pregled: posebno izdanje na engleskom [oktobar 2008.]

8/2/2019 Pregled: posebno izdanje na engleskom [oktobar 2008.]

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68 VZ\YJW



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61VZ\YJW



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66VZ\YJW



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189 VZ\YJW

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114 VZ\YJW



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117VZ\YJW

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19= VZ\YJW



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19:VZ\YJW



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199 VZ\YJW



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195VZ\YJW



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145VZ\YJW



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144 VZ\YJW



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147VZ\YJW



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]jox}a}gc`v ci L)D Fzk}z|j

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178 VZ\YJW



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171VZ\YJW



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176VZ\YJW



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17:VZ\YJW



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179 VZ\YJW



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175VZ\YJW



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174 VZ\YJW

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177VZ\YJW

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<88 VZ\YJW



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<19 VZ\YJW



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<15VZ\YJW



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<14 VZ\YJW



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<17VZ\YJW



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<<8 VZ\YJW



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<<6VZ\YJW



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vzfd |czed }gojv Lz}+ Namj| Oga dam }c kjayj g` vja|fd ci uc|n a`moc`jw+ ic| dgv iaogkw dam c}dgè }c ja} ]dj }ckk ic| dgv jfc`cogf i|jjmcouav mja}d+ ljfazvj }da} uav uda} daxxj`jm ka}j| g` }dj dcvxg}ak… ]dj

<<9 VZ\YJW



kafn ci jfc`cogf i|jjmco fa` egyj lg|}d }c a kafn ci vcfgak i|jjmco+ g`

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|jakkw xcvvglkj ug}dcz} z`mj|v}a`mgè }dj g`}j|af}gyj }aèkj ci g`mgygmzaka`m fckkjf}gyj i|jjmcov+ }da} gv+ xckg}gfak i|jjmcov a`m dzoa` |ged}v udgfdfc`v}g}z}j }dj dzoa` i|jjmco ]dcvj i|jjmcov mj}j|og`j }dj qzakg}w ci kgija`m oj`}ak xj|vxjf}gyj ci a vcfgj}w G` }dj ‛i|jjmco/fj`}|jm mjyjkcxoj`}‟axx|cafd+ Aoa|}wa Vj` gv amycfa}gè+ i|jjmcov a|j }anj` av }djfc`v}g}z}gcàk a`m g`v}|zoj`}ak x|g`fgxkjv ci mjyjkcxoj`} ci }dj dzoa`vcfgj}w+ }da} gv+ av ecakv a`m oja`v G` }dj x|cfjvv+ g} gv `jfjvva|w ‖ avAoa|}wa Vj v}a}jv ‖ }c fkja|kw mjig`j g`v}|zoj`}ak xj|vxjf}gyj ci }dj dzoa`

i|jjmco+ udgfd fc`vgv}v ci $1' xckg}gfak i|jjmcov+ $<' jfc`cogf lj`jig}v+$6' vcfgak cxxc|}z`g}gjv#fda`fjv+ $=' fkja| eza|a`}jjv a`m $:' vaij}w ci x|c}jf}gc` G` }dj vaoj uaw+ a fcdj|j`} a`m |a}gcàk mjyjkcxoj`} ci avcfgj}w gv `c} xcvvglkj ug}dcz} vcfgak fc`vfgczv`jvv+ ug}dcz} vckgma|g}wa`m ug}dcz} z`gyj|vak j}dgfv ci |jvxc`vglgkg}w Ug}dcz} a xdgkcvcxdw ci i|jjmco a`m ug}dcz} g}v fa}jec|gjv+ jfc`cogf i|jjmco gv goxcvvglkj}c |jakgrj> g} gv akvc `c} xcvvglkj }c fkago c| zvj i|jjmco+ udj}dj| ug}dgà a}gcàk v}a}j c| ic| }dj fc`v}|zf}gc` ci a fc`vcfgak fcooz`g}w ci fg}/grj`v a`m xjcxkjv

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<<5VZ\YJW



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ci }dj yj|w fc|j ci cz| jtgv}j`fj dj|j a`m `cu3 Uda} fa` }dj xckg}gfakc`}ckcew+ av a vcfgak x|af}gfj ci oangè mjfgvgc`v+ vckygè x|clkjov+ f|ja}gè xcvg}gyj g`}j`}gc ak aej ma+ jàlkgè }dj iz f}gc` ci }dj magkw kgij ci fg}grj vci Lcv`ga a`m Dj|rjecygà+ mc3 G} fa` mc jyj|w}dgè G} fa` mc `c}dgèG} fa` x|j}j`m }c lj mjai a`m lkg`m }c }dj jtgv}j`fj ci kcegf a`m }dj atgcoci vcfgak kgij G} fa` akvc ig`m a iz`f}gcàk+ vgoxkj akec|dw}do ic| xavvgèmjfgvgc`v c` uda} }dj jmzfa}gc` vdczkm lj kgnj+ uda} }dj dzoa` |ged}vvdczkm lj kgnj+ uda} }dj jfc`cow vdczkm lj kgnj Xckg}gfak c`}ckcegv}v ci a vcfgak c`}ckcew oaw lj mjai c| lkg`m+ jmzfa}jm c| z`jmzfa}jm+ }|ag`jmg` mjocf|afw c| g` mjvxc}gvo+ x|ce|jvvgyj c| |z}dkjvv a`m g`}j`}gcàkkw`jea}gyj

G} gv xcvvglkj }da} }dj dwxj|/à}gc ak jkg}jv g` Lcv`ga a`m Dj|rjecygà+udgfd f|ja}j vcfgak a`m xckg}gfak c`}ckcew+ ‛n`cu akk }dgv lz} mc c} ua`}}c z`mj|v}a`m‟ G} gv xcvvglkj }da} }djw ‛n`cu jyj|w}dgè lz} }djw a|j zàlkj}c fdaèj }dj vg}za}gc` |ged} `cu‟ G} gv xcvvglkj }da} }djw a|j uag}gè ic| ‛a |ged} cxxc|}z`g}w‟ c| ic| }dj ‛|ged} xcvvglgkg}gjv‟ ic| vcoj}dgè jkvjUda} gv }dj cxxc|}z`g}w3 Vdczkm uj uag} ic| g}3 C| oawlj }dj|j gv `ccxxc|}z`g}w+ ic| }djw vgoxkw da}j }dj xjcxkjv kgygè ug}d }djo ]djwdayj+ av }djw dayj v}a}jm }djovjkyjv+ kjm }dj ua| ljfazvj ci }da} da}|jm+}djw ngkkjm a`m ec} ngkkjm ljfazvj ci g} ]djw `jjm `c} lj fakkjm ic| kcegfa`m |a}gcàkg}w A xcg`}j| c` }djg| à}gcàkgv}gf fcoxavv akuawv vdcuv}djo }djg| dgv}c|gf a`m vcfgak x|j|jqzgvg}jv. ]djg| vjoa`}gf dgv}c|w a`m

oj`}ak xj|vxjf}gyj a|j vj} a`m c|gj`}jm mgiij|j`}kw a`m }djw mjyjkcxjmmgiij|j`}kw ]da} gv udw }djg| |jaf}gc`v a|j |gegmkw jtx|jvvjm gmj`}g}wfcoxc`j`}v

