ks=kd dkSu lk Fkk\ bl {ks=k dk dqy th- Mh- ih- esa D;k ;ksxnku Fkk\

3- 2003 esa rrh;d {ks=kd esa gqbZ of) ds nks dkj.k crkb,A

4 vadksa okys iz'u

23- ^Hkkjr esa izkFkfed {ks=k dks izfrLFkkfir djrs gq, rrh;d {ks=kd lcls cM+s mRIkknd {ks=k ds :i esa mHkjk gS* dFkudh lkFkZdrk ds i{k esa pkj rdZ nhft,A

24- Hkkjr eas th-Mh-ih- eas rhuksa {ks=kdksa dh fgLlsnkjh esa ifjorZu gqvk gS] fQj Hkh ;g ifjorZu jkstxkj esa ifjyf{krugh gksrkA D;ksa\ pkj rdZ nhft,A

1973 2003

{ks=kd

ksa dh fgLl

snkjh


v/;k; & 3

eqnzk vkSj lk[k1 vad okys iz'u

1- ^vko';drkvksa ds nksgjs la;ksx* ls vki D;k le>rs gSa\

2- oLrq fofue; iz.kkyh dh vfuok;Z 'krZ D;k gS\

3- eqnzk fofue; dk ek/;e D;ksa gSa\

4- izkjfEHkd dky esa eqnzk ds :i esa iz;ksx dh tkus okyh nks oLrqvksa ds uke fyf[k,A

5- eqnzk dk vk/kqfud :i D;k gS\

6- vk/kqfud eqnzk cgqewY; /kkrq ls ugha cuh fQj Hkh bls fofue; dk ek/;e D;ksa Lohdkj fd;k x;k gS\

7- Hkkjr esa uksV dkSu tkjh djrk gS\

8- ek¡x tek fdls dgrs gSa\

9- cSadksa dh vk; dk izeq[k L=kksr D;k gS\

10- _.k ls D;k rkRi;Z gS\

11- leFkZd _.kk/kkj ls D;k vfHkizzk; gS\

12- cSad vfrfjDr eqnzk okys ykxksa o t:jrean ykxksa ds chp e/;LFkrk dk dke fdl izdkj djrs gSa\

3 vadksa okys iz'u

13- eqnzk fdl izdkj nksgjs la;ksx dh t:jr dks [kRe dj nsrh gS] mnkgj.k lfgr le>kb,A

14- psd D;k gS\ vk/kqfud vFkZO;oLFkk esa bls Hkh eqnzk D;ksa dgk x;k gS] dksbZ nks dkj.k crkb,A

15- fofHkUu izdkj ds _.kksa dks fdrus oxksZa esa ckaVk x;k gS] uke crkb, o izR;sd ds nks mnkgj.k nhft,A

16- dtZnkrk dtZ nsrs le; _.kk/kkj dh ek¡x D;ksa djrs gSa\] rhu fcUnqvksa esa Li"V dhft,A

17- vkSipkfjd lzksrksa dh dk;Ziz.kkyh ij dkSu lh laLFkk utj j[krh gS o dSls\ nks fcUnqvksa esa mYYsk[k dhft,A

18- Lo;a lgk;rk lewg D;k gS\ mldh dk;Zfof/k Hkh Li"V dhft,A

19- xzkeh.k {ks=kksa esa vkt Hkh vukSipfjd _.k ds lzksrksa dh egÙkk cuh gqbZ gS] D;ksa\ dksbZ rhu dkj.k nhft,A

4 vadksa okys iz'u

20- xzkeh.k {ks=kksa esa cSadksa o lgdkjh lfefr;ksa dks viuh xfrfof/k;k¡ c<+kus dh vko';drk D;ksa gS\ pkj fcUnqvksa esaLi"V dhft,A

21- _.k ds vkSipkfjd o vukSipkfjd lzksrksa esa dksbZ pkj vUrj crkb,A


22- ^LkLrk vkSj lkeF;Z ds vuqdwy dtZ ns'k ds fodkl dks izksRlkfgr djrk gS] dFku dh lkFkZdrk pkj rdZ nsdjdhft,A

23- _.k ysus dh pkj izeq[k 'krsZa crkb;saA

24- uhps fn, x, vkjs[k dks ns[kdj mlds uhps fn, x, iz'uksa ds mÙkj nhft,

2003 esa dqy fy, x, _.k dk forj.k

85%53%

28%

10%15%

47%

72%90%

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •• • • •• • • • • • •

• • •• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

• • •• • • • • • • • • •

• • • • • • • • • • • • • •

1- xjhc ifjokj fdrus izfr'kr _.k vukSipkfjd {ks=k ls izkIr dj jgs gSa\

2- le) ifjokj fdrus izfr'kr _.k vkSipkfjd {ks=k ls izkIr dj jgs gSa\

3- vkSipkfjd {ks=k ls lcls T;knk _.k fdls fey jgk gS ,oaa D;ksa] ,d dkj.k fyf[k,A

gkWV~l iz'u

3 vadksa okys iz'u

25- _.k dh 'krksZa eas ,d _.k O;oLFkk ls nwljh _.k O;oLFkk eas dkQh vUrj gSA mnkgj.k nsdj fLFkfr dks LIk"Vdhft,A

25- ^Lo;a lgk;rk lewg* us dtZnkjksa dks _.kk/kkj dh deh dh leL;k ls mcjus esa enn gh ugha dh gS] vfirqlkekftd fo"k;ksa ds fy, vke eap Hkh iznku fd;k gS* & dFku dh lkFkZdrk fl) djrs gq, rhu rdZ nhft,A

4 vadksa okys iz'u

26- fdlh O;fDr ds fodkl esa _.k ldkjkRed o udkjkRed nksuksa Hkwfedk fuHkkrs gS]a mnkgj.k nsrs gq, le>kb,A


v/;k; & 4

oS'ohdj.k vkSj Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk1 vad okys iz'u

1- yEcs le; ls fofHkUu ns'kksa dks vkil esa tksM+us dk izeq[k ek/;e D;k jgk gS\

2- oS'ohdj.k fdls dgrs gSa\

3- oS'ohdj.k dh izfØ;k dks mRizsfjr djus okyk izeq[k dkjd D;k gS\

4- mnkjhdj.k dk D;k vFkZ gS\

5- 2006 ds vkadM+ksa ds vuqlkj fo'o O;kikj laxBu esa fdrus lnL; gS\

6- cgqjk"Vªh; daifu;ksa us fdu oLrqvksa o lsokvksa ds fuos'k esa :fp fn[kkbZ gS] fdUgha nks ds uke fyf[k,A

7- nks ,slh Hkkjrh; daifu;ksa ds uke crkb,] ftUgsa oS'ohdj.k us cM+h cgqjk"Vªh; daifu;ksa ds :i esa LFkkfir fd;kgSA

8- O;kikj vojks/kd dk ,d mnkgj.k nhft,A

9- fons'kh fuos'k fdls dgrs gSa\

3 vadksa okys iz'u

10- cgqjk"Vªh; daiuh fdls dgrs gSa] bldh dksbZ nks izeq[k fo'ks"krk,¡ fyf[k,A

11- fuos'k ls vki D;k le>rs gSa\ blds nks mís'; crkb,A

12- la;qDr mRiknu ls cgqjk"Vªh; daifu;ksa dks nksgjk ykHk gksrk gS] dSls\ LIk"V dhft,A

13- fons'kh O;kikj fofHkUu ns'kksa ds cktkjksa dsk tksM+us esa fdl izdkj lgk;d gS] rhu fcUnqvksa esa Li"V dhft,A

14- fons'k O;kikj vkSj fons'kh fuos'k esa dksbZ nks varj Li"V dhft,A

15- vk;kr ij dj ,d O;kikj vojks/kd gS] bls vojks/kd D;ksa dgk x;k gS\ dksbZ rhu rdZ nhft,A

16- fo'o O;kikj laxBu dk eq[; mís'; D;k gS blds nks izeq[k dk;Z crkb,A

17- ^mRikndksa vkSj Jfedksa ij oS'ohdj.k dk ,d leku izHkko ugh iM+k gS* dFku dh lkFkZdrk rhu fcUnqvksa esa fl)dhft,A

4 vad okys iz'u

18- cgqjk"Vªh; daifu;k¡ mRIkknu bdkb;ksa dks LFkkfir djrs le; fdu&fdu ckrksa dk /;ku j[krh gSa] dksbZ pkj dkjdcrkb,A


19- cgqjk"Vªh; difu;ka nwjLFk LFkkuksa ds mRiknu ij fdu rjhdksa dks viukdj viuk izHkko tek jgh gSa\ dksbZ pkjrjhds crkb,A

20- oS'ohdj.k dh izfØ;k esa lgk;d pkj dkjd dkSu&dkSu ls gSa\

21- Hkkjrh; oL=k m|ksx us Jfedksa] fu;kZrdksa vkSj cgqjk"Vªh; daifu;ksa dks izfrLi/kkZ esa fdl izdkj izHkkfor fd;k gS\pkj fcUnqvksa eas fyf[k,A

gkWV~l iz'u

3 vadksa okys iz'u

22- cgqjk"Vªh; daifu;ksa us LFkkuh; daifu;ksa dks [kjhndj vius fuos'k dks c<+kok fn;k gS] dSls\ Li"V dhft,A

23- Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk ij oS'ohdj.k dk izHkko ,d leku fn[kkbZ ugha iM+rk] D;ksa\ rhu fcUnqvksa esa fyf[k,A

