Preface ix

Preface The first edition of Antimicrobial Therapy and Vaccines, published in 1998, was designed to be the most comprehensive review of antimicrobial therapies and vaccines ever written for the practicing clinician. Given the voluminous explosion of infor-mation, the second edition of Antimicrobial Therapy and Vaccines has been divided into two volumes: Volume I: Microbes and Volume II: Antimicrobial Agents. The volume you are reading is the second edition of Volume I: Microbes. Volume II: Antimi-crobial Agents will be released in 2003. Volume II: Antimicrobial Agents will cover individual antimi-crobial agents including pharmacologic features and clinical indications. The second edition of Volume I: Microbes has several new additions: new chapters for unusual and rarer microbes, a new Parasite Section, and an expanded section on therapy for HIV. Every chapter in the second edition has been rewritten with many organisms having completely new recommendations for drugs of choice since the first edition! Finally, capsule summaries on microbiology, epidemiology, laboratory diagnosis, clinical manifestations, and pathogenesis have been added. Although we antici-pate that our readers will find these new capsule sum-maries useful as a background, this is not the main focus of this textbook, since other infectious disease textbooks also cover these topics. One only needs to compare the therapy sec-tions of the leading textbooks of infectious diseases to Antimicrobial Therapy and Vaccines to see what a magnificent effort the authors have made in provid-ing this critically important information. Not only are the drugs of choice discussed, but alternative therapies are discussed in comprehensive detail. Without this textbook, the best option for the clini-cian may be Medline. But the Medline searches are erratic and more importantly, not screened, such that references are of questionable quality and relevance are included and other more important references are missed. The experts writing our chapters are authori-ties in their field and they have screened hundreds of anecdotal case reports for credibility and practical-ity.

A deliberate attempt was made to solicit ar-ticles from the top authorities regardless of country of origin. The international breadth of editors and authors will continue to increase in future editions. Antimicrobial Therapy and Vaccines offers decision-making information – a rare feature in text-books since the shelf life of a textbook is about every three to four years. Given the exponential growth of information in therapeutics, a companion website, www.antimicrobe.org has been created to comple-ment this textbook. The website will ensure that the information on therapy is kept up-to-date. Moreover, a sophisticated and clever Pubmed search mecha-nism incorporated into our website allows readers to retrieve new information that has not been reviewed in either the textbook or the website. A notable ad-vantage of the website is the speed and efficiency at which the information is retrieved using an innova-tive search mechanism that is derived from artificial intelligence approaches in medical informatics; the searches are not based on keywords as is the standard approach. We have anticipated the questions which clinicians would most likely ask and introduced a new approach for information retrieval that is not only rapid, but uncannily accurate. For more informa-tion on accessing the website, www.antimicrobe.org, please contact me at vly+@pitt.edu. We would appreciate criticisms and com-ments from the readers. In most clinical situations, there is no undisputed right approach; thus the chap-ter authors were instructed to give their opinion as to the drug of choice because controlled randomized, double blind trials are a rarity for determining the therapy for most microorganisms. Therefore, dif-ferent points of opinion can exist for many of the therapies described in this textbook. We encourage individuals who have strong disagreement with rec-ommended therapies and supporting data for their position to email me. Their opinions may not only be taken into consideration, but may be displayed on the website as a second opinion. If any of the readers wish to recommend qualified authors for microor-ganisms not discussed in this textbook, please e-mail me.

x Preface Contributors xi

Numerous individuals have made major con-tributions to this integrated textbook and website. We thank Yu-sen Eason Lin, Ph.D., MBA, and Linda Sadej for their expertise in website and editorial support. We thank Lawrence M. Fagan (Stanford University) and Daniel K. Kim for contributions to website design. Dr. Dickson Despommier and his colleagues, Sonia Alexandra Balsky and Steven Xingjie Chen, published the textbook under the aegis of Apple Trees Productions, LLC. Kai-Ming Yu and Apple

Trees Productions designed the striking cover of this textbook. Please note that although all dosages and routes of administration for the drugs have been checked and double checked, errors can still occur. So, the reader should confirm each dose and route of administration for each drug prior to its prescription. We look forward to hearing from you.

Victor L. YuEditor-in-Chief

Contents xxv

Contents

SECTION I

Bacteria ..................................... 1

Achromobacter (Alcaligenes) species 3 Sally A. Roberts, MBChB,FRACP, FRCPA

Acinetobacter species 11Eugenie Bergogne-Berezin, M.D.