<<4 VZ\YJW



A|j }dj xjcxkjv ci Lcv`ga a`m Dj|rjecygà faxalkj $jfc`cogfakkw+

vcfgakkw+ xvwfdckcegfakkw+ fcooz`gfa}gcàkkw+ fzk}z|akkw+ xckg}gfakkw' ci |jakgrgè a` affjx}alkj fc`vcfga}gc`+ a fcooz`g}w udgfd gv `c} ug}dcz}|gvnv a`m g` udgfd xaxj| |cvjv mc `c} e|cu> g` udgfd }dj og`gv}j|v mc`c} uja| `jg}dj| lkafn `c| xg`n ekavvjv+ g` udgfd }dj iaogkw a`m oaigafka`v+ jxc}gvo+ z`lja|alkj }ckj|a`fj ci g`mgiij|j`fj+ g`}ckj|a`fj+ kafn ci i|jjmco+ mjx|aya}gc`+ |jkgegczv jtfkzvgyj`jvv a`m }dj kafn ci jfc`cogf xcuj| mc `c} |zkj3 G} gv `jfjvva|w }c v}cx m|jaogè alcz} fcjtgv}j`fjav }dj goojmga}j fazvj c`j vdczkm c} g`yjv} g`+ av }dj fazvj c} uc|}dn`cukjmej c| jmzfa}gc + av }dj fazvj g udgfd g} gv xcvvglkj }c gvcka}j c`jvjki a`m x|jvj|yj c`j‗v cu` gmj`}g}w g` a fckkjf}gyj c| g`mgygmzak gvcka}gc`

Vcfgak c`}ckcew ci Lcv`ga a`m Dj|rjecygà fczkm lj jqzgyakj`} ci a

ugmj| vcfgak c`}ckcew a`m a ugmj| dgv}c|gfak c`}ckcew+ àojkw+ }dj c`}ckcewci }dj Jz|cxja` fcooz`g}w a`m }dj dgv}c|w ci }dj Jz|cxja` xjcxkjv]da} gv ljfazvj Lcv`ga a`m Dj|rjecygà dav a xcvvglgkg}w ci va}gviwgè}dj v}a}zv iz`f}gc`v udgfd fczkm lj jqzgyakj`} }c }dj v}a}zv iz`f}gc`v ci }dj Jz|cxja` fcz`}|gjv Av a fgygk v}a}j fcooz`g}w ci xjcxkjv+ Lcv`gaa`m Dj|rjecygà dav |jij|j`fjv g` }dj Jz|cxja` xckg}gfak c`}ckcew Ava |jkgegczv c| ogkg}a|gv}gf c| |gegmkw/gmjckcegfak v}a}j fcooz`g}w ci xjc/ xkjv g} dav `c |jij|j`fjv ]dj|j gv `c |jkgegczv c| ogkg}a|gv}gf c| |gegmkw/gmjckcegfak ic|o affjx}jm g` Jz|cxj av a v}a}j v}|zf}z|j+ av a vcfgakc`}ckcew x|cygmgè akk }dj fg}grj`v ug}d }dj jqzgkgl|gzo ci g`g}gak i|jjmcova`m fda`fjv udgfd gv vcoj}dgè jyj|w vcfgj}w cujv }c a` g`mgygmzak

Av a fcooz`g}w ci jqzak xjcxkjv a`m i|jj fg}grj`v+ g}v xckg}gfak c`}ckcewfczkm lj jqzgyakj`} }c }dj Jz|cxja` xckg}gfak c`}ckcew

G} uav `jfjvva|w }c oanj a mgv}g`f}gc` lj}ujj` $1' vjki/fc`vfgczvà}gcàk a}}g}zmj+ $<' dwxj|/à}gcàk a}}g}zmj c| ljdaygcz| udgfd |jv}v zxcà `j}uc|n ci mceoav a`m $6' a` cxj`kw à}gcàkgv}gf ljdaygcz| udgfdgv l|z}akkw |jakgrjm }d|czed aee|jvvgyj xckg}gfv ci mjv}|zf}gc` ci }djc}dj| a`m }dj mgiij|j`} Uda} ocmj|` vcfgj}w goxcvjv lw g}v jtgv}j`fjgv a uaw cz} i|co a fkcvjm+ gvcka}jm a`m g``j| jtxj|gj`fj ci }dj xjcxkj a`mg`mgygmzakv a`m a` goojmga}j j`}|a`fj }c |jikjf}gc`+ mj}j|ogà}gc` a`mfcoxa|gvc` ug}d }dj jtxj|gj`fjv ci c}dj| xjcxkjv a`m g`mgygmzakv ]dj|jgv a ugmj| c`}ckcew a`m n`cukjmej }da` gv }dj c`}ckcew a`m n`cukjmej ci

}dj ig|v} xj|vc` c| x|goa|w fzk}z|j c| à}gcàk gmj`}g}w G} gv c`kw }d|czedcxj`gè }cua|mv }dj c}dj| a`m }dj mgiij|j`} }da} a kcegfak a`vuj| }c }djickkcugè qzjv}gc` gv xcvvglkj2 Fa` c`j |a}gcàkkw ic|o a` gmja ci $='

<<7VZ\YJW



a }|a`và}gcàk a}}g}zmj c| ljdaygcz| a`m uda} a|j }dj mgvamya`}aejv a`m

}dj amya`}aejv ci vzfd a` gmja3Lcv`ga a`m Dj|rjecygà `jjmv }c fc`mzf} a vj|gczv |a}gcàk |j/fc`v}|zf}gc` ci g}v vcfgak a`m xckg}gfak c`}ckcew+ a`m `c} c`kw ljfazvjg} jjmv }c j`}j| }dj Jz|cxja` Z`gc` ]da} jjmv }c lj mc`j ljfazvj ci }dj oj`}ak djak}d ci }dj xjcxkjv a`m }dj qzakg}w ci kgij ci }dj xjcxkjv a`mfg}grj`v g` }dgv a|ja G} gv fj|}ag` }da} vzfd a |jfc`v}|zf}gc` fa``c} lj xka` jm c| |jakgrjm lw }dj xjcxkj udc mc c} affjx} }dj kauv ci }dg`ngè+}dj kauv ci dzoa` c|ea`gra}gc`+ }dj v}a`ma|mv ci ocmj|` kgij+ }dj eccma`m jygk ci }dj xcv}ocmj|` vcfgj}w+ }dj v}a`ma|mv ci }dj gìc|oa}gc` a`mfcooz`gfa}gc` }jfd`ckcew+ }dj v}a`ma|mv ci |jkgegczv }ckj|a`fj+ }djv}a`ma|mv ci jfc`cogf i|jjmcov+ }dj v}a`ma|mv ci xckg}gfak |ged}v+ }dj

v}a`ma|mv ci qzakg}w ci dzoa` kgij ]dj vxjfzka}gyj g`}j|jv}v ci faxg}akcu`j|v+ lj }djw a}gcàk c| }|a`và}gcàk+ fa` c`kw lj fazed} g`}c a |a}gcàk`j}uc|n ci fc`ygf}gc`v a`m a |a}gcàk j}uc|n ci cxg`gc`v lavjm zxc` g}Ug}dcz} vzfd a` z`mj|v}a`mgè+ g} gv c} xcvvglkj }c v}a|} a ju x|af}gfjudgfd uczkm jkgogà}j }dj fc`}|amgf}gc`v i|co }dj magkw kgyjv ci xjcxkj]dcvj fc`}|amgf}gc`v a|gvj jyj|w maw2 }c xcvvjvv c`kw c` xaxj| `c} g`|jakg}w+ }c jtgv} c`kw c` xaxj| `c} g` |jakg}w

Kg}j|a}z|j

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<68 VZ\YJW



/ Da|yjw+ Maygm $1747'2 ]dj Fc`mg}gc` ci Xcv}ocmj|`g}w Ctic|m2

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/ Gl|zkb+ @gbar $<88:'2 M|zš}yc bjm`j mgoj`rgbj Va|abjyc+ X|jekjm+<88:+ l|</6+ v}| 45/189

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/ Ngygv}c+ Xj}j| $<88<'2 Ozk}gfzk}z|akgvo g` a Ekclak Vcfgj}w Ctic|m2Lkafnujkk Xzlkgvdgè