4 vadksa okys iz'u

24- Hkkjr esa oS'ohdj.k dks U;k;laxr cukus ds fy, ljdkj }kjk fd, x, fdUgha pkj iz;klksa dks fyf[k,A

v/;k; & 5

miHkksDrk vf/kdkj1 vad okys iz'u

1- miHkksDrk vkanksyu dk izkjEHk D;ksa gqvk\

2- O;ofLFkr :i esa miHkksDrk vkanksyu dk mn; dc gqvk\

3- lwpuk ikus dk vf/kdkj] ¼vkjVhvkbZ½ D;k gS\

4- miHkksDrkvksa dks vuqfpr lkSnsckth vkSj 'kks"k.k ds fo:) dkSu lk vf/kdkj iznku fd;k x;k gS\

5- ,d tkx:d miHkksDrk cuus dh nks 'krsZa fyf[k,A

6- Hkkjr esa fdl fnol dks jk"Vªh; miHkksDrk fnol ds :i esa euk;k tkrk gS\

7- miHkksDrk vkanksyu esa izkajfEHkd n'kd esa miHkksDrkvksa dks tkx:d djus ds fy, iz;ksx esa yk, x, nks rjhdksa dkmYYks[k dhft,A

8- Hkkjr ljdkj }kjk ^lwpuk ikus dk vf/kdkj* dc ykxw fd;k x;k\

9- Hkkjr esa ekudhdj.k dk izek.ki=k nsus okyh nks LkaLFkkvksa ds uke fyf[k,A

10- cktkj esa fu;eksa ,oa fofu;eksa dh vko';drk D;ksa gSa\

3 vadksa okys iz'u

11- cktkj esa miHkksDrkvksa ds a'kks"k.k ds dksbZ rhu rjhds crkb,A


12- 1986 eas miHkksDrkvksa ds 'kks"k.k dks jksdus ds fy, Hkkjr ljdkj }kjk D;k dne mBk;k x;k] blds varxZr D;kO;oLFkk dh xbZ gS\

13- Hkkjr esa miHkksDrkvkas dks iznku fd, x, vf/kdkjksa dks lwphc) dhft, o muds fo"k; eas la{ksi esa fyf[k,A

14- fdlh oLrq ds iSdsV ij D;k tkudkfj;k¡ nh xbZ gksrh gSa ,oa D;kas\

15- fuEufyf[kr dk iw.kZ :i fyf[k,A

¼i½ ,e- vkj- ih- ¼ii½ vkbZ- ,l- vkbZ- ¼iii½ vkj- Vh- vkbZ

4 vadksa okys iz'u

16- miHkksDrkvksa ds fdUgha pkj dÙkZO;ksa ds fo"k; esa fyf[k,A

17- miHkksDrk laj{k.k ifj"kn dh dk;Zfof/k dks pkj fcUnqvksa esa Li"V dhft,A

18- dksijk ds varxZr f=k&Lrj ij fdl izdkj fooknksa dks fuiVk;k tkrk gS\ LIk"V dhft,A

gkWV~l iz'u

19- Hkkjr eas miHkksDrk vkanksyu ds laxfBr gksus ds ckotwn miHkksDrk 'kks"k.k fuokj.k izfØ;k tfVy] [kphZyh vkSj le;lk/; lkfcr D;ksa gks jgh gS\ ¼3 vad½

laf{kIr mÙkj ¼,d vad okys iz'uksa ds½

Hkkjr vkSj ledkyhu fo'o ¼bfrgkl½

v/;k;& 1 ;wjksi esa jk"Vªokn dk mn;

1- ,d ,sls lekt dh dYiuk tks bruk vkn'kZ gS fd mldk lkdkj gksuk yxHkx vlaHko gksrk gSA

2- ,d lk>k igpku dk Hkko vkSj lk>k bfrgkl ;k fojklrA

3- ,slh 'kklu O;oLFkk ftlesa lRrk ij dksbZ vadq'k ugha gksrkA

4- Jfed oxZ ds yksx] vkSj e/; oxZ ds yksx ftlesa m|ksxifr] O;kikjh vkSj lsok {ks=k ds yksx 'kkfey FksA

5- O;fDr ds fy, vktknh o dkuwu ds le{k cjkcjhA

6- cktkjksa dh eqfDr vkSj phtksa rFkk iw¡th ds vkokxeu ij jkT; }kjk yxk, x, fu;a=k.k dks [kRe djukA

7- vaxzsth] osY'k] LdkWV vkSj vk;fj'kA

8- vkWVkseu lkezkT;A


v/;k; & 2 baMkspkbuk esa jk"Vªoknh vkUnksyu

1 vad okys iz'u

1- fo;ruke] ykvksl] bR;kfn

2- phuh 'kklu O;oLFkk dks viukuk] phu laLdfr dks Hkh viukuk

3-¼i½ jk"Vª dk :i Lo:i vkSifuosf'kd opZLo ds f[kykQ pys la?k"kksaZ ls gh r; gqvkA

¼ii½ jk"Vªoknh vkSifuosf'kd ifjfLFkfr;ksa dk fodkl

4- [keSj] dacksfM;kbZ

5- phu

6- fo;ruke esa jgus okys Ýkalhlh ukxfjd

7- 1858] 1887

8- vfXuokeksa ds fy, xSlfyu dh Qqykus esa bLrseky gksus okyk ,d vkxZfud dEikÅaM

9- 1919 eks- vyh] 'kkSdr vyh

10- fHkUurkvksa dh ctk; lekurkvksa ij /;ku] vkpkjksa dks ,d nwljs ds lkFk ykus dk iz;kl

11- ;ax vUuku

laf{kIr mÙkj

v/;k; & 3 Hkkjr esa jk"Vªokn

1- ,d i)fr ftlesa lR; dh 'kfDr ij vkxzg vkSj lR; dh [kkst ij tksj fn;k tkrk FkkA

2- 1916 esa fcgkj ds paikj.k rFkk 1917 esa xqtjkr ds [ksM+k ftysa esaA

3- egkRek xk¡/khA

4- fnlEcj 1920 esa dkaxzsl ds ukxiqj vf/kos'ku esaA

5- tuojh 1915 esaA

6- 13 vizSy 1919 dks verlj esaA

7- Qjojh 1922 eas pkSjk&pkSjh dh ?kVuk lsA

8- lh-vkj-nkl vkSj eksrhyky usg:A

9- 1970 ds n'kd esa] cfdae pUnz pV~Vksik/;k;A

10- 1930] MkW- Hkhejkc vEcsMdj usA

11- cafdepUnz pV~Vksik/;k;A


12- ckxkuksa esa dke djus okys etnwjksa dks fcuk btktr ckxku ls ckgj tkus ugha fn;k tkrk FkkA

laf{kIr mÙkj

Hkkjr vkSj ledkyhu fo'o ¼bfrgkl½

v/;k; & 4 HkweaMyhd`r fo'o dk cuuk

1- vkyw] ew¡xQyh] eDdk] VekVj] fepZ] 'kdjdanA ¼dksbZ 2½

2- ,y MksjkMks

3- 1880 ds n'kd esa vÝhdk ds eosf'k;ksa esa Iysx dh rjg QSyus okyh chekjh] tks fczfV'k vkf/kiR; okys ,f'k;kbZns'kksa ls vk, tkuojksa ds }kjk igq¡phA

4- gsujh QksMZ] Vh&ekWMyA

5- vkfFkZd egkeanh dh 'kq:vkr 1929 es gqbZA

6- /kqjh jk"Vª & ukRlh teZuh] tkiku vkSj bVyh ¼dksbZ nks½

7- fu"ks/kkf/kdkj& bl vf/kdkj ds lgkjs ,d gh lnL; dh vlgefr fdlh Hkh izLrko dks [kkfjt djus dk vkèkkjcu tkrh gSA

8- vkS|ksfxd fo'o esa vkfFkZd fLFkjrk ,oa iw.kZ jkstxkj cuk, j[kukA

9- fe=k jk"Vª&fczVsu] lksfo;r la?k] Ýkal vkSj vesfjdkA

10- 1950&60 ds n'kd esa fodkl'khy ns'kksa dk laxBu] ftlus ,d ubZ varjkZ"Vªh; vkfFkZd iz.kkyh ds fy, vkoktmBkbZA

11- fofue; nj ds tfj;s varjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj dh lqfo/kk ds fy, fofHkUu ns'kksa dh jk"Vªh; eqnzkvksa dks ,d&nwljs ls tksM+ktkrk gSA

12- vkbZ- ,e- ,Q- vkSj fo'o cSad

13- fdlh ns'k }kjk vk;kfrr oLrqvksa ,oa fu;kZfrr oLrqvksa ds fy, ;k=kk fu/kkZfjr djukA

14- iwohZ ;wjksi] :l] vesfjdk] vkLVsªfy;kA

15- Lons'k esa dqVhj m|ksxksa dk [kRe gksuk] tehu dk HkkM+k c<+ tkuk] [kkuksa vkSj ckxkuksa ds fy;s tehuksa dks lkQdjuk rFkk dke dh ryk'k esaA

laf{kIr mÙkj & v/;k; & 5&vkS|ksxhdj.k dk ;qx

1- vyknhu & iwjc vkSj vrhr dk izrhr

eSfdfud & if'pe vkSj vk/kqfudrk dkA


2- lkSankxjksa ds fy,

3- yUnu esa diM+ksa dh fQuhf'kax gksrh FkhA

4- tsEl okWV

5- ;wjksi esa QSfDVª;ksa dh LFkkiuk ls Hkh igys varjkZ"Vªh; cktkj ds fy, cM+s iSekus ij vkS|ksfxd mRiknu gksrk FkkA

6- 'kgjksa esa mRikndksa ds laxBu

7- LVsIylZ&,slk O;fDr tks ns'kksa ds fglkc ls Åu dks ^LVsIky* djrk ;k NkaVrk gSA

QqyTkZ & tks pqUuVksa ds lgkjs diM+s dks lesVrk gSA

8- ljdkj dk m|ksx ,Oka O;kikj esa gLr{ksi u djukA

9- 1855 eas caxky esaA

10- ;g iqfy;ksa rFkk jfLl;ksa ds }kjk pyus okyk ,d ;kaf=kd midj.k gS] ftldk mi;ksx cqukbZ ds fy, fd;k tkrkgSA