Actinobacillus species 19Susan L. Taylor,MBChB, FRCPASelwyn D.R. Lang, MBChB, FRACP, FRCPA

Actinomyces species (Actinomycoses) 29Michael N. McNeil, MD, MPHDr. med. habil., Klaus P. Schaal

Aerococcus urinae 41Jens Jorgen Christensen, M.D., DMScRobert Skov, M.D.

Aeromonas species 45Wen-Chien Ko, M.D.

Anaerobic Bacteria 55Maria Hedberg, Ph.D.Carl Erik Nord, M.D., Ph.D.

Arcanobacterium haemolyticum 63Juan-Ignacio Alos, Ph.D.

Bacillus anthracis (Anthrax) 67Arthur M. Friedlander, M.D.Henry Heine, M.D.

Bacillus species 73Carmelita U. Tuazon, M.D., MPH

Bacteroides species 81David W. Hecht, M.D.

Bordetella pertussis (Whooping Cough) and other species 93

Jussi Mertsola, M.D.Qiushui He, M.D.

Borrelia burgdorferi (Lyme Disease) 103Eugene D. Shapiro, M.D.David L. Coleman, M.D.

Borrelia species (Relapsing Fever) 117Teshale Seboxa, M.D., MScDaniel Fekade, M.D.

Brucella species (Brucellosis) 121Edward J. Young, M.D.

Burkholderia cepacia complex 141David A. Pegues, M.D.

Burkholderia pseudomallei ( Melioidosis ) and B. mallei (Glanders) 149

Nicholas J. White, M.D.Andrew J.H. Simpson, M.D.

Campylobacter species 157Ban Mishu Allos, M.D.Martin J. Blaser, M.D.

Capnocytophaga species 169Hillar Vellend, M.D.

Cardiobacterium hominis 173Selwyn R.Lang, MBChB, FRACP, FRCPAArthur J. Morris, BSc, M.D., Dip ABMM, FRCPA

Chromobacterium violaceum 179Dragana Drinkovic, M.D.Arthur J. Morris, BSc, M.D., Dip ABMM, FRCPA

Chryseobacterium and Myroides species 187M. Cecilia Di Pentima, M.D., MPH, FAAP

Citrobacter species 203Shan-Chwen Chang, M.D., Ph.D.

species 19

xxvi Contents Contents xxvii

Clostridium botulinum (Botulism) 209Cindy P. Dougherty, Pharm.D.Meena H. Seenivasan, M.D.

Clostridium difficile 213Stuart Johnson, M.D.Dale N. Gerding, M.D.

Clostridium species 223Itzhak Brook, M.D., MSc

Clostridium tetani (Tetanus) 227James Campbell, AIBMSJeremy Farrar, BSc, MB, BS. MCRP, D.Phil

Corynebacterium diphtheriae (Diptheria) 235Christine C. Chiou, M.D.

Edwardsiella tarda 243David J. Holland, MB, ChB, FRACP, FRCPA, Ph.D.

Eikenella corrodens 247Ellie J.C. Goldstein, M.D., Michael L. Towns, M.D.Cassey Chen, D.D.S., Ph.D.

Enterobacter species 255Maria Virginia Villegas, M.D.John P. Quinn, M.D.

Enterococcus species 265Joseph W. Chow, M.D.Louis B. Rice, M.D.Robert R. Muder, M.D.

Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae 281Annette C. Reboli, M.D.

Escherichia coli 285Allen C. Cheng, MB, BS, FRACPNathan M. Thielman, MD, MPHRichard L. Guerrant, M.D.

Francisella tularenesis (Tularemia) 301Richard F. Jacobs, M.D.

Gemella species 309William Riebel, M.D.

Haemophilus ducreyi (Chancroid) 315Pierre J. Plourde, M.D., FRCPC

Haemophilus influenzae 319Mark A. HerbertRichard E. Moxon

Helicobacter pylori Infection 337Maria Pina Dore, M.D., Ph.D.David Y. Graham, M.D.

Kingella species 355Michael Towns, M.D.

Klebsiella granulomatous (Granuloma inguinale) 361John Richens, M.D.

Klebsiella species 367David L. Paterson, M.D.

Lactococci 391William Riebel, M.D.

Legionella species (Legionnaires’ disease) 395Miguel Sabria, M.D.Victor L. Yu, M.D.

Leptospira species (Leptospirosis) 419Solly Faine, M.D., Ph.D., FRCPA

Leuconstoc species 425William Riebel, M.D.

Listeria monocytogenes (Listeriosis) 429Bennett Lorber, M.D., DSc (Hon)

Moraxella catarrhalis 437Armando Meza, M.D.Abraham Verghese, M.D.Steven L. Berk, M.D.