/ Vfa`kc`+ ]O $<888'2 Uda} Uj Cuj }c Jafd C}dj| Faol|mgej+

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uuulj|njkjwjmzd}}x2##uuuvja|kjvcf|a}jv#lj|njkjwjmz#a|}gfkjvd}ok

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/ Uakrj|+ Ogfdajk $1775'2 C` ]ckj|a}gc` @ju Dayj` a`m Kc`mc`2Wakj Z`gyj|vg}w X|jvv

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mgvfcz|vj+ c| }dj fzk}z|ak ya|gj}w g` ej`j|ak ]dgv oja`v }da} fzk}z|ak g`}j|/af}gc` kjamv }c dj}j|cej`gva}gc` ci fzk}z|j+ `c} mj`wgè }dj fzk}z|akvxjfgigfa}gc`v ci jafd fzk}z|ak jtx|jvvgc`

Mjvxg}j }dj x|jyagkgè fc`fjx} ci Fd|gv}ga`g}w+ Aoj|gfa dav ickkcujm}dj ocmjk ci mj/xckg}gva}gc` ci j}d`cv+ }da} gv+ }dj fc`fj`vzv ci a ka|ej`zolj| ci g`mgygmzakv ci mgiij|j`} j}d`gf lafne|cz`mv ]dj googe|a`}vcfgj}w gv g` iaf} `coamgf

]dj uc|km oa|nj} goxcvjv fc`v}a`} oclgkg}w+ udj|jav }dj faxg}ak gva mgvg`mgygmzakgvjm ic|fj ci g`}je|a}gc` }da} fc``jf}v }dj mgoj`vgc`v ci }goj a`m vxafj z`}gk }djw z`g}j+ |jea|mkjvv ci }djg| ejce|axdgfak mgv}a`fj

\jyckz}gc`v g` vfgj`fj a`m }dj mj`vg}w ci gìc|oa}gc` ikcu dayj oamj

x|gyafw |jka}gyj }c }da} mje|jj }da} g` a`w ocoj`}+ udj}dj| uj a|j a} dcoj+g` }dj ciigfj c| cz}vgmj+ uj fa` fcooz`gfa}j ug}d }dj iz|}djv} xa|}v ci }djuc|km+ oanj goxc|}a`} lzvg`jvv/|jka}jm mjfgvgc`v g` mgiij|j`} igjkmv+

<64 VZ\YJW



lj iaogkga| ug}d uda} gv ecgè c` g` }dj `jgedlcz|dccm c| jkvjudj|j+

lz} akvc+ g` }dj C|ujkga` vj`vj+ uj fa` akvc lj a` clbjf} ci clvj|ya}gc`c| oc`g}c|jm lw dged/}jfd va}jkkg}j vwv}jovG} gv }dj cz}j| vxafj }da} mcogà}jv x|gya}j kgij G` }da} vj`vj+ mgv/

g`mgygmzakgva}gc` mcjv c} oja` mjfaxg}a}gc` ci gmj`}g}w+ lz} }dj kafn ci c`ja`m c`kw oa|nj| ci xj|vcàk c| e|czx gmj`}gigfa}gc` a`m }dj xcvvglgkg}w}c fdccvj aocè mgiij|j`} cx}gc`v ci jtgv}gè vcfgak vzlbjf}gyg}gjv

]cmaw+ oa`w mgvfzvvgc`v |agvj }dj qzjv}gc` ci z`mj|v}a`mgè a|jakg}w ci ozk}g/gmj`}g}w }da}+ g` |jka}gc` }c }dj vzxj|/gmj`}g}w ic|oa}gc`/ }dj fcvocxckg}a` fg}grj`+ z`g}jv akk }dj n`cu` ic|ov ci dzoa` jtgv}j`fjoa`gijv}jm }d|czed x|gya}j a`m xzlkgf vxdj|j

]dj xdj`coj`c ci googe|a`} vcfgj}w gv akk }dj oc|j g`}j|jv}gè vg`fj

g} goxkgjv }cmaw‗v yg|}zak dwxj|/|jakg}w }da}+ z`mj| }dj goxj|a}gyj ci faxg}akg`f|javgè+ |jg`}j|x|j}v }|amg}gcàk a|}gigfgak fc`fjx}v2 a}gc`+ gmjckcew+fzk}z|j+ fgygkgra}gc` ]dgv kjamv zv }c iz|}dj| xc`mj| c` |jg`}j|x|j}a}gc` ci }dj a}gcàk vcyj|jge`}w mgvfcz|vj a`m }dj jtgv}j`fj ci vzlbjf}kjvv xkz|akgvo

G ig`m }dgv oc|j mj}agkjm mjig`g}gc` ci }dj googe|a`} vcfgj}w vzg}alkjvg`fj }dj fc`}joxc|a|w kgij fc`mg}gc`v+ ljgè c` }dj xa}d ci Xcxxj|‗viakkglgkgv}gf fce`g}gc` a`m }dj x|cbjf} ci cxj`/fcooz`gfa}gc` fcooz`g}w+|jqzg|j }dj x|g`fgxkj ci }ckj|a`fj av }dj lzgkmgè oa}j|gak ci xkz|akgvog` }dj uc|km

Ea`mdg‗v fcoxa|gvc` ci g`mgygmzakv }c m|cxv g` }dj vja }da}+ gi gvcka}jm+fa``c} jtgv} ug}dcz} }dj vja g` udgfd }djw vugo+ kjamv zv }c fc`fkzmj }da}

}ckj|a`fj gv a x|j|jqzgvg}j ci mgiij|j`fjv }c fc/jtgv} a`m }dj mjocf|afw ci mgakcezj av ujkk

Eamaoj|‗v vawgè }da} }dj|j gv c yj|mgf} ug}dcz} x|jbzmgfj xcg`}v}c }dj xcvvglkj mjig`g}gc` ci }ckj|a`fj av ‛}dj algkg}w }c kgv}j` }c a oa` udcdav a mgiij|j`} cxg`gc` alcz} }dj vaoj }dgè+ vc }da} c`j fczkm+ lw kgv}j`gè}c dgo mgvfcyj| ju gmjav }da} fczkm fc`}|glz}j g` oang e }djvj mgiij|j`}cxg`gc v fcoj fkcvj|+ lj fc||jf}jm+ vzxxkjoj`}jm c| jtx|jvvjm g` }dj uaw}da} ugkk xkjavj akk }dj xa|}gfgxa`}v‟ 6 g` }dj x|cfjvv ci fcooz`gfa}gc`

]dj|jic|j+ xckg}gfak fzk}z|j ozv} af} g` }dj mg|jf}gc` ci g`f|javgè }djaua|j`jvv ci ozk}gxkgfg}w a`m jfjvvg}w ci fcooz`gfa}gc` aocè mgiij|j`}ic|ov ci jtgv}j`fj ]ckj|a`fj |jx|jvj`}v }dj fc|`j|v}c`j ci da|oc`grgè

<67VZ\YJW

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mgiij|j`} g`}j|jv}v g` }dj mg|jf}gc` ci a ej`j|ak vcfgak x|cvxj|g}w a`m

akkjyga}gè }dj fc`vjqzj`fjv ci oavv bcl mgvogvvakv a`m mgvg`}je|a}gc`ci uc|nxkafjv]dgv gv a} }dj vaoj }goj a vcfgc/j}dgfak mgoj`vgc` amycfa}jm+ g` }dj

x|cfjvv ci ekclakgra}gc`+ lw Ej|oa`w a`m I|a`fj aeag`v} E|ja} L|g}ag =

}da} g`vgv}v c` iz|}dj| vfgj`}gigfa}gc` ci }dj clbjf}gyj iaf}/c|gj`}jm kgij+}da} gv+ c` mg|jf}gè }dj iz`mv ic| vfgj`}gigf xz|xcvjv+ udgfd oanjv }djvcfgj}w ljfcoj oc|j az}coa}gf+ og`ga}z|j a`m fwlj|`j}gf