11- QSfDVª;ksa esa gksus okyk mRIkknuA

12- eg¡xh rduhd

ejEEkr dkQh [kphZyh FkhA

13- lwrh m|ksx] dikl m|ksx

14- csjkstxkjh dh vk'akdk ds dkj.kA

15- 1854 esa

16- fMu'kkW isfVV] te'ksnth uqljoku th VkVk] gqdqepUnz]

17- lwjr] eNyhiVue] gqxyhA

18- foKkiu }kjkA

19- foKkiu

20- xk¡oksa ,oa vkS|ksfxd bykdksa ds vklikl ds ftyksa lsA

laf{kIr mÙkj


v/;k; & 6

dke] vkjke vkSj thou

1- 7 Vkiqvksa ls

2- dydÙkk

3- dkepykÅa vkSj vDlj csfglkc HkhM+ okys vikVZeSaV] cM+s 'kgjksa eas xjhc bykdks dsa edkuA

4- cEcbZ

5- 1863 &baXySaM esa

6- 1854 bZ- esa

7- cEcbZ] enzkl] caxky

8- jktk gfj'pUnz] nknk lkfgc QkYds

9- baXyS.M vkSj vesfjdk

10- fQYe m|ksx esa dke djus okys T;knkrj yksx ykgkSj] dydÙkk] enzkl vkfn nwljs 'kgjksa ls vk, gksus ds dkj.kfQYe m|ksx dks jk"Vªh; LOk:i feykA

v/;k; 7 eqnz.k&laLd`fr ,oa vk/kqfud nqfu;k¡

1 vad okys iz'uksa ds mÙkj

1- lqys[ku

2- phu] tkiku

3- peZix ;k tkuojksa dh [kky ls cuh ys[ku dh lrgA

4- Mk;eaM lw=k

5- ;ksgku xqVsUcxZ] ckbZcy

6- pSiesu

7- ekfVZu ywFkj

8- ¼1½ T;ksfrck Qwys ¼2½ Mk- Hkhejko vEcsMdj

9- laokn dkSeqnh] 1821 bZ-esa

10- gkFk esa rkezi=k] ,oa iRFkjksa ij fy[ks x;s ys[kA


11- ;s os iqLrdsa tks lLrh Fkh vkSj tks 1920 ds n'kd esa Nkih xbZA

12- dsljhA

13- oukZD;qyj izsl ,DV

14- tsEl vkxLVu fgDdh] 1780-

15- fo/kfeZ;ksa dh f'kuk[r djus vkSj ltk nsus okyh jkseu dSFkksfyd laLFkkA]

v/;k; & 8 miU;kl] lekt vkSj bfrgkl

1 vad okys iz'u

1- i=kksa dh Ja[kyk ds :i esa fy[kk gqvkA

2- pkYlZ fMdsUl

3- tsu vkfLVu] 'kkjykV czkUM

4- tfeZuy

5- gkMZ VkbEl] vksfyoj fV~oLV

6- tsu vkfLVu

7- baXyS.M o Ýkal

8- tkslQ dku jsM

9- izsepUnz] xksnku]

10- caxyk

11- pUnw esuu

12- HkkjrsUnq gfj'Unz

13- Jh fuokl nkl] ijh{kkxq:

14- ckyfookg] ngst izFkk

15- fidfod isilZ] pkYlZfMdsUl

16- ey;kye] pUnw esuu


v/;k; & 1

lalk/ku ,oa fodkl ¼Hkwxksy½

1 vad okys iz'uksa ds mÙkj

1- i;kZoj.k esa miyC/k oLrq tks vko';drk iwfrZ djrh gS vkSj ftldks cukus ds izkS|ksfxdh miyC/k gS] vkfFkZd:i ls laHkkO; vkSj lkaLdfrd :i ls ekU; gSA

2- mRifÙk dk vk/kkj] lekI;rk dk vk/kkj] LokfeRo dk vk/kkj fodkl ds Lrj dk vk/kkj ¼dksbZ nks½

3- tSo lalk/ku % euq";] izkf.ktkr] ouLifrtkr] bu lalk/kuksa dh izkfIr thoeaMy ls gksrh gSA

vtSo lalk/ku % pV~Vku] /kkrq] ,sls lkjs lalk/ku tks futhZo oLrqvksa ls feyrs gSaA

4- i;kZoj.k es miyC/k os inkFkZ tks ekuo dh vko';drkvksa dh iwfrZ dj ldrs gSa ijUrq mi;qDr izkS|ksfxdh ds vHkkoesa mldh igq¡p ls ckgj gSA

5- ftUgsa miyC/k rduhdh Kku dh lgk;rk ls iz;ksx esa yk;k tk ldrk gS] ijUrq budk mi;ksx vHkh vkjEHk ughagqvk gSA

6- HkweaMyh; rkiu] vkstksu ijr vo{k;] Hkwfe fuEuhdj.k] i;kZoj.k iznw"k.kA

7- lalk/kuksa ds foosdiw.kZ mi;ksx( loZekU; j.kuhfr fu;kstu tks lalk/kuksa ds U;k;laxr iz;ksx ij cy nsA

8- lalk/kuksa ds vlekU; forj.k ds dkj.k( lalk/kuksa dh miYkC/krk esa cgqr vf/kd fofo/krk gSA

9- lalk/kuksa dh miyC/krk] lalk/kuksa dks iz;ksx djus dh rduhdA

10- blh ¼Hkwfe½ ij vusdksa vkfFkZd fØ;kdyki tSls df"k] [kuu bR;kfn gksrs gSaA oU; thou] ekuo thou] izkdfrdouLifr] ifjogu bR;kfn Hkwfe ij gh vk/kkfjr gSaA

11- 27 izfr'krA

12- blesa [kfutksa] thok'e bZa/ku vkSj ouksa dk vikj lap; dks"k gSA

13- df"k vkSj m|ksx ds fodkl ds fy, lqfo/kktud gSaA

14- vfr flapu ls mRiUu tykØkarrk Hkwfe fuEuhdj.k ds fy, mÙkjnk;h gS ftlls enk esa yo.kh;rk vkSj {kkjh;rkc<+ tkrh gSA

15- pwuk iRFkj ihlus ls ok;qeaMy esa /kwy folftZr gksrh gS tc bldh ijr Hkwfe ij te tkrh gS rks enk dh tylks[kus dh izfØ;k vo:) gks tkrh gSA

16- oukjksi.k] pjkxkgksa dk mfpr izca/kuA


17- catj Hkwfe ds mfpr izca/ku] [kuu fu;a=k.k] vkS|ksfxd ty dks ifj"dj.k ds i'pkr folftZr djdsA

18- ouLifr] er tho tUrq

19- tyks<+ enkA

20- ty;kstu ds dkj.k

21- D;kasfd vR;f/kd rkieku ds dkj.k tSfod inkFkksZa dks vi?kfVr djus okys cSDVhfj;k u"V gks tkrs gSaA

22- cgrk ty efÙkdk;qDr enkvksa dks dkVrs gq, xgjh okfgdk,¡ cukrk gS] ftUgsa voufydk,¡ dgrs gSaA

23- cgrk ty efÙkdk;qDr enkvksa dks dkVrs gq, voufydkvksa dk fuekZ.k djrk gS] ,slh Hkwfe tksrus ;ksX; ugha jgrhvkSj bls mR[kkr Hkwfe dgrs gSaA pacy csflu eas ,slh Hkwfe dks [kM~M Hkwfe dgk tkrk gSA

24- Åijh enk ?kqydj ty ds lkFk cg tkrh gS

25- leksPp tqrkbZ] iV~Vh df"kA

26- tyks<+ enkA

v/;k; & 2

ou ,oa OkU; thou lalk/ku1 vad okys iz'uksa ds mÙkj

1- os tkfr;k¡ ftudh la[;k ?kV jgh gS ;fn budk laj{k.k ugha fd;k x;k rks ;s ladV xzLr tkfr esa 'kkfey gks tk;sxhtSls & uhyh HksM+] MkfYQuA

2- yqIr tkfr;k¡A

3- HkkSxksfyd lhekvksa ls vyx fo'ks"k {ks=kksa esa ik;h tkus okyh tkfr;k¡A vaM+ekuh Vhy] fudksokjh dcwrjA

4- 1972 esaA

5- if'pe caxky esaA MksyksekbV [kuu ds dkj.kA

6- e/; izns'k esaA

7- jktLFkku ds vyoj ftys esaA

8- lw[kk ,oa ck<+ dh leL;k esa of)A

9- mUgsa [kkuk] pkjk] ty ,oa vU; vko';d oLrqvksa dks bdV~Bk djus ds fy;s nwj&nwj td tkuk iM+rk gSA

10- la;qDr ou izcU/ku] cht cpkvks vkUnksyuA


v/;k; & 3

ty lalk/ku1 vad okys iz'u

1- lrgh viokg] HkkSety L=kksr

2- vfr'kks"k.k] ty dk vleku forj.k

3- vf/kd tula[;k ds dkj.k ty dh ekax c<+rh gSA ty vf/kd ?kjsyw mi;ksx ds fy, ugha] vfirq vf/kd vuktmRIkknu ds fy, pkfg,A ty ds vfr'kks"k.k ls flafpr {ks=k c<+k gS] 'kq"d _rq esa Hkh df"k laHko gks xbZ gSA

4- 4 izfr'kr

5- ¼i½HkkSe ty Lrj eas fxjkoV] ¼ii½ty dh miyC/krk esa deh ;kfu Hkkstu lqj{kk dks [krjkA

