AN INTRODUCTION1. TO ......................01 ECONOMIC GEOGRAPHY

Branches of Economic Geography ..............01

New Economic Geography .........................01

WATER RESOURCES2. ...................... 02-20Introduction ...........................................02

World Water Resources ............................02

Extent of Water Resources ........................05

Utilisation and Related Problems ...............06

India’s Water Resources ...........................08

Inter-state River Water Disputes in India .....09

National Water Policy (2012) .....................10

Jal Shakti Abhiyan ...................................11

Multipurpose River-Valley Projects in .........12India

Ganga-Cauvery River Link .........................17

National Water Grid .................................19

FOREST RESOURCES3. .................... 21-28What is Forest .........................................21

Extent of Forest Cover ..............................21

Types of Forestry Practices ......................22

Forest Resources in India .........................24

BIOTIC RESOURCES4. ...................... 29-47Introduction ...........................................29

Livestock ...............................................29

Livestock Products ..................................45

MINERAL RESOURCES5. .................. 48-74Introduction ...........................................48

Ores ......................................................48

Origin of Mineral Deposits ........................48

Extraction of Minerals ..............................49

Mineralised Regions ................................51

Metallic Minerals ....................................52

Mineral Resources: India ..........................58

Metallic Minerals ....................................59

Non-Metallic Minerals ..............................68

ENERGY RESOURCES6. .................. 75-106Introduction ...........................................75

Types of Energy Resources .......................75

Petroleum ..............................................77

Natural Gas ............................................79

Coal ......................................................80

Energy Resources: India ...........................82

Non-Conventional Energy Sources ...........104

Miscellaneous ......................................106

India joined IEA Bioenergy TCP .............105

Dikshi Small Hydro Power Project .........106

MARINE RESOURCES7. ................ 107-118Maritime Zones .....................................107

Resources: Extent, Distribution and ..........108Utilisation

Types of Marine Resources .....................108

Marine Deposits ....................................109

Marine Energy Resources .......................111

Marine Food Resources ..........................112

State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture (Sofi a) ...............................113

Marine Resource of India ........................114

Blue Revolution .....................................115

CONTENTS

ECONOMIC GEOGRAPHY

Chief routes of entry of marine ................118pollutants

WORLD AGRICULTURE8. ..................... 119Introduction .........................................119

World Agriculture Types .........................119

Classifi cation .......................................120

Nomadic Herding ..................................120

Shifting cultivation/Simple .....................121 Subsistence Farming

Rudimentary Sedentary Tillage ................123

Intensive Subsistence Tillage ..................124(dominated by wet paddy)

Intensive Subsistence Tillage ..................124(without paddy dominance)

Subsistence Crop and Livestock Farming ..124

Mediterranean Agriculture ......................125

Livestock Ranching ...............................126

Livestock Ranching and Nomadic .............126Herding

Extensive Commercial Grain Farming ........127

Commercial Livestock and Crop ..............128 Farming (Mixed Farming)

Commercial Dairy Farming ......................129

Specialized Horticulture and ..................129 Floriculture (Flower Culture)

Plantation Agriculture ............................130

INDIA: LAND RESOURCES &9. ....... 131-153 AGRICULTURE

Important Facts about Indian ...................131Agriculture

Land Utilization .....................................132

Land-use Changes in India ......................133

Salient Features of Indian Agriculture .......133

Types of Farming ..................................134

Cropping Pattern ...................................134

First Advance Estimates of Production .....137of major Kharif crops for 2020-21

Three largest producing States of ............138major Crops during 2018-19

Determinants of Agriculture ....................138

Land Reforms .......................................138

Agricultural Productivity ........................144

Agricultural Intensity or Intensity of .........144Cropping

Agro-Climatic Regions ...........................144

Dry Farming ..........................................145

Problems of Indian Agriculture ................146

Miscellaneous ......................................147

Cultivation of GM Crops .......................147

Krishi Megh .........................................148

Lakshadweep declared 100% Organic ...148

Kerala, the fi rst state in the country .......148to fi x MSP for vegetables

Direct Seeding of Rice ..........................149

Rashtriya Kamdhenu Aayog ..................149

Pradhan Mantri Matsya Sampada .........149Yojana

UN World Food Programme ..................150

National Year of Millets ........................150

Millet Village Scheme ...........................151

Water Productivity Mapping of Major Indian Crops...............................151