]dj fcoxcvg}gc` ci fcz`}|gjv g` }|a`vg}gc` gv |a}dj| z`v}alkj a`mg`fcdj|j`} g` }j|ov ci }dj mjyjkcxoj`}v ci g`mgygmzak fcz`}|gjv ]djfda|af}j| ci g``j| xckg}gfv a`m }dj |jka}gc`vdgx lj}ujj fcz`}|gjv fc`}|glz}jv}c }da} ]dj }j`vgc lj}ujj }dj Ocmj| a`m }dj Xcv}/ocmj| gv ocv} fkja|kw

vjj` g` }dgv igjkm]dj vj`vg}gyg}w ci vzfd a vcfgakkw |zg`jm vg}za}gc` clvj|yjm }d|czed }djjwjv ci xckg}gfak a`m jfc`cogf fc``c}a}gc`v |jvjolkjv a oa}djoa}gfakjqza}gc` g` udgfd }dj kg`jv v}|j}fd cz} g`}c vxafj ug}dcz} a vjf}gc` xcg`}+udgfd oja`v }da} }dj|j gv a kafn ci a fcdjvgyj ic|fj }da} uczkm iz`f}gcàkkwfc``jf} }dj mgiij|j`fjv ug}dg` }dj fgygk+ v}a}j a`m g`}j|/v}a}j vxafjv

G` Lcv`ga a`m Dj|rjecygà+ a fcz`}|w }da} gv ecgè }d|czed a yj|w}|azoa}gf xj|gcm ci xcv}/ua| |jfc`v}|zf}gc` a`m }|a`vg}gc`+ a vxjfgigfvg}za}gc` x|jvj`} ug}dg` }dj xckg}gfak vwv}jo |jyjakv a fcoxkjt+ `c`/iz`f}gcàk a`m mgvc|ea`gvjm vcfgak a}ocvxdj|j ]dj jtgv}gè vxjf}|zoci x|clkjov fc`vgv}v ci }dj ickkcugè2

1 ]dj mgygvgc` ci }dj fcz`}|w g`}c j`}g}gjv/ a}gcàk }j||g}c|gva}gc`+< ]dj yg}ak à}gc` g`}j|jv} ci L)D `c} mjig`jm+6 ]dj fa}jec|w ci }dj fc`v}g}zj`fw ci à}gc`v g`v}jam ci }dj

fc`v}g}zj`fw ci fg}grj`v+= A vfkj|c}gf jfc`cogf vwv}jo+: Kafn ci mjocv av a x|j|jqzgvg}j ic| }dj jtgv}j`fj ci mjocf|afw+

f|ja}gè j}d`cf|afw+9 A mgvf|gogà}g e jkjf}c|ak vwv}jo+5 Kafn ci a ojfda`gvo }da} uczkm oanj }dj wcz}d xa|}gfgxa}j

g` xckg}gfak mjfgvgc`v4 Oavv lz|jazf|afw

<=8 VZ\YJW

= $]dj |jqzjv} ci E|ja} L|g}a` ic| jv}alkgvdgè a iz`m ic| amax}gè }c ekclakgra}gc`vzlog}}jm c` @cyjolj| <5}d <88: a} }dj Vzoog} ci JZ Ojolj|v'



]dj kafn ci a v}|cè x|c/fg}grj` cx}gc` fazvjv x|clkjov g` mgakcezj

c` j}d`c/à}gcàk lavgv ]dj kgygè vxafj ci mgiij|j`} xjcxkjv gv a}}jox}jm}c lj lc|mj|jm lw goaegà|w lc|mj|v ug}dg` udgfd ojolj|v ci c`j |jkgegcà`m a}gc vj}}kj mcu lw vjkkgè }djg| ika}v+ dczvjv+ ka`m c| fa}}kj ‖ }dj|jic|j+kjeakkw+ a`m }dj |jvzk} gv2 ej}}gè a |jka}gyjkw fkja` j}d`gf e|cz`m

Lcv`ga a`m Dj|rjecygà jjmv ak}j|à}gyj ic|fjv }da} uczkm }jkk xjcxkj}da}+ jyj` ljvgmjv }dj j}d`gf gmj`}g}w+ }dj|j a|j c}dj| yakzjv av ujkk+ vzfdav2 }ckj|a`fj+ vcfgak bzv}gfj+ jqzakg}w+ }dj |gfd`jvv ci ya|gj}w+ fcooz`gfa}gcàlcz} c`jvjki ug}d }dj c}dj|v ]dj ig|v} a`m }dj ocv} goxc|}a`} v}jx ci vzfda x|cfjvv uczkm lj ic| akk xjcxkj }c vaw2 ‛Uj a|j }dj mujkkj|v+ }da} gv+}dj fg}grj`v ci }dgv fcz`}|w‟ :

Zìc|}zà}jkw+ }cmaw `c c`j }dg`nv ci a fcooc` fcz`}|w+ }dj vj`vj

ci ljkcègè`jvv dav ujanj`jm ]dj c`kw vckz}gc` }c oanj a xcvg}gyjgox|cyjoj`} uczkm lj }c gìkzj`fj fg}grj`v }d|czed jmzfa}gc`+ fzk}z|ja`m ojmga

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]dj clv}|zf}gc`v a|gvj mzj }c j}d`cà}gcàkgvo a`m xa|cfdgakà}gcàkgvo+ f|goj |a}gc gv g`f|javjm av a |jaf}gc` }c kcu kgij v}a`ma|m]dj owv}gigfa}gc` a`m }dj ljkgji g` a ‛}|zj‟ à}gc` gv ljfcogè a ic|oci a fckkjf}gyj gkkzvgc`+ a` gmjckcegfak jox}w xd|avjckcew lw udgfd }djwcz}d gv ‛igk}j|jm‟+ }dj ijjkgè ci mgvkgngè ‛}dj c}dj|‟ gv g`}j`vgigjm+ a`mfcooz`gfa}gc` gv kgog}jm ]dj|j gv `c ijjkgè ci ljkcègè`jvv }c }djLcv`ga` a`m Dj|rjecyg`ga` vcfgj}w av a udckj+ }dj xjcxkjv ci Lcv`ga a`mDj|rjecygà ijjk oc|j g`fkg`jm }c }dj `jgedlcz|v g` }dj Jav} c| }dj Ujv}

A`m g} gv jtaf}kw }dgv xcv}/ua|+ oj`}ak |jlg|}d ci }dj vcfgj}w }da} gvia| oc|j mgiigfzk} }c afdgjyj }da` }c |jxag| }dj oa}j|gak maoaej G`v}jamci }|wgè }c ig`m vckz}gc`v }c gox|cyj kgij v}a`ma|m g` jyj|w avxjf}+ uj a|j

<=1VZ\YJW

:

Cvao ecmgà Maw}c`vnj LgD2 @cyj ygrgbj ra LgD2 rlc|`gn |amcya g rankbzďfg vaak}j| a}gy`j nc ij|j`fgbj Va|abjyc+ < cn}cla| <886+ # Jged} Wja|v ci Maw}c` L)D2 @ju Ygvgc`v ic| L)D2 X|cfjjmgèv a`m fc`fkzvgc`v ci }dj ak}j|à}gyj fcìj|j`fj+Va|abjyc+ Cf}clj| <`m <886#+ Djg`|gfd Lckk Icz`ma}gc`+ Va|abjyc+ <88=+ x 67



x|jcffzxgjm ug}d mgkjooav ci fdccvgè }dj |ged} àoj a`m vz|àoj+

|jkgegczv a`m à}gcàk ljkcègè+ xckg}gfak v}|jao+ mgkjooav alcz} uda}a|j }dj lavgf dzoa` |ged}v+ uda} gv fcoxkj}jkw xj|vcàk ic| a`w g`mgygmzak}da} fa` g` `c fg|fzov}a`fjv lj }anj` auaw+ ogvzvjm c| lj zvjm av a lavgv ic| vj}}gè yakzjv+ kawgè fkagov c| mj`gak