6- 22 izfr'kr

7- 1]897 oxZ fdeh izfro"kZ

8- D;kasfd ,df=kr ty ds vusdksa mi;ksx lefUor gSaA

9- ^ueZnk cpkvksa vkanksyu* fVgjh cka/k vkanksyu

10- ogn Lrj ij LFkkuh; ykxksa dk foLFkkiu

11- ryNV tks fd izkdfrd moZjd gS] ck<+ ds eSnkuksa rd ugha igq¡prhA

12- o"kkZ ty laxzg.k

13- jktLFkku] bfUnjk xk¡/kh ugj ls ty izkIr gks tkus ds dkj.k

14- ikuh laxzfgr djus ds fy, Hkwfexr VSadA

15- o"kkZ ty ,df=kr djus ds fy, cuk, x, xM~<s] tSlyesj esa bUgsa [kknhu dgk tkrk gSA

v/;k;&4

d`f"k1 vad okys iz'uksa ds mÙkj

1- [kk|kUuksa dh iwfrZ] m|ksxksa ds fy, dPps eky dk mRiknuA

2- Hkwfe ds NksVs VqdM+ks ij vkfne df"k vkStkjksa ¼ydM+h dk gy] Mkvks vkfn½ ds }kjk leqnk; Je dh enn dhtkrh gSA


3- ekulwu] enk dh izkdfrd moZjrkA

4- ikewy] nhikA

5- Je xgu [ksrh] Hkwfe ij tula[;k dk nckoA

6- jch] [k+jhQ] tk;nA

7- gfjr Økafr ds vfrfjDr 'khr _rq esa 'khrks".k if'peh fo{kksHkksa ls gksus okyh o"kkZA

8- pkoy] eDdk] Tokj] cktjk] dikl] twVA dksbZ nksA

9- jch vkSj [kjhQ Qly _rqvksa ds chp xzh"e _rq easa cksbZ tkus okyh Qly dks t+k;n dgk tkrk gSA

10- ugjksa ds tky vkSj uydwiksa dh l?kurk ds dkj.kA

11- xsgw¡A

12- Tokj] cktjk] jkxhA

13- TokjA

14- egkjk"VªA

15- D;ksa fd ;s ok;q ls ukbVªkstu ysdj Hkwfe dh moZjrk dks cuk;s j[krh gSA

16- eDdkA

17- vka/kz izns'kA

18- fryA

19- vjsfcdkA

20- js'ke mRiknu ds fy, js'ke ds dhM+ksa dk ikyu] tks eycjh isM+ dh gjh ifÙk;ksa ij iyrka gS] js'ke mRiknudgykrk gSA

v/;k; &5

[kfut ,oa ÅtkZ lalk/ku1vad okys iz'uksa ds mÙkj

1- [kfut ,d izkdfrd :i ls fo|eku le:i rRo gS] ftldh ,d fuf'pr vkarfjd lajpuk gS

2- 'kSyks dk fuekZ.k o lajpuk] vkfFkZd fodkl] rduhdh izxfrA

3- igkfM+;ksa ds vk/kkj rFkk ?kkVh ry dh jsr esa tyks<+ teko ds :i esa dqN [kfut ik, tkrs gSaA

4- eSaxuht xzafFkdkvksa ( ¼NODULES½

5- ued] eSxuhf'k;e] czksekbu


6- eSXusVkbV

7- gsesVkbV

8- isaV cukus esa] dhVuk'kd esa iz;ksx] Cyhfpax ikÅMjA

9- mM+hlk

10- jktLFkku

11- n<+ lqj{kk fofu;e vkSj i;kZoj.kh; dkuwuksa dk fØ;kUo;uA

12- izokgh ty ls tks gkbMªks&Vjckbu pykdj tyfo|qr mRiUu djrk gS vkSj dks;yk o izkdfrd xSl dks tykWdjVjckbu pyk djA

13- >kj[kaM] jktLFkku] dsjy

14- ÅtkZ laj{k.k dh izksUufr vkSj uohdj.kh; ÅtkZ lalk/kuksa dk c<+rk iz;ksxA

15- fgekpy izns'k esa ef.kdj.k ds fudV ikoZrh ?kkVh vkSj yík[k esa iwxk ?kkVh esa fLFkrA

16- fcVwfeul

v/;k; & 6

fofuekZ.k m|ksx1 vad okys iz'uksa ds mÙkj

1- dPps inkFkZ dks ewY;oku mRikn esa ifjoZfrr dj vf/kd ek=kk esa oLrqvksa ds mRiknu dks fofuekZ.k dgrs gaSA

2- jk"Vªh; fofuekZ.k izfrLi/kkZ ifj"knA

3- uxj dsanzksa }kjk nh xbZ lqfo/kkvksa ls ykHkkafor] tc m|ksx uxj ds ikl dsafnzr gks

4- csaxyksj

5- iVlu] js'ke] lwrh oL=kA

6- os m|ksx tks [kfut o /kkrqvksa dks dPps eky ds :i esa iz;ksx djrs gaS] mnkgj.k yksgk&bLikr m|ksxA

7- D;ksafd blesa iz;qDr dPpk rFkk rS;kj eky nksuksa gh Hkkjh vkSj LFkwy gksrs gSaA

8- LVhy vFkkWfjVh vkWQ bfM;k fyfeVsM

9- futh{ks=k esa m|fe;ksa ds iz;Ru ls] mnkjhdj.k] izr;{k fons'kh fuos'k] vuqla/kku vkSj fodkl ds lalk/kuksa dks fu;rdjdsA ¼dksbZ nks½

10- ÅtkZ dh iwfrZ vkSj de dher ij dPps eky dh miyC/krkA

11- tc dkj[kkuksa vkSj rki?kjksa ls xeZ ty dks fcuk BaMk fd, gh ufn;ksa vkSj rkykcksa esa NksM+ fn;k tkrk gSaA


v/;k; & 7

jk"Vªh; vFkZO;oLFkk dh thou js[kk;sa1 vad okys iz'uksa ds mÙkj

1- iz/kku ea=kh xzkeh.k lM+d ifj;kstukA

2- jk"Vªh; jktekxZ&7

3- izfr lkS oxZ fd-eh- {ks=k esa lM+dks dh yEckbZ dks lM+d ?kuRo dgk tkrk gaSA

4- fnYyh & verlj

5- tEew&d'ehj 10fd-eh-] dsjy 375 fd-eh-

6- dk.Myk ¼xqtjkr½

7- dk.Myk ¼xqtjkr½

8- 1953

9- pSUubZ ¼rfey ukMq½

10- 1- jk"Vªh; ,oa uhfr;ks ds izfr tkx:d djrk gS 2- euksjatu djrk gSA

11- mÙkjh iwohZ Hkkjr] fgeky; ds vUn:uh HkkxA

12- bykgkckn gfYn;ka] dsjy esa if'peh rVh; ugj

13- dksfPp ¼dsjy½

14- dksydkrk

Hkkx 3

yksdrkfU=kd jktuhfrv/;k;&1

lÙkk dh lk>snkjh1 vad okys iz'uksa ds mÙkj

1- ,slh O;oLFkk ftlds varxZr fdlh ns'k dh lÙkk dks fofHkUu Lrjksa ij ck¡Vk tkrk gSA


2- Mp ,oa ÝsapA

3- flagyh ,oa rfeyA

4- uhnjySaM] ;wØsu vkSj teZuhA ¼dksbZ nks½

5- ckS) /keZ dksA

6- og ekU;rk ftlesa cgqla[;d leqnk; vius eupkgs <+ax ls 'kklu dj ldrk gS vkSj vYila[;d leqnk; dhvogsyuk dj ldrk gSA

7- fdlh ns'k dh ljdkj fojks/kh fgald yM+kbZ] tks ;q) lk :i /kkj.k dj ysA

8- ljdkj ds rhuksa vaxksa ¼fo/kkf;dk dk;Zikfydk ,oa U;k;ikfydk½ ds chp lÙkk dk cWVokjkA

9- ,slh ljdkj ftldk pquko ,d gh Hkk"kk cksyus okys yksxksa ds }kjk fd;k tkrk gSA

10- gkfu&ykHk dk fglkc yxkdj uSfrdrk ds vk/kkj ij fy;k x;k QSlykA

v/;k;&2

la?kokn1 vad okys iz'uksa ds mÙkj

1- ljdkj dk og Lo:i ftlds vUrxZr 'kfDr;k¡ dsUnzh; ljdkj ,oa mldks cukus okyh bdkb;ksa esa ck¡Vh tkrh gaSA

2- Hkkjr] dukMk] vesfjdk] vkLVªsfy;k vkfnA

3- 'kklu dk og Lo:i ftlesa lkjh 'kfDr;k¡ ,d gh dsUnzh; lÙkk esa fufgr gksrh gaSA

4- Jhyadk] Ýkal vkfnA

5- la?k lwph] jkT; lwph ,oa leoÙkhZ lwphA

6- izfrj{kk] fons'kh ekeys] cSfdax] lapkj ¼dksbZ nks½

7- ftu fo"k;ksa ij dkuwu cukus dk vf/kdkj dsUnzh; ljdkj ,oa jkT; ljdkj] nksuksa dks gSaA

8- Hkk"kkA

9- os NksVs {ks=k@izkar tks vius vkdkj ds pyrs Lora=k izkar ugha cu ldrs vkSj u gh fdlh ekStwnk izkar esa foy; djuklaHko gSaA

10- 22 Hkk"kk,¡A

11- tc pquko esa fdlh ,d ikVhZ dks Li"V cgqer izkIr ugha gksrk ,oa NksVh&cM+h dbZ ikfVZ;k¡ feydj ljdkj cukrhgSaA

12- lÙkk dks fofHkUu Lrjksa dh ljdkjksa ds chp ckaVukA


13- tEew&d'ehj ds LFkk;h fuoklh ds vfrfjDr dksbZ Hkh Hkkjrh; ukxfjd ogk¡ tehu ;k edku ugha [kjhn ldrkrFkk ogk¡ dh fo/kku lHkk dh lgefr ds cxSj dksbZ cnyko ugha fd;k tk ldrkA