Morganella species 449Vivek Kak, M.D.

Neisseria gonorrhoeae 457John S. Moran, M.D., MPHH. Hunter Handsfield, M.D.

Neisseria meningitides 471Ke Keith Cartwright, MA, BM, FRCPath

Nocardia species (Nocardiosis) 481Michael M. McNeil, M.D.June M. Brown, M.D.

Oerskovia species 501John D. Rihs

Pasteurella multocida and Other Pasteurella species 505

Sharon Hunt Gerardo, Ph.D.Ellie J.C. Goldstein, M.D.

Pediococci 523William Riebel, M.D.

Plesiomonas shigelloides 527David Murdoch, MB, ChB, DTM&H, FRACP, FRCPASelwyn D.R. Lang, MBChB, FRACP, FRCPA

xxvi Contents Contents xxvii

Propionibacterium acnes 533Itzhak Brook, M.D. MSc

Proteus species 537Dora SzaboDavid L. Paterson, M.D.

Providencia species 545Robert R. Muder, M.D.

Pseudomonas aeruginosa 549Ashish Acharya, M.D.David L. Paterson, M.D.

Rhodococcus equi infections 563Patricia Munoz, M.D.

Roseomonas species 575John D. Rihs

Rothia dentocariosa 579R. Zbinden, M.D., MSc

Salmonella typhi (Typhoid Fever) and S. paratyphi (Paratyphoid Fever) 583

Nicholas J. White, D.Sc., M.D., FRCP

Serratia marcesens Celine Herra, M.Sc. 605

Frederick R. Falkiner, B.A., Ph.D., FTCD

Shigella species (Shigellosis) 615Shai Ashkenazi, M.D., M.Sc.

Sphingomonas paucimobilis 623Adeel A. Butt, M.D.

Spirillium minus (Rat bite fever) 627Mark E. Rupp, M.D.

Staphylococcus aureus 631John Turnidge, M.D.Feng-Yee Chang, M.D.Vance G. Fowler, M.D.Nalini Rao, M.D.

Staphylococcus epidermidis and other Coagulase-Negative Staphylococci 659

Ross J. Davidson, Ph.D.Donale E. Low, M.D., FRCP

Staphylococcus lugdunensis 675Meena H. Seenivasan, M.D.

Stenotrophomonas maltophilia 679Robert R. Muder, M.D.

Streptobacillus moniliformis (Rat bite fever) 685Mark E. Rupp, M.D.

Streptococcus Group B 691Russell W. Steele, M.D.

Streptococcus pneumoniae 703Ian R. Friedland, M.D.Keith P. Klugman, M.D., Ph.D.

Streptococcus pyogenes 719(Group A β-hemolytic Streptococcus)

Dennis L. Stevens, Ph.D., M.D.

Streptococcus species (Group G and Group C Streptococci, Viridans Group, Nutritionally Variant Streptococci) 735

James S. Tan, M.D., MACPThomas M. File, M.D., FACP

Treponema pallidum (Syphilis) 749Lori E. Fantry, M.D., MPHEdmund C. Tramont, M.D, FACP

Treponema pertenue, Treponema carateum, Treponema endemicum (Yaws, Pinta, Bejel) 759

Meena H. Seenivasan, M.D.

Vibrio cholerae (Cholera) 763Carlos Seas, M.D.Eduardo Gotuzzo, M.D.

Vibrio vulnificus 773Yin-Ching Chuang, M.D.Kun-Yen Huang, M.D., Ph.D.

Yersinia enterocolitica 779Maurice R. Scavizzi, M.D.

Yersinia pestis (Plague) and Y. pseudotuberculosis 789

Thomas Butler, M.D.

SECTION II

Mycobacterial Species ............... 795

Group II. Scotochromogenic Mycobacterium (M. scrofulaceum, M. szulgai, M. gordonae) 797

Michael D. Iseman, M.D.Charles W. Atwood, Jr., M.D.

Group IV: Rapid Growing Mycobacteria (RGM) 801

Michael D. Iseman, M.D.

Mycobacterium avium Complex (MAC) 807Joyce Korvick, M.D., MPH

xxviii Contents Contents xxix

Mycobacteria kansaii 821David E. Griffith, M.D.Richard J. Wallace, Jr., M.D.

Mycobacteria leprae (Leprosy) 829Christian Lienhardt, M.D., DTM, MScKeith P.W.J. McAdam, MA, MBBChair, FRCP, FWACP

Mycobacteria marinum 837David E. Griffith, M.D.Richard J. Wallace, Jr