]dj fcooc` vawgè2 ‛Dj#vdj gv c`j ci zv‟+ i|co }dj yj|w ljeg``gèoanjv a` z`bzv} mgygvgc` g`}c2 uj+ }djw+ cz|v+ wcz|v+ n`cu`/z`n`cu`#ic|jge`+ |ged}/u|cè+ }|zj/iakvj# a|}gigfgak ]dgv f|ja}jv a mgv}c|}jm goaej ci a g`mgygmzak+ c| }dj e|czx+ }dj fg|fkj a|cz`m udgfd gv fkcvjm+ fcooz`gfa}gc` ljfcojv owv}gfak a`m gmjckcegfak+ c| g` c}dj| uc|mv+ uj ej} a fckkjf}gyj$vjki'/gkkzvgc`

]dj x|cfjvv ci }|a`vg}gc` dav af}zakkw ljfcoj a x|cfjvv ci xvjzmc/

}|a`vg}gc` }da} |jvzk}jm g` xa}dckcegfak a`m xa}dcej`gf vcfgak xdj`cojà+ xj|oa`j`} xckg}gfak mgvae|jjoj`}v+ jfc`cogf mgvg`}je|a}gc`+ iakk ci kgijv}a`ma|m G` }dj kcè |z`+ gi }dgv }|j`m fc`}g`zjv+ g} ugkk kjam }c vj|gczvvcfgak mgvc|mj|v+ jtgv}j`}gak g`vjfz|g}w+ a`m jyj` e|ja}j| f|goj |a}gc

‛]dj njw }c }dj iz}z|j ci Lcv`ga a`m Dj|rjecygà gv }c lj icz`m g`Lcv`ga a`m Dj|rjecygà g}vjki+ g` }dj mjyjkcxoj`} ci xj|vcàk xckg}gfakocmj|`g}w lavjm c` i|jj a`m cxj` xj|oja}gc` aocè }dj }d|jj fzk}z|akvxdj|jv ci fgygkgra}gc`2 A|algf/Gvkaogf+ C|}dcmct/Lwra`}g`j+ Fa}dckgf/Ujv}j|`‟9 Njjxgè laka`fj lj}ujj` }djvj }d|jj fzk}z|ak vxdj|jv av g`}je|ak xkz|akg}gjv uczkm oanj }dj kcè/jtxjf}jm a`m jfjvva|w x|ce|jvv g` }z| g e}dj xa|amgeo ci Lcv`ga a`m Dj|rjecygà i|co }dj fc`}joxc|a|w j}d`c/ xckg}gfv }c }dj fc`fjx} ci fgygf/xckg}gfv

]anj` akk g`}c fc`vgmj|a}gc`+ }cej}dj| ug}d }dj x|clkjov x|jvj`}aocè }dj xjcxkjv ci Lcv`ga a`m Dj|rjecygà }da} dayj cffz||jm ai}j| }dj ua|+ g} gv fkja| udw }dj mjyjkcxoj`} ci Lcv`ga a`m Dj|rjecygàfc`v}a`}kw ecjv lafnua|mv+ a`m udw g} gv+ g` fcoxa|gvc` }c }dj ocmj|ùc|km+ v}a`mgè avgmj }dj vcfgak `j}uc|n

]dj }|gamgf oc`ckcezj+ }dj kafn ci fako xckg}gfak mgvfzvvgc` |jx|jvj`}vLcv`ga a`m Dj|rjecygà av a fcooz`gfa}gc` j`}g}w g` vjki/fc`}agòj`}}da}+ ljic|j akk+ dav }c kja|` dcu }c cxj` g}vjki ic| uda} gv g`vgmj+ vc }da} xkz|akgvo fa` fcoj }c kgij ic| |jak+ vg fj }dgv gv }dj ig|v} x|g fgxkj ci }ckj|a fjic| cxj`gè }dj ea}jv ic| }dj cz}vgmj a`m ej}}gè g`yckyjm g` fc`}joxc|a|wJz|cxja` }|j`mv

<=< VZ\YJW

9 V}bjxa` Ũgogą+ ]jc|gba xckg}gďnj ocmj| j #]djc|w ci Xckg}gfak Ocmj|`gvo#+ @GXX @aša |gbjď Rj`gfa+ 1777+ x 96



Vcz|fjv

/ Lakgla| J}bj`+ Og+ e|ađa`g Jy|cxj3 E|a`gfj+ m|Űaya+ a|cm+ Lgl/kgc}jna Fg|fzkzv+ # Fg}grj`v ci Jz|cxj+ Zv3 Lc|mj|v+ V}a}j+ Xjcxkj#+Fg|fzkzv Kgl|a|w+ Ljke|amj+ <886

/ Mgyban Vkclcma`+ @afgba+ nzk}z|a+ e|ađa`v}yc # @a}gc`+ Fzk}z|j+Fg}grj`vdgx#+ G`v}g}z}j ic| xzlkgvdgè }jt}lccnv a`m }jafdgèoa}j|gakv+ Ljke|amj+ Ljke|amj+ <88=

/ Oc|g` Jmea|+ Nanc ogvkg}g Jy|cxz # Dcu }c ]dg`n Jz|cxj#+ Vybj}/kcv}+ Va|abjyc+ 1747

/ @cdkj Mgj}dj|+ Xckg}ckcšng |bjď gn # Mgf}gcà|w ci Xckg}gfak Vfgj`fj#+Xa` kglj| Cvbjn/Rae|jl/Vxkg}+ <881

/ Cvao ecmgà Maw}c`vnj LgD2 @cyj ygrgbj ra LgD2 rlc|`gn |amcyag rankbzďfg va ak}j|à}gy`j ncìj|j`fgbj Va|abjyc+ < cn}cla| <886+# Jged} Wja|v ci Maw}c` L)D2 @ju Ygvgc`v ic| L)D2 X|cfjjmgèva`m fc`fkzvgc`v ci }dj ak}j|à}gyj fcìj|j`fj+ Va|abjyc+ Cf}clj| <`m <886#+ Djg`|gfd Lckk Icz`ma}gc`+ Va|abjyc+ <88=

/ Ũgogą V}bjxa`+ ]jc|gba xckg}gďnj ocmj|`j # ]djc|w ci Xckg}gfak Ocmj|`gvo#+ @GXX ¤ @aša |gbjď ¤ Rj`gfa+ 1777

/ Ũzš bgą Ęz|c+ Mgbakce g }ckj|a`fgba # Mgakcezj a`m ]ckj|a`fj#+ċgecba X|jvv+ Ljke|amj+ 1775

/ Uakrj| Ogfdajk+ C` ]ckj|a}gc`+ @ju Dayj` a`m Kc`mc`+ WakjZ`gyj|vg}w X|jvv+ 1775