14- es;jA

15- ftl Hkk"kk esa ljdkjh vFkok dk;kZy;h dkedkt gksrs gSaA

v/;k; & 3

yksdrU=k ,oa fofo/krk1 vad okys iz'uksa ds mÙkj

1- VkWeh fLeFk vkSj tkWu dkyksZlA

2- tUe] /keZ] is'ks] laLdfr bR;kfnA

3- ,d ,slk lekt tgk¡ jgus okys vf/kdrj yksx ,d gh uLy vkSj laLdfr ds gksrs gaSA

4- izksVsLVsaV vkSj dSFkksfydA

5- ,Ýks&vejhdh vFkok v'osrA

6- vejhdk esa ,Ýks&vejhdh yksxksa ds izfr gksus okys uLyh; HksnHkko ds fo:) pyk;k x;k vkanksyuA

7- ;wxksLykfo;kA

8- tc dqN lkekftd varj nwljh fofHkUurkvksa ls Åij vkSj cM+s gks tkrs gaSA

v/;k; &4

tkfr] /keZ ,oa ySafxd elys1 vad okys iz'uksa ds mÙkj

1- og ekU;rk ftlds vuqlkj fdlh [kkl dk;Z dks fdlh fyax fo'ks"k ds fy, fu/kkZfjr dj fn;k tkrk gSaA

2- ikfjokfjd o lkekftd thou esa L=kh&iq#"k ds fy, leku vf/kdkjksa vkSj voljksa dh ek¡xA

3- ,slk lekt tgk¡ lHkh egRoiw.kZ QSlys iq#"kks ds }kjk fy, tkrs gSaA


4- 927 fL=k;k¡ izfr gtkj iq:"kksa ij

5- iatkc] gfj;k.kk] fgekpy izns'k] xqtjkrA

6- 54 izfr'kr

7- ,d&frgkbZA

8- Hkkjr dks ,d /keZ fujis{k jkT; ?kksf"kr djukA

9- vius /keZ dks Js"B crkuk ,oa vU; /keksZa dks fuEuÙkj le>ukA

10- lHkh /keksZ dks leku le>uk rFkk /kkfeZd ekeyksa esa rVLFk jgukA

11- fookg] rykd ,oa mÙkjkf/kdkj ls lEcfU/kr dkuwuA

12- T;ksfrck Qqys] egkRek xk¡/kh] MkW- vEcsMdj] ih- vkj- uk;djA

13- dsUnzh; ljdkjA

v/;k; &5

tu la?k"kZ ,oa vkanksyu1 vad okys iz'uksa dk mÙkj

1- 1990 esaA

2- jktkA

3- yksdra=k dh LFkkiuk ds fy,A

4- phuh usrk ekmRls raqx dh fopkj/kkjk dks ekuus okysA

5- lsosu ikVhZ vyk;alA

6- ohjsUnz foØe 'kkgA

7- fxfjtk izlkn dksbZjkykA

8- ikuh ds futhdj.k dks ysdjA

9- ek'kZy ykWA

10- tufgr ds fy, yksxksa dk ,dtqV gksdj vkanksyu pykukA

11- QsMdksjA

12- cSdoMZ ,aM ekbukWfjthV dE;qfuVh ,EiykWbt QsMsjs'kuA

13- ,slk laxBu tks ljdkj dh uhfr;ksa dks izHkkfor djus ds fy, ml ij ncko Mkyrs gaSA


v/;k; &6

jktuhfrd ny1 vad okys iz'uksa dk mÙkj

1- yksxksa dk ,slk laxfBr lewg tks pquko yM+us vkSj jktuhfrd lÙkk izkIr djus ds mn~ns'; ls dke djrs gSaA

2- pquko vk;ksxA

3- tks ny lÙkk esa gksrk gSaA

4- Hkkjrh; jk"Vªh; dk¡xzsl] Hkkjrh; turk ikVhZ] Hkkjrh; dE;qfuLV ikVhZ] cgqtu lekt ikVhZA

5- ,slh O;oLFkk] ftlesa vusd jktuSfrd nyksa dk vfLrRo gksrk gaSA

6- tc fdlh ,d ny dks Li"V cgqer izkIr ugha gksrk gS vkSj NksVs&cM+s dbZ ny fey dj ljdkj cukrs gSaA

7- tc dksbZ ny yksdlHkk pquko esa iM+s dqy oksV dk vFkok pkj jkT;ksa ds fo/kku lHkk pquko esa iM+s dqy oksVksadk 6 izfr'kr gkfly djrk gaS rFkk yksdlHkk ds pquko esa de ls de pkj lhVsa gkfly djrk gaSA

8- fczVsu] vesfjdk] teZuhA

9- ftldk izHkko ,d lhfer {ks=k esa jgrk gaSA

10- Mh- ,e- ds- ¼rfeyukMq½ rFkk chtw turk ny ¼mM+hlk½

v/;k; &7

yksdrU=k ds ifj.kke1 vad okys iz'uksa ds mÙkj

1- yksdra=kA

2- yksdra=k] rkuk'kkgh] jktra=kA

3- lSfud 'kkluA

4- tuer dks dksbZ egRo u nsuk] canwd dh uksad ij 'kklu djuk] lafo/kku dk u gksukA dksbZ nks

5- fuf'pr le;kof/k ij Lora=k ,oa fu"i{k pqukoA

6- ftlesa lHkh yksxksa dks oksV Mkyus ,oa pquko yM+us dk vf/kdkj gksrk gaSA

7- og izfØ;k ftlesa yksdra=k ds fu.kZ; fof/k }kjk LFkkfir fu;eksa ds vuqlkj fy, tkrs gaSA

8- tula[;k dk vkdkj] fo'o O;kih fLFkfr] nwljs ns'kkas ls lg;ksx vkfnA


v/;k; 8

yksdrU=k dh pqukSfr;k¡1 vad okys iz'uksa ds mÙkj

1- oSlh eqf'dysa tks egRoiw.kZ gSa rFkk ftUgsa nwj djus dh laHkkouk jgrh gaSA

2- foLrkj dh pqukSrh] yksdra=k dks etcwr djus dh pqukSrhA

3- E;kaekjA

4- usYlu e.MsykA

5- ?kkukA

6- lmnh vjcA

7- tujy fiuks'ks ¼fpyh½

8- loZ ,oa eqfLyeA

9- phuA

v/;k; 1

fodkl1- D;ksafd yksxksa ds thou dh ifjfLFkfr;ka fHkUu&fHkUu gksrh gSaA

2- fdlh ,d o"kZ esa iSnk gq, 1000 thfor cPpksa esa ls ,d o"kZ dh vk;q ls igys ej tkus okys cPpksa dk vuqikrA

3- 7 o"kZ vkSj mlls vf/kd vk;q ds yksxksa esa lk{kj tula[;k dk vuqikrA

4- vk; fof/kA

5- ns'k dh dqy vk; dks dqy tula[;k ls foHkkftr djus ds ckn izkIr gksus okyh vk;A

6- izfr O;fDr vk; dks

7- le) ns'k dh izfrO;fDr vk; & 4]53]000 #- izfro"kZ] fuEu vk; ns'k dh izfrO;fDr vk; &37]000 #- izfr o"kZA


v/;k; 2

Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk ds {ks=kd1- izkdfrd lalk/kuksa dk mi;ksx djds fdlh oLrq dk mRiknu djukA

2- f'k{kk o LokLF;A

3- rhuksa {ks=kdksa ds mRiknuksa ds ;ksxQy dks ns'k dk ldy ?kjsyw mRikn (G.D.P.) dgrs gSaA

4- tgk¡ yksx izR;{k #i ls dke dj jgs gS] ij viuh {kerk ls deA

5- LokLF;] f'k{kkA

6- jsyos] Mkd o rkj foHkkx] nwj lapkj foHkkx] ljdkjh dk;kZy;A ¼dksbZ nks½

7- fVLdks&VkVk vk;ju o LVhy dEiuh fyfeVsM] fjyk;al b.MLVªht+ fyfeVsMA

v/;k; 3

eqnzk vkSj lk[k1- tc nksuksa i{k ,d nwljs ls phtsa [kjhnus vkSj cspus ij lgefr j[krs gSaA

2- vko';drkvksa dk nksgjk la;ksx gksukA

3- e/;orhZ Hkwfedk iznku djus ds dkj.kA

4- Hkkjrh; vukt] i'kq] lksuk] pkanh] rkackA dksbZ nksA

5- djaslh&dkxt ds uksV o flDds

6- D;ksafd fdlh ns'k dh ljdkj bls izkf/kdr djrh gaSA

7- fjt+oZ cSad vkWQ bafM;kA

8- cSad [kkrksa esa tek /ku dksA

9- dtZnkjksa ls fy, x, C;kt vkSj tekdrkZvksa dks fn;s x;s C;kt ds chp dk varjA

10- ,d lgefr tgk¡ lkgwdkj dtZnkj dks /ku] oLrq,a ;k lsok,a miyC/k djkrk gS vkSj cnys esa Hkfo"; esa dtZnkjls Hkqxrku djus dk oknk ysrk gSaA

11- ,slh laifr ftldk ekfyd dtZnkj gS vkSj bldk bLrseky og m/kkjnkrk dks xkjaVh nsus ds :i esa djrk gaSA