India’s First Aqua Mega Food Park ........152

INDUSTRIAL10. REGIONS OF ......... 154-182 THE WORLD

North American Region ..........................154

European Region ...................................157

CIS: Commonwealth of Independent .........162States

Asian Region ........................................163

Indian Industrial Regions ........................167

Industries in India .................................170

Textile Industries .................................170

Metallurgical Industries .........................174

Engineering Industries ...........................177

Cement Industry ...................................180

Sugar Industry ......................................180

Cottage Industries .................................180

Information Technology .........................181

Fertilizers ............................................181

Public Sector Undertakings ....................182

TRADE PATTERN11. ...................... 183-201Introduction .........................................183

World Trade Pattern ...............................183

Major Trading Blocks .............................195

Trends in India’s Foreign Trade ................196

Foreign Trade .......................................196

Composition of Export-Trade of India .......197

Composition of Import-Trade of India .......199

Direction of India’s Foreign Trade .............201

TRANSPORT12. ............................ 202-244Importance and Development of ..............202Transport

Transport Costs and Economic Distance ...202

Transport Patterns in the World ...............202

Inland Waterways ..................................206

Railways ..............................................208

Air Transport ........................................213

Pipeline Transport .................................214

Transport and Trade in the Modern Era .....215

India: Transport ....................................216

Railways ..............................................216

Roadways ............................................223

Air Transport ........................................227

Water Transport ....................................228

Shipping ..............................................231

Miscellaneous ......................................235

Atal Tunnel ..........................................235

Char Dham Pariyojana ..........................235

Zoji La tunnel project ...........................235

Sela pass tunnel ..................................236

India’s largest dry dock at Cochin .........236Shipyard

India’s longest elevated road ................237

Eastern Peripheral Expressway .............237

Banihal-Qazigund tunnel .......................238

Water aerodrome in Chilika Lake ...........238

Bogibeel Bridge: India’s longest river .....239bridge

City Gas Distribution (CGD) Projects .....239

Noney Bridge: World’s Tallest ...............240Railway Bridge

“The Future of Rail” Report ...................240

Gas Trading Hub ..................................242

Byorung Bridge: India’s longest .............242300-metre single lane steel cable............... suspension bridge

Ganga Expressway ...............................243

Kerala to get country’s 2nd ...................243longest rail tunnel for Vizhinjam Port Connectivity

Purvanchal Expressway ........................244

1

CHAPTER

1 AN INTRODUCTION TOECONOMIC GEOGRAPHY

Economic geography has been defi ned by the geographers as the study of human’s economic activities under varying sets of conditions which is associated with production, location, distribution, consumption, exchange of resources, and spatial organization of economic activities across the world. It represents a traditional subfi eld of the discipline of geography. However, many economists have also approached the fi eld in ways more typical of the discipline of economics.

Economic geography has taken a variety of approaches to many different subject matters, including the location of industries, economies of agglomeration (also known as “linkages”), transportation, international trade, development, real estate, gentrifi cation, ethnic economies, gendered economies, core-periphery theory, the economics of urban form, the relationship between the environment and the economy (tying into a long history of geographers studying culture-environment interaction), and globalization.

Branches of Economic Geography

Thematically, economic geography can be divided into these sub disciplines:

Geography of resources

Geography of agriculture: It is traditionally considered the branch of economic geography that investigates those parts of the Earth’s surface that are transformed by humans through primary sector activities. It thus focuses on structures of agricultural landscapes and asks for the processes that lead to these spatial patterns.

Geography of industry

Geography of international trade

Geography of transport and communication

Geography of fi nance

New Economic Geography

With the rise of the New Economy, economic inequalities are increasing spatially. The New Economy, generally characterized by globalization, increasing use of information and communications technology, the growth of knowledge goods, and feminization, has enabled economic geographers to study social and spatial divisions caused by the rising New Economy, including the emerging digital divide.

The new economic geographies consist of primarily service-based sectors of the economy that use innovative technology, such as industries where people rely on computers and the internet. Within these is a switch from manufacturing-based economies to the digital economy. In these sectors, competition makes technological changes robust. These high technology sectors rely heavily on interpersonal relationships and trust, as developing things like software is very different from other kinds of industrial manufacturing—it requires intense levels of cooperation between many different people, as well as the use of tacit knowledge. As a result of cooperation becoming a necessity, there is a clustering in the high-tech new economy of many fi rms.

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