<=6VZ\YJW



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]dj|j gv a fkja| mj}j|ogà}gc` ci akk xckg}gfak+ v}a}j a`m c}dj| v}|zf}z|jvg` Lcv`ga a`m Dj|rjecygà ic| affjvvgc` }c }dj Jz|cxja` Z`gc` Akkaf}gyg}gjv ci }dj v}a}j a`m vcfgak g v}g}z}gc`v a|j mg|jf}jm }cua|mv }da} ecakJyj|wmaw kgij gv igkkjm ug}d fc`v}a`} |jxj}g}gc` }da} uj a|j djamgè }cua|mv}dj JZ avvcfga}gc` Jyj|w vjvvgc`+ xckg}gfak vxjjfd+ jfc`cogf ojavz|j a`maf}gc` g` }dj vcfgj}w gv kg`njm }c }dj avvcfga}gc` ci Lcv`ga a`m Dj|rj/ecygà }c }dj Jz|cxja` Z`gc` Akk }da} gv z`mj|v}a`malkj+ ic| }dj|j gv `cmczl} }da} ljfcogè a ojolj| ci }dj Jz|cxja` Z`gc` |jx|jvj`}v }dj iz}z|jci Lcv`ga a`m Dj|rjecygà

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zx ug}d }dj uc|km oa|nj} fcoxj}g}gc` c`fj g`vgmj }dj Jz|cxja` Z`gcà`m+ vjfc`m+ gi ojavz|jv }anj` g` Lcv`ga a`m Dj|rjecygà a|j vziigfgj`} ic| affjvvgc` }c }dj Jz|cxja` Z`gc` a`m ic| mjyjkcxoj`} ug}dg` }dj Z`gc`

Jfc`cogf xj|ic|oa`fj igez|jv ci Lcv`ga a`m Dj|rjecygà a|j ujkk/n`cu`+ vc G ugkk c} jkalc|a}j c` }dj gvvzj g` mj}agk G ugkk oj`}gc` c`kw }djocv} goxc|}a`} c`jv Jfc`cogf mjyjkcxoj`} gv yj|w kcu a`m oanjv alcz}:8* ci }dj 1778 EMX G` }dj xav} vjyj|ak wja|v $vg`fj }dj wja| <888'+}dj EMX e|cu}d |a}j dav ljj` kcu $< ‖ 6*' ic| z`mj|mjyjkcxjm fcz`}|gjva`m gv kgnjkw }c mjfkg`j iz|}dj| ]dj ocv} iaoczv fda|af}j|gv}gf ci }djjfc`cow gv fc`vgmj|alkj goxc|} a`m da|mkw a`w jtxc|} ]|amj |a}j laka`fjgv 68*+ udgfd oja`v }da} goxc|} jtfjjmv jtxc|} lw }d|jj }gojv ]da} gv

a fc`vjqzj`fj ci `c} c`kw jfc`cogf xckgfw ci }dj fcz`}|w+ lz} akvc ci z`fcoxj}g}gyj`jvv ci Lcv`ga a`m Dj|rjecygà a} }dj ic|jge` oa|nj}]dcvj a|j }dj }uc lavgf fda|af}j|gv}gfv ci a`w fcz`}|w‗v jfc`cow+ ug}dcz}

<=:VZ\YJW



udgfd à}gcàk jfc`cow gv `c} kgnjkw }c x|ce|jvv G`yjv}oj`}v+ udgfd

a|j a` goxc|}a`} mjyjkcxoj`} iaf}c|+ dayj ljj` |a|j $}djw oamj 17*ci EMX g` <886'> ic|jge` g`yjv}oj`}v uj|j jvxjfgakkw kafngè+ fc`}|a|w}c }dj jtxjf}a}gc`v A kc} uav jtxjf}jm i|co x|gya}gra}gc`+ udgfd j`mjmg` a iagkz|j Lamkw fc`fjgyjm a`m goxkjoj`}jm jyj` uc|vj $ug}d a ijudc`c|alkj jtfjx}gc`v'+ }dj` }j|ogà}jm+ x|gya}gra}gc` dam `jg}dj| g`/f|javjm x|cmzf}gc` c| }dj zolj| ci g`yjv}oj`}v c| cxj`jm `ju bclv]dj|j a|j `c mjyjkcxoj`}/c|gj`}jm lzmej} xckgfgjv g` Lcv`ga a`mDj|rjecygà> 98* ci }dj fcz`}|w‗v lzmej} gv zvjm }c x|cygmj vaka|gjvic| a` j`c|oczv `zolj| ci v}a}j amog`gv}|a}gc` vj|ya`}v

Gi uj uj|j }c fcoxa|j }djvj a`m c}dj| jfc`cogf g`mjtjv+ ic| jtaoxkj+fcoxj}g}gyj`jvv+ qzakg}w+ x|cmzf}gyg}w+ jyj }dj cyj|akk fc`mg}gc`v jfjvva|w

ic| vzffjvvizk fcoxj}g}gc` ug}d c}dj| fcz`}|gjv ci Jz|cxj a`m }dj uc|km+uj uczkm iafj a ekccow goaej ci }dj vg}za}gc` g` cz| fcz`}|w a`m lamfc`mg}gc`v ic| affjvvgc` }c }dj Jz|cxja` Z`gc` $G ugkk jkalc|a}j c` }dgvgvvzj g` }dj vjfc`m vjf}gc` ci }dj }jt}'

Xcc| x|cmzf}gc`+ x|cmzf}gyg}w a`m fcoxj}g}gc` g`f|javj g`mjtjv dayjfazvjm oa`w vcfgak x|clkjov av ujkk ]dj z`joxkcwoj`} |a}j dav jtfjjmjm=8* a`m gv ej}}gè fkcvj| }c }dj joxkcwoj`} |a}j Oa`w joxkcwjjv a|j c} xagm |jezka|kw> vcoj ci }djo mc c} |jfjgyj djak}d a m xj`vgc` g`vz|a`fj lj`jig}v Lcv`ga a m Dj|rjecyg a gv fda|af}j|grjm lw xcyj|}w+ <8* ci }dj xcxzka}gc` gv ljkcu }dj xcyj|}w kg j+ 68* ci }dj xcxzka}gc` gv a} }dj yj|w xcyj|}w }d|jvdckm c| vkged}kw alcyj g}+ udgfd oja`v }da} alcz} :8* ci

}dj fcz`}|w‗v xcxzka}gc` gv xcc| I|co a vcfgak xj|vxjf}gyj Lcv`ga a`mDj|rjecygà gv a yj|w z`v}alkj fcz`}|w ug}d i|jqzj`} a`m zoj|czv x|c}jv}vudgfd oaw kjam }c a ugmj| x|c}jv} a`m |gc}v ]dj fz||j`} ecyj|`gè v}|zf}z|jva|j mcgè kg}}kj }c g`f|javj x|cmzf}gc` a`m vckyj }dj gvvzj ci z`joxkcwoj`}a`m vcfgak x|clkjov G`v}jam+ }djw dayj ljj` fda|af}j|grjm lw }dj xj|vcàkg`}j|jv} xdgkcvcxdw a`m vdc|}/}j|o vz|ygyak> }dj|j gv `c g`}j|jv} ic| }djiz}z|j A vwv}jo+ g` udgfd gàf}gc` a`m `jekgej`fj a|j bzv}gigjm a`mudgfd iayc|v xa|}gak a`m g`mgygmzak vzffjvvjv+ |agvjm }c }dj kjyjk ci dgedj| goxc|}a`fj udgkj }|zj x|clkjov a|j kji} g` }dj ma|n+ x|jyagkv

A vge`gigfa`}kw dgedj| kjyjk ci mjyjkcxoj`}+ dgedj| EMX a`m c}dj| jfc`cogf xa|aoj}j|v a|j jfjvva|w ic| affjvvgc` }c }dj Jz|cxja` Z`gc`

A mgiij|j`} fc`fjx} ci |jic|o gv `jjmjm g` cz| fcz`}|w V}|jè}dj`gè ci v}a}j g`v}g}z}gc`v gv+ ak}dczed goxc|}a`} a`m iayc|jm lw }dj G`}j|à}gcàkFcooz`g}w+ g`vziigfgj`}> uda} gv }|zkw jfjvva|w gv }c affjx} cz| jfc`cogf