12- vfrfjDr eqnzk dks _.k ds :i esa iznku djdsA


v/;k; 4

oS'ohdj.k vkSj Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk1- O;kikj

2- fofHkUu ns'kksa ds chp ijLij laca/k vkSj rhoz ,dhdj.k dh izfØ;kA

3- izkS|ksfxdh esa rhoz mUufrA

4- ljdkj }kjk vojks/kkas vFkok izfrca/kksa dks gVkus dh izfØ;kA

5- yxHkx 150 ns'kA

6- lsyQksu] eksVj xkM+h] bySDVªkWfud mRikn] BaMs is; inkFkZA ¼dksbZ nks½

7- VkVk eksVlZ] baQksfll] jSucSDlh] ,f'k;u isaV~l] lqnaje~ QkLulZA ¼dksbZ nks½

8- vk;kr ij djA

9- cgqjk"Vªh; daifu;ksa }kjk fd, x, fuos'k dks fons'kh fuos'k dgrs gSaA

v/;k; 5

miHkksDrk vf/kdkj1- miHkksDrk ds 'kks"k.k ds dkj.kA

2- 1960 ds n'kd esaA

3- ljdkjh foHkkxksa ds dk;Z&dyki dh lHkh lwpuk,¡ ikus dk vf/kdkjA

4- {kfriwfrZ fuokj.k dk vf/kdkjA

5- miHkksDrk vf/kdkjksa dk Kku] jlhn ysuk ekud fpUgksa dk /;ku j[kukA ¼dksbZ nks½

6- 24 fnlEcjA

7- miHkksDrk vf/kdkj ls lEcaf/kr vkys[kksa dk ys[ku] izn'kZuh dk vk;kstuA

8- vDVwcj 2005A

9- vkbZ- ,l- vkbZ] ,xekdZA

9- miHkksDrkvksa dh lqj{kk ds fy,A


uewuk iz'u i=k&1 ¼mÙkj lfgr½lkekftd foKku

d{kk nloha

fu/kkZfjr le; % 3 ?kaVs vf/kdre vad % 80

lkekU; funsZ'k

1- dqy 29 iz'u gSa] lHkh iz'u vfuok;Z gSaA

2- izR;sd iz'u ds vad iz'u ds lkeus fn, gSaA

3- iz'u la[;k 1 ls 10 rd iz'u ,d&,d vad ds gSaA izR;sd iz'u dk mÙkj ,d 'kCn ls ,d okD; rd gskukpkfg,A

4- iz'u la[;k 11&18 rd ds iz'u rhu&rhu vadksa ds gSa( izR;sd iz'u dk mÙkj 80 'kCnksa ls vf/kd ugha gksuk pkfg,A

5- iz'u la[;k 19&28 rd ds iz'u pkj vadksa ds gSa] izR;sd iz'u dk mÙkj 100 'kCnksa ls vf/kd dk ugha gksuk pkfg,A

6- iz'u la[;k 29 ekufp=k ls lEcfU/kr gSa( fn, x, ekufp=k dks viuh mÙkj iqfLrdk ds Hkhrj layXu djsaA

1- fczVsu ds nks izkjfEHkd vkS|ksfxd 'kgjksa ds uke crkb,A 2×½=1

vFkok

dkSu ls nks dkj.k HkweaMyhdj.k esa enn djrs gSa \

vFkok

nqfu;ka dh igyh Hkwfexr jsyxkM+h dc rFkk dgka pyh \

2- fgUnh dk igyk miU;kl fdlus fy[kk] miU;kl dk uke Hkh fyf[k,A 1

vFkok

Qrck ls D;k rkRi;Z gS \

3- lajf{kr ou {ks=k dks Li"V dhft,A 1

4- vk;q ds vk/kkj ij tyks<+ feV~Vh ds nks izdkj crkb,A ½ +½=1

5- vokf.kfT;d ÅtkZ ds nks mnkgj.k ¼lzksr½ crkb,A ¼+¼=1

6- iw¡th ds vk/kkj ij m|ksxksa ds nks izdkj crkb,A 2×¼=1


7- ukjhoknh fdUgsa dgk tkrk gaS \ 1

8- fdu nks vÝks&vesfjdh f[kykfM+;ksa us uLyokn dh uhfr ds fo:) 1968 esa vksyafEid esa fojks/k izdV

fd;k \ 2×¼=1

9- ekuo fodkl lwpdkad ds nks vo;o crkb,A 2×¼=1

10- dksijk (COPRA) dkuwu Hkkjr esa dc ykxw fd;k x;kA 1

11- xk¡/kh th us nfyr oxks± ds yksxksa dks ns'k dh eq[; /kkjk esa ykus ds fy, D;k iz;kl fd;s \ rhu iz;kl lq>kb,A1×3=3

12- 'kgjksa esa vlg;ksx vkUnksyu ds detksj iM+us ds rhu dkj.k crkb,A 1×3=3

13- fjUMjisLV us ;wjksih; mifuos'kdkjksa dks vÝhdk dks thrus rFkk xqyke cukus esa fdl izdkj enn dh \ rhu fcUnqvksaesa Li"V dhft,A 1×3=3

vFkok

fczfV'k 'kklu dky esa Hkkjrh; diM+k m|ksx ds iru ds rhu dkj.k crkb,A

vFkok

yanu lhtu ijEijk ls D;k rkRi;Z gS \ yanu esa euksjatu ds lUnHkZ esa rhu fcUnq nhft,A

14- vBkjgoha 'krkCnh esa ;wjksi esa rduhd ds fodkl us miU;kl ds ikBdksa dh la[;k rsth ls c<+kbZA rhu dkj.knhft,A 1×3=3

vFkok

ekfVZu ywFkj dkSu Fks \ mUgksausa izSl dh iz'kalk D;ksa dh \ nks dkj.k nhft,A

15- la?kokn ds dksbZ rhu y{k.k crkb,A 1

16- csfYt;e ds lekt dh tkrh; cqukoV dh rhu fcUnqvksa esa foospuk dhft,A

17- ^^,d ltx ,oa foosd'khy miHkksDrk gh Lo;a dks cktkj ds 'kks"k.k ls cpk ldrk gSa** dksbZ rhu lko/kkfu;kafyf[k,A 1×3=3

18- fodflr ,oa fodkl'khy ns'kksa ds chp vUrj Li"V dhft,A 1×3=3

19- ^^fo;ruke&vesfjdk ;q) esa vesfjdk dks vius ns'k esa gh fojks/k dk lkeuk djuk iM+kA** vesfjdk esa mBs fojksèkds pkj dkj.k crkb,A 4

vFkok

Ýkalhlh Økafrdkfj;ksa us lkewfgd igpku dh Hkkouk iSnk djus ds fy, dkSu ls pkj mik; fd, \


20- uhps fn, x, fp=k dks /;ku ls igpkfu, rFkk fuEu iz'uksa ds mÙkj nhft,A

20-1- nh xbZ Qly dk D;k uke gSa \ 1

20-2- ;g Qly fdu nks jkT;ksa esa mxkbZ tkrh gaS \ ¼×2=1

20-3 jksi.k Qly dh dksbZ nks fo'ks"krk,a fyf[k,A 1+1=2

21- m|ksxksa dh LFkkiuk dks izHkkfor djus okys nks ekuoh; ,oa nks izkdfrd dkjd crkb,A 2+2=4

22- /kjkry] vkfFkZd fØ;k,a rFkk tula[;k us jsy ekxks± dks fdl izdkj vf/kd izHkkfor fd;k gSa \ mÙkj dh iqf"Vpkj rdZ nsdj dhft,A 4

23- ^^Hkkjrh; yksdrU=k esa tkfr izFkk dh Hkwfedk vge~ gaS** tkfr izFkk fdl izdkj pqukoksa dks izHkkfor djrk gaaSA pkjdkj.k crkb,A

24- xBcU/ku ljdkj ls D;k rkRi;Z gS \ {ks=kh; ny fdl izdkj xBcU/ku ljdkj dks izHkkfor djrs gSa \ 4

25- vkt nqfu;k¡ ds vf/kdka'k ns'kksa us yksdrU=k viuk fy;k gSaA dFku ds i{k esa yksdrU=k ds pkj xq.k crkb,A 4

26- df"k {ks=kd esa fdlkuksa dks fdu leL;kvksa dk lkeuk djuk iM+rk gaS \ fdUgha pkj leL;kvksa dks crkb,A 4

27- oS'ohdj.k dk ykHk lHkh oxks± dks leku :i ls D;ksa ugha gqvk \ pkj rdZ nsdj mÙkj dh iqf"V dhft,A1×4=4

28- xzkeh.k {ks=kksa esa _.k dh D;ksa vko';drk iM+rh gSa \ xzkeh.k {ks=k ds yksx bls fdu nks lzksrksa ls iwjk djrs gSa\2+2=4

29- ¼d½ Hkkjr ds jktuSfrd js[kk ekufp=k esa fuEu LFkkuksa dks vafdr dhft,A

¼1½ fn, x, Hkkjr ds js[kk ekufp=k ¼jktuSfrd½ esa n'kkZ;s x, LFkkuksa dks igpkfu, rFkk fn, x, ladsrksa ds lkeusfyf[k,A

¼A½ uhy ckxku vkUnksyu


¼B½ dkaxzsl vf/kos'ku

¼[k½ fn, x, ekufp=k esa ABCD dks igpkfu, rFkk fn, x, ladsrksa ds lkeus fyf[k,A 1×4=4

vFkok


29 (i) blh ekufp=k esa fuEu LFkkuksa dks ladsrksa ds ek/;e ls vafdr dhft, ,oa mudk uke fyf[k,A¼d½ og LFkku tgka ls xkU/kh th us ued dkuwu dk mYya?ku fd;kA¼[k½ 1929 dk dkaxzsl vf/kos'ku dsUnzA

(ii) Hkkjr ds blh ekufp=k ds fuEufyf[kr y{k.kksa dh fLFkfr fn[kkb, o muds uke fyf[k,A¼d½ izeq[k twV mRiknd jkT;A¼[k½ dukZVd esas fLFkr ,d ijek.kq ÅtkZ dsUnzA¼x½ rfeyukMq esa fLFkr ,d dks;yk {ks=k¼?k½ xqtjkr dk izeq[k ,d iÙku


uewuk iz'u i=k 1 ds mÙkj1- ekupsLVj yhM~l

vFkok

dPpkeky] etnwj] iw¡th izokg ¼dksbZ nks½

vFkok

1863] yUnu

2- Jhfuokl nkl] ijh{kk xq:

vFkok

vleatl dh fLFkfr esa bLykeh dkuwu ds fo}kuksa }kjk oS/kkfud ?kks"k.kkA

3- os ou {ks=k tgka dqN izfrcU/kksa ds lkFk i'kq pjkus ,oa df"k djus dh vuqefr nh tkrh gaSA

4- ¼d½ ck¡xj ¼2½ [kknj

5- tykÅ ydM+h] xkscj ds miys] Qlyksa ds vo'ks"k inkFkZ] xUus dh Nhyu ¼dksbZ vU; nks Hkh½

6- ¼d½ NksVs iSekus ds m|ksx

¼[k½ cM+s iSekus ds m|ksx

7- efgykvksa ds fy, leku vf/kdkjksa dh odkyr djus okys ,oa muds fy, vkUnksyu djus okysA

8- ¼d½ VkWeh fLeFk

¼[k½ tkWu dkyksZl

9- ¼d½ f'k{kk ¼[k½ izfr O;fDr vk;

¼x½ LokLF; ¼x½ thou izR;k'kk ¼dksbZ nks½

10- dksijk dkuwu 1986 esa ykxw fd;k x;kA

11- ¼d½ vLi';rk ¼NqvkNwr½ dks [kRe djdsA

¼[k½ vNwrksa dks gfjtu uke fn;kA

¼x½ efUnjksa] lkoZtfud LFkyksa ij izos'k fnykus ds fy, lR;kxzg fd;kA

¼?k½ mPpoxZ ds yksxksa dks ân; ifjorZu ds fy, vkxzg fd;kA ¼dksbZ rhu½

12- ¼d½ [kknh diM+ksa dk feyksa ds diM+ksa dh rqyuk esa egaxk gksukA

¼[k½ Hkkjrh; f'k{kk laLFkkuksa dh dehA


¼x½ Hkkjrh; vnkyrksa dh dehA

¼?k½ jkstxkj ds fy, Hkkjrh; laLFkkuksa dh deh ¼dksbZ rhu½

13- ¼d½ fjUMj isLV chekjh ls i'kqvksa dk ejukA

¼[k½ vÝhdh turk dh thfodk esa dehA

¼x½ fczfV'k@;wjksih; ljdkj us cps gq, i'kqvksa dks Hkh ekj fn;kA

¼?k½ ckxku ekfydksa ,oa [kku ekfydksa us vÝhdh turk dks Je cktkj esa <dsy fn;kA ¼dksbZ Hkh rhu½

vFkok

¼d½ e'khuksa dk vf/kd iz;ksxA

¼[k½ fczfV'k ljdkj }kjk :bZ (COTTON) ij fu;kZr dj gVk;kA

¼x½ rS;kj diM+s ij Hkkjh fu;kZr dj yxkukA

vFkok

vehj fczVsu okfl;ksa ds euksjatu dh igy ls pyh vk jgh ijEijk ^yUnu lhtu* ds uke ls tkuh tkrh gaSA

¼d½ laHkzkar ifjokjksa ds fy, vkWisjk] jaxeap] 'kkL=kh; laxhr dk vk;kstuA

¼[k½ [kcjksa dk vknku&iznku djukA

¼x½ 'kjkc ?kj o ic dk iz;ksxA

14- ¼d½ e'khuksa ls Nius ds dkj.k lLrs miU;klA

¼[k½ fp=kkRed ,oa dykRed NikbZ

¼x½ rduhdh lq/kkj ls NikbZ ij de [kpZ

¼?k½ iqLrdky;ksa dh LFkkiuk ls fdjk;s ij miU;klksa dk feyukA

vFkok

¼d½ ekfVZu ywFkj ,d /keZ lq/kkjd

¼[k½ mUgksausa eqnz.k dks ,d egku nsu ekuk gaSA

¼x½ blesa u;k ckSf)d ekgkSy cuk gSaA

¼?k½ eqnz.k ds ek/;e ls fdlh Hkh fujadq'k lÙkk dks gVk;k tk ldrk gaSA ¼dksbZ rhu½

15- ¼d½ ljdkj dk nks ;k nks ls vf/kd Lrjksa ij gksukA

¼[k½ lHkh Lrjksa dh ljdkjksa dh 'kfDr;ksa dk lafo/kku }kjk foHkktu

¼x½ lHkh ljdkjksa dk fuf'pr vf/kdkj {ks=k


¼?k½ lHkh ljdjksa ds fy, Li"V jktLo O;oLFkk ¼dksbZ rhu½

16- ¼d½ csfYt;e esa 59% yksx Mp cksyus okysA

¼[k½ 40 izfr'kr ÝSap cksyus okysA

¼x½ 1 izfr'kr teZu cksyus okysA

¼?k½ jkt/kkuh czlsy esa Ýsap cksyus okys cgqer esa rFkk Mp cksyus okys vYier esa FksA ¼dksbZ rhu½

17- ¼d½ mRikfnr oLrq dh frfFk ,oa ewY; dh tkudkjh ysukA

¼[k½ oLrq dh xq.koÙkk dks Bhd ls tkapukA

¼x½ eksyHkko vf/kd djuk

¼?k½ [kjhns x, lkeku dh xkjUVh o fcy dkMZ vo'; ysukA

¼³½ miHkksDrk dkuwu dh tkudkjh j[kukA ¼dksbZ rhu½

18- fodflr ns'k &

¼d½ vkS|ksfxd {ks=kksa ,oa VSDuksyksth dk vf/kd foLrkj

¼[k½ izfr O;fDr vk; esas vf/kdrk

¼x½ dq'ky ,oa izf'kf{kr dkjhxj

fodkl'khy ns'k

¼d½ df"k ,oa xzkeh.k {ks=k dk egRo

¼[k½ NksVk vkS|ksfxd {ks=k o VSDuksyksth esa deh

¼x½ izfr O;fDr vk; de

¼?k½ tula[;k esa rsth ls of)A ¼dksbZ vU; Hkh rhu rhu½

19- ¼d½ ;q) esa vesfjdk ds lSfudksa dk ejuk

¼[k½ ;q) ds yEck f[kapus ls vesfjdk esa yksx fojks/k djus yxs

¼x½ vesfjdk ;q) dk lh/kk izlkj.k gksus ls turk esa lSfud dqdR;ksa ls jks"k mRiUu gqvkA

¼?k½ eSjh eSdkFkhZ tSls vesfjdh ys[kdksa us fo;ruke ds yksxksa dh iz'kalk dhA ¼dksbZ vU; pkj Hkh½

vFkok

¼d½ Ýsap Hkk"kk dks lkewfgd :i ls LohdfrA

¼[k½ firHkwfe vkSj ukxfjd tSls fopkj

¼x½ 'kghnksa dk xq.kxku o ubZ Lrqfr;ka jph xb±A


¼?k½ u;k Ýkalhlh >aMk

¼³½ ,d dsUnzh; iz'kklfud O;oLFkkA ¼dksbZ pkj½

20- ¼d½ dsyk

¼[k½ egkjk"Vª] dsjy] rfeyukMq] fetksje ¼dksbZ nks½

¼x½ ¼1½ ;g O;kikfjd Qly ¼2½ ,d o"khZ; Qly

21- ¼d½ dq'ky Je

¼[k½ iw¡th

¼x½ ;krk;kr lapkj ds lk/ku ¼dksbZ nks½

¼?k½ dPpk eky

¼³½ tyok;q

¼p½ /kjkry dksbZ nks½

22- ¼d½ lery /kjkry ij vklkuh ls jsysas fcNkbZ tk ldrh gSaA ioZrh; o iBkjh Hkkxksa esa deA

¼[k½ ioZrh; {ks=kksa esa Hkwfe dVko o HkwL[kyu dk [krjkA

¼x½ df"k {ks=k ,oa vkS|ksfxd {ks=kksa esa jsy lsok dh vf/kd ekaxA

¼?k½ ?kuh tula[;k okys {ks=kksa esa Hkh vf/kd ekaxA ¼dksbZ vU; Hkh ;fn mi;qDr gS½

23- ¼d½ pquko esa mEehnokjksa dk p;u tkfr ds vk/kkj ij

¼[k½ ernkrk }kjk viuh tkfr ds mEehnokjksa dks gh ojh;rk nsuk

¼x½ ljdkj xBu esa Hkh tkfr;ksa dk lkeatL;