<=9 VZ\YJW



|jakg}w g` a mjjxj| a`m ugmj| oa``j| a`m xavv ojavz|jv a} }dj ogf|c/

jfc`cogf kjyjk+ udgfd ugkk kjam }c }dj g`f|javj ci x|cmzf}gc` ]da} gv uda}G uczkm fakk jfc`cogf |jic|o+ x|cygmjm }da} }dj mcojv}gf |zkgè v}|zf}z|jva|j ugkkgè a`m alkj }c goxkjoj`} g} A`w fcz`}|w j`}j|gè }dj Jz|cxja`Z`gc` gv akvc j`}j|gè }dj Jz|cxja` i|jj oa|nj} a`m+ z`kjvv g} dav a} kjav}vcoj kjyjk ci mjyjkcxoj`} a`m fc`v}|zf}gyj`jvv+ av ujkk av c}dj| fc`mg}gc`v`jfjvva|w ic| vzffjvvizk lzvg`jvv+ }da} xa|}gfzka| fcz`}|w ugkk c} lj alkj}c njjx zx ug}d }dj oa|nj} a`m ugkk njjx fckkaxvgè Fc||zx}gc`+ f|goj+vaij}w ci fc`}|af}v+ jyj` i|jjmco ci x|jvv+ }cej}dj| ug}d }dj qzakg}w ci gì|av}|zf}z|j a`m }dj jmzfa}gcàk vwv}jo gìkzj`fj }dj fcoxj}g}gyj`jvvVcoj fcoxa`gjv g` Vkcyj`ga+ udcvj jfc`cow gv }j` }gojv oc|j mjyjkcxjm}da cz| cu + j`fcz`}j|jm mgiigfzk}gjv a`m+ av a fc`vjqzj`fj+ dam }c mjf|javj

x|cmzf}gc` c| goxkjoj`} |jfc`v}|zf}gc`G` cz| fcz`}|w+ jyj` }akn ci affjvvgc` }c }dj Jz|cxja` Z`gc` f|ja}jva iakvj cx}gogvo+ av gi }dgv uczkm vckyj akk }dj x|clkjov Uj dayj dam avgogka| vg}za}gc` vjyj|ak wja|v aec+ ug}d }dj x|cogvjv }da} }dj x|gya}gra}gc` x|cfjvv uczkm vckyj akk x|clkjov Kj} zv c} iakk g`}c }dj vaoj }|ax aeag

Ecyj|òj`}v $v}a}j a`m j`}g}w' dayj ljj` x|jcffzxgjm ug}d g`v}g}z/}gcàk |jic|ov+ gj ug}d akk }dj fc`mg}gc`v vj} lw }dj G`}j|à}gcàk Fcooz`g}wic| affjvvgc` }c }dj Jz|cxja` Z`gc` Dcujyj|+ }dj ecyj|òj`}v+ a`mjvxjfgakkw }dj G`}j|à}gcàk Fcooz`g}w+ a|j c} }angè g`}c affcz`} }dj|jakgv}gf v}a}j ci }dj ogf|c jfc`cow @clcmw gv fc`fj|`jm alcz} }dj kcu x|cmzf}gyg}w |a}j+ lam oaàejoj`} v}|zf}z|jv+ kcu fcoxj}g}gc` a} }dj

uc|km oa|nj}+ xcc| qzakg}w ci x|cmzf}v+ kafn ci xcvg}gyj lzvg`jvv oc|ak+ujan a`m g`jiigfgj`} amog`gv}|a}gc`+ lzvg`jvv j`yg|còj`} $udgfd gv a`goxc|}a`} fc`mg}gc` ic| eccm lzvg`jvv'+ kjeak x|c}jf}gc`+ jiigfgj`fw+ j}f>kj} akc`j }dj fcoxkj}j jekgej`fj ci vfgj`}gigf |jvja|fd a`m g``cya}gc` g`}dj vjf}c| ci jfc`cow ]dcvj a|j }dj oag` fda|af}j|gv}gfv ci a`w jfc`cowa`m jfc`cogf vwv}jo+ a`m }dj jfc`cogjv udgfd vge`gigfa`}kw iakk ljdg`m}dj uc|km oa|nj} affc|mgè }c vzfd g`mjtjv dayj `c}dgè }c kccn ic| jg}dj| g` }dj Jz|cxja` Z`gc` `c| a} }dj uc|km oa|nj} Gi g} daxxj`v }da} vcojfcz`}|gjv+ g`fkzmgè Lcv`ga a`m Dj|rjecygà+ ic| |javc`v ci xckg}gfakvaij}w+ vdczkm j`}j| }dj Jz|cxja` Z`gc`+ g}v jfc`cow ugkk mjfkg`j a`m }djvcfgj}w ugkk |axgmkw vxkg} }c a voakk xj|fj`}aej ci |gfd a`m ujkk/cii xjcxkj c`

c`j da`m+ a`m }c a oavv ci xcc| xjcxkj kgygè a kgij ci g`f|javgè mgiigfzk}wc` }dj c}dj|

<=5VZ\YJW



G` c|mj| }c avvjvv }dj xcvg}gc` a`m fda|af}j|gv}gfv ci }dj jfc`cow ci

Lcv`ga a`m Dj|rjecygà g` |jka}gc` }c uda} dav ljj` x|jvj`}jm g` }dj }jt}alcyj+ G ugkk x|jvj`} fcoxa|a}gyj g`mjtjv fc`fj|`gè Lcv`ga a`m Dj|rj/ecygà a`m vcoj aic|joj`}gc`jm jfc`cogf xa|aoj}j|v lw zvgè }dj Uc|kmJfc`cogf Ic|zo‗v ‛Ekclak Fcoxj}g}gyj`jvv \jxc|} <88=/<88:‟

]dj xzlkgfa}gc` fc`}ag`v |jvzk}v ci a |jvja|fd c` fcoxj}g}gyj`jvv g`18= fcz`}|gjv ci }dj uc|km+ udgfd j`fcoxavv 75* ci uc|km x|cmzf}gc`]dj |jxc|} g`fkzmjv =8 fcz`}|gjv i|co Jz|cxj+ << i|co Ai|gfa+ <1 i|coAvga $a`m Azv}|akga' a`m <8 i|co Vcz}d a`m @c|}d Aoj|gfa ]dj Uc|kmJfc`cogf Ic|zo mj}j|og`jm+ }d|czed vxjfgak |jvja|fd ug}d g}v avvcfga}jvg` jyj|w ci }dj 18= fcz`}|gjv+ udgfd g`yckyjm fj|}ag` ma}a a`m g`mjtjv+av ujkk av vxjfgak oj}dcmckcew+ ej`j|ak a`m ugmjkw/affjx}jm g`mgfa}c|v

udgfd jàlkj fcoxa|gvc` a`m }|afn ci mjyjkcxoj`} ci g`mgygmzak fcz`}|gjv]da} gv dcu }djw dayj mjyjkcxjm }dj ‛E|cu}d Fcoxj}g}gyj`jvv G`mjt‟a`m a`c}dj| vgogka| g`mjt ‖ }dj ‛Lzvg`jvv Fcoxj}g}gyj`jvv G`mjt‟ ]dj‛E|cu}d Fcoxj}g}gyj`jvv G`mjt‟ fc`vgv}v ci }dj ickkcugè }d|jj xa|}v2

a' oaf|cjfc`cogf vz||cz`mgè l' xzlkgf a`m xckg}gfak g`v}g}z}gc`v vzlg`mjtf' }dj e|cugè goxc|}a`fj ci }jfd`ckcew g` jfc`cogf mjyjkcxoj`}Bjii|jw Vafnv a`m Bcd` Of A|}dz|+ lc}d x|cijvvc|v a} Da|ya|m+

xa|}gfgxa}jm g }dj x|jxa|a}gc` a`m mjyjkcxoj } ci }dj E|cu}d Fcoxj}g/}gyj`jvv G`mjt Jafd ci }dj }d|jj xa|}v oj`}gc`jm $a+ l a`m f' uav avvge`jm1#6 ci }dj yakzj g` }dj x|cfjvv ci mj}j|og`gè }dj E|cu}d Fcoxj}g}gyj`jvv

G`mjt]dj oaf|cjfc`cogf j`yg|còj`} g`fkzmjv }dj oaf|cjfc`cogf

xckgfw+ jfc`cogf v}algkg}w+ xzlkgf jtxj`mg}z|jv $lzmej}'+ igà fgak oa|nj}a`m kca` |a}gè ci a fcz`}|w ]dj Xzlkgf G`v}g}z}gc`v G`mjt g`fkzmjv+ axa|}i|co xzlkgf g`v}g}z}gc`v a`m }djg| igà`fgak iz`f}gc`gè+ |jezka|g}w+ fc||zx}gc`|a}j+ fc`}|af}v+ j}f ]dj }jfd`ckcegfak g`mjt fc`fj|`v }dj mjyjkcxoj`} ci vfgj`fj a`m g}v fc``jf}gc` ug}d jfc`cow+ g``cya}gc`v a`m mgvfcyj|gjv+av ujkk av mjyjkcxoj`} ci fcooz`gfa}gc`v

Lcv`ga a`m Dj|rjecygà dav ljj` |a`njm 46 a} }dj E|cu}d Fcoxj}g/}gyj`jvv G`mjt+ aocè 18= fcz`}|gjv Gi uj }anj a kccn a} }dj }j` fcz`}|gjvudgfd dayj ljj` |a`njm dgedj| a`m kcuj|+ uj ugkk vjj }da} `g`j Ai|gfa`+

igyj Vcz}d Aoj|gfa`+ icz| Avga` a`m }d|jj Jz|cxja` fcz`}|gjv a|j cz| fkcvjv} jgedlc|v Gi uj uj|j }c kccn a} }dj kav} <: fcz`}|gjv c` }dj kgv}+g`fkzmgè Lcv`ga a`m Dj|rjecygà+ }dj` uj uczkm vjj 18 Ai|gfa`+ jged}

<=4 VZ\YJW



Vcz}d Aoj|gfa`+ }uc Avga` a`m icz| Jz|cxja` fcz`}|gjv $Zn|ag`j+ Vj|lga

a`m Oc`}j`je|c+ Oafjmc`ga a`m Ejc|ega'Ig`ka`m+ ZVA+ ]agua` a`m fcz`}|gjv ci Vfa`mgàyga a|j |a`njm a} }dj}cx ci }dj E|cu}d Fcoxj}g}gyj`jvv G`mjt Av ia| av }dj ic|oj| Wzecvkayfcz`}|gjv a|j fc`fj|`jm+ Vkcyj`ga gv |a`njm 66+ F|ca}ga 91+ Oafjmc`ga4= a`m Vj|lga a`m Oc`}j`je|c 47

]cx =8 fcz`}|gjv g`fkzmj <= Jz|cxja`+ 16 Avga` a`m 6 Vcz}d a`m @c|}d Aoj|gfa` fcz`}|gjv a`m `c} a vgèkj Ai|gfa` fcz`}|w ]da} akvc|jikjf}v }dj goaej ci jfc`cogf mjyjkcxoj`}

Gi uj uj|j }c clvj|yj }dj }d|jj oag` xa|}v ci }dj E|cu}d Fcoxj}g/}gyj`jvv G`mjt+ uj uczkm vjj }da} Lcv`ga a`m Dj|rjecygà gv+ affc|mgè}c }dj oaf|cjfc`cogf j`yg|còj`}+ |a`njm 4:}d+ udgfd gv vkged}kw ljkcu}dj ej`j|ak fcoxj}g}gyj`jvv g`mjt Uj a|j ickkcujm lw Ai|gfa` a`m Vcz}dAoj|gfa` fcz`}|gjv+ av ujkk av lw Ejc|ega+ Vj|lga a`m Oc`}j`je|c Uja|j |a`njm 48}d affc|mgè }c }dj fc`}|af}v a`m kau vzlg`mjt a`m 99 }d

affc|mgè }c }dj fc||zx}gc` vzlg`mjt Av ia| av v}algkg}w gv fc`fj|`jm+ uja|j |a`njm 91 a`m 71v} affc|mgè }c }dj ej`j|ak ecyj|òj`} jtxj`mg}z|jva`m f|jmglgkg}w ci }dj fcz`}|w Uj a|j |a`njm 91v} a} }dj v}algkg}w vzlg`mjta`m 71v} a} }dj ej`j|ak ecyj|òj`} jtxj`mg}z|j vzlg`mjt Uj a|j akvc|a`njm 71v} g` }j|ov ci }dj fcz`}|w f|jmglgkg}w

Lcv`ga a`m Dj|rjecygà gv |a`njm 54 }d affc|mgè }c }dj XzlkgfG`v}g}z}gc`v G`mjt+ udgfd xz}v zv g` a vkged}kw lj}}j| xcvg}gc` fcoxa|jm}c }dj Oaf|cjfc`cogf J`yg|còj`} G`mjt Uj a|j |a`njm 4<`m affc|mgè}c }dj ]jfd`ckcew G`mjt Akk c}dj| ma}a vdcu }da} fcoxj}g}gyj`jvv ci Lcv`ga a`m Dj|rjecygà gv zìayc|alkj+ jvxjfgakkw affc|mgè }c }djOaf|cjfc`cogf G`mjt A ej`j|ak cyj|ygju ci }dj fcz`}|gjv‗ |a`ngèv

affc|mgè }c }dj E|cu}d Fcoxj}g}gyj`jvv G`mjt vdcuv }da} uj ljkcè}c }dj kcujv} |a`ngè e|czx ci fcz`}|gjv $<8* ci }dj fcz`}|gjv |a`njm'+ a`m}da} uj ec da`m g` da`m ug}d c}dj| z`mj|mjyjkcxjm fcz`}|gjv ci Ai|gfa

<=7VZ\YJW



a`m Vcz}d Aoj|gfa a`m ug}d vjyj|ak c}dj| z`mj|mjyjkcxjm fcz`}|gjv ci

Jz|cxj ]dj gvvzj gv dcu a|j uj }c j`}j| }dj Jz|cxja` Z`gc` g` vzfd avg}za}gc`3]dj Lzvg`jvv Fcoxj}g}gyj`jvv G`mjt gv fcoxkjoj`}a|w ug}d }dj

oaf|cjfc`cogf axx|cafd ci }dj E|cu}d Fcoxj}g}gyj`jvv G`mjt G}avvjvvjv }dj ogf|cjfc`cogf j`yg|còj`} a`m }dj v}a}j ci x|cmzf}gyg}w g`jafd ci }dj 18= fcz`}|gjv aàkwrjm G} vdcuv }dj lzvg`jvv j`yg|còj`}g` jyj|w fcz`}|w+ av ujkk av cxj|a}gcàk x|af}gfj+ lzvg`jvv v}|a}jew a`m }djqzakg}w ci }dj ogf|c/j`yg|còj`} g` a fcz`}|w ]dj Lzvg`jvv Fcoxj}g/}gyj`jvv G`mjt fcox|gvjv ci }uc vzlg`mjtjv2

a' Fcoxa`w Cxj|a}gc`v a`m V}|a}jew \a`ngè l' Qzakg}w ci }dj @a}gcàk Lzvg`jvv V}|a}jew \a`ngè

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