¼?k½ usrkvksa }kjk leku tkfr ds yksxksa dks ojh;rk A

24- ¼d½ tc dbZ ny feydj ljdkj cukrs gSaA

¼[k½ {ks=kh; izHkko ls pquko thruk o ljdkj esa xBcU/ku ls 'kkfey gksukA

¼x½ {ks=kh; leL;kvksa dks ojh;rk nsukA

¼?k½ ljdkj dks uhfr;ka cukrs le; vius {ks=k ls voxr djkrs gSaA

¼³½ ljdkj ls leFkZu okil ysus ij ljdkj dk vYier esa vkukA ¼dksbZ pkj½

25- ¼d½ yksdrU=k esa xyrh lq/kkjus dk voljA

¼[k½ turk }kjk ljdkj dk pquko

¼x½ fu.kZ; ysus dh {kerk esa lq/kkj


¼?k½ la?k"kZ gy djus dk volj

¼³½ izR;sd ukxfjd dks lekurkA ¼dkbZ vU; pkj Hkh½

26- ¼d½ flapkbZ dh leL;k

¼[k½ dtZ dk Hkkj

¼x½ izPNUu csjkstxkjh@vYi csjkstxkjh

¼?k½ 'kgjh nykyksa dk 'kks"k.kA

¼³½ Qly dk mfpr ewY; u feyukA ¼dksbZ pkj½

27- ¼d½ dqN mPp ,oa fof'k"V dEifu;ksa dks ykHk

¼[k½ lapkj ,oa rduhd ds {ks=k esa gh fodkl

¼x½ dqN cgqjk"Vªh; dEifu;ksa tSls lsyQksu] cSafdx ,UM lk¶VfMªad dks Qk;nk

¼?k½ fdlkuksa ds Hkwfe vf/kxzg.k ls df"k {ks=k esa deh

¼³½ NksVs m|ksxksa@O;kikfj;ksa dks uqdlkuA ¼dksbZ vU; pkj Hkh½

28- xzkeh.k {ks=kksa esa _.k dh vko'drk

¼d½ flapkbZ ds lk/kuksa ds fy,

¼[k½ cht] [kkn ,oa df"k ;U=k [kjhnus ds fy,

¼x½ 'kknh ,oa vU; lkekftd dk;ks± ds fy,

_.k izkfIr ds lzksr

vkSipkfjd & cSad] lgdkjh lfefr;k¡] Lo;a lgk;rk lewg

vukSipkfjd & tehankj] lkgwdkj] fe=k ,oa fj'rsnkj


mÙkj 29 & gy


vFkok


uewuk iz'u i=k & 2lkekftd foKku

d{kk 10

fu/kkZfjr le; % 3 ?kaVs vf/kdre vad % 80

lkekU; funsZ'k

1- dqy 29 iz'u gSa] lHkh iz'u vfuok;Z gSaA

2- izR;sd iz'u ds vad iz'u ds lkeus fn, gSaA

3- iz'u la[;k 1 ls 10 rd iz'u ,d&,d vad ds gSaA izR;sd iz'u dk mÙkj ,d 'kCn ls ,d okD; rd gskukpkfg,A

4- iz'u la[;k 11&18 rd ds iz'u rhu&rhu vadksa ds gSa( izR;sd iz'u dk mÙkj 80 'kCnksa ls vf/kd ugha gksuk pkfg,A

5- iz'u la[;k 19&28 rd ds iz'u pkj vadksa ds gSa] izR;sd iz'u dk mÙkj 100 'kCnksa ls vf/kd dk ugha gksuk pkfg,A

6- iz'u la[;k 29 ekufp=k ls lEcfU/kr gSa( fn, x, ekufp=k dks viuh mÙkj iqfLrdk ds Hkhrj layXu djsaA

1- fdUgha nks caxyk miU;kldkjksa ds uke fyf[k,A

vFkok

tsEl vkWxLVl fgDdh us 1780 ls dkSu lh lkIrkfgd if=kdk dk lEiknu 'kq: fd;k \

2- Hkkjr ds nks izslhMsalh 'kgjksa ds uke crkb,A

vFkok

LVsiyj ls D;k rkRi;Z gS \

vFkok

js'ke ekxZ ls tksM+us okys nks egk}hiksa ds uke fyf[k,A

3- dkthjaxk jk"Vªh; m|ku fdl jkT; esa fLFkr gS \ ;g m|ku fdl tho ds fy, eq[;r% tkuk tkrk gS \

4- enk vijnu ds izeq[k nks :i D;k gSa \

5- lkSj ÅtkZ dk Hkkjr esa lcls cM+k la;a=k dgka gaS \ rFkk fdl jkT; esa fLFkr gaS \

6- lkoZtfud {ks=k esa ljdkj }kjk lapkfyr fdUgha nks m|ksxksa ds uke crkb,A

7- Je ds ySafxd foHkktu ls D;k rkRi;Z gSa \

8- le:i lekt dh izeq[k fo'ks"krk fyf[k,A


9- lwpuk dk vf/kdkj Hkkjr esa dc ykxw fd;k x;k \

10- f'k'kq eR;q nj dsjy esa lcls de gS] D;ksa \ nks dkj.k crkb,A

11-1 fn, x, fp=k dks igpkfu, rFkk bl fp=k esa fdl vkUnksyu dks n'kkZ;k x;k gS \

11-2 bl vkUnksyu esa xkU/kh th ds lkFk fdrus lg;ksxh izkjEHk esa Fks \

11-3 bl vknksyu dks 'kq: djus dk ,d mís'; crkb,A

12- lfou; voKk vkUnksyu dh izeq[k lhek,a D;k Fkha \ dksbZ rhu lhek,a fyf[k,A

13- rduhdh fodkl us Hkwe.Myhdj.k esa D;k Hkwfedk fuHkkbZ \ dksbZ rhu rduhdh cnykoksa dh foospuk dhft,A

vFkok

izFke fo'o ;q) ds ckn ekupsLVj dks igys tSlh gSfl;r ¼izfr"Bk½ iqu% gkfly D;ksa ugha gks ikbZ \ rhu dkj.knhft,A

vFkok

cEcbZ esa tehu ¼Hkwfe½ dh deh dks iwjk djus ds fy, D;k iz;kl fd;s x, \ rhu iz;kl fyf[k,A

14- ^^bfrgkl esa miU;kl if'pe vkSj Hkkjr nksuksa txgksa ij fofHkUu yksxksa dh ftanxh dk vge~ fgLlk cu tkrk gaSAdSls \ pkj rdZ nhft,A

vFkok

Hkkjr esa ikaMqfyfi;ksa dk pyu de gksus ds ihNs izeq[k rhu leL;k,a D;k Fkha \

15- 1992 esa lafo/kku la'kks/ku }kjk fdl izdkj LFkkuh; ljdkjksa dks 'kfDr'kkyh ,oa izHkko'kkyh cuk;k x;k \ dksbZrhu izko/kku fyf[k,A


16- csfYt;e ljdkj us lÙkk dh lk>snkjh dk ,d vkn'kZ izLrqr fd;k gSA rhu lq/kkjksa dh foospuk dhft,A

17- fodkl dh vo/kkj.kk izR;sd O;fDr ds fy, vyx&vyx gSA dksbZ rhu mnkgj.k nsdj Li"V dhft,A

18- ekudhdj.k ls D;k vfHkizk; gS \ Hkkjr esa ekudhdj.k dk izek.k i=k nsus okyh nks laLFkkvksa ds uke fyf[k,A

19- fo;ruke ds ckjs esa Qku ;w fpUg dk mís'; D;k Fkk \ Qku cksbZ pkm vkSj muds fopkjksa esa D;k fHkUurk Fkh \

vFkok

Ýkalhlh dykdkj ÝsfMªd lkj;w us vius pkj fp=kksa dh Ja[kyk ds igys fp=k esa turkaf=kd vkSj lkekftd x.kra=kksads liuksa ds lalkj dk fp=k.k fdl izdkj fd;k gaS \ fooj.k nhft,A

20- fn, x, fp=k dks /;kuiwoZd v/;;u dhft, rFkk fuEu iz'uksa ds mÙkj nhft,A

20-1- fp=k esa fn[kkbZ xbZ ÅtkZ la;=k dk uke yf[k,A 1

20-2- ;g ÅtkZ la;=k Hkkjr ds fdl Hkkx esa vf/kd izpfyr gaSA

20-3- fp=k esa fn[kkbZ ÅtkZ la;=k ds nks ykHk fyf[k,A

21- ^^Hkkjr ds fofHkUu {ks=kksa esa ijEijkxr rjhds ls ty laxzg.k fd;k tkrk gaSA pkj i)fr;k¡ crkb,A

22- LokfeRo ds vk/kkj ij m|ksxksa dk oxhZdj.k dhft,A izR;sd izdkj ds m|ksxksa dk ,d&,d mnkgj.k Hkh fyf[k,A

23- Hkkjr esa efgyk,a vHkh Hkh dbZ rjg ls neu vkSj HksnHkko dk lkeuk dSls djrh gSa \ pkj mnkgj.kksa dh lgk;rkls Li"V dhft,A

24- usiky esa yksdrU=k dh LFkkiuk ds fy, fd, x, iz;klksa dk fooj.k nhft,A

25- mPp o vf/kd lef) gkfly djus esa xSj yksdrkafU=kd ljdkjsa vf/kd lQy D;ksa jgh gSa \ pkj dkj.k nhft,A

26- Hkkjrh; fjtoZ cSad vU; cSadksa dh xfrfof/k;ksa ij fdl izdkj fu;a=k.k j[krh gaS \ Li"V dhft,A

27- cgqjk"Vªh; dEifu;ksa dk Hkkjr ds jkstxkj ,oa O;kikj ij iM+us okys izHkkoksa dks Li"V dhft,A


28- lsok {ks=kd ls D;k rkRi;Z gS \ vlaxfBr {ks=kd ds Jfedksa dh rhu leL;k,a crkb,A

29- ¼d½ fn, x, Hkkjr ds jktuSfrd ekufp=k esa y{k.kksa dks igpkfu, rFkk vafdr ykbZuksa ij fyf[k,A

¼[k½ bls fn, x, ekufp=k esa Bhd y{k.kksa dks igpkfu, rFkk ekufp=k esa vafdr LFkkuksa ij fyf[k,A


vFkok

29- ¼d½ fn, x, bl ekufp=k esa fuEu ,sfrgkfld LFkkuksa dks n'kkbZ,A

¼1½ MkaMh ¼2½ enzkl

¼[k½ ¼1½ fot; uxj bLikr dsUnz ¼2½ yksdVd rkifo|qr dsUnz ¼3½ Hkk[kM+k cka/k ¼4½ t;iqj lk¶Vos;j ikdZ

preparation of question bankedudel.nic.in/welcome_folder/question_bank_2009_10/x_class/xth... ·...

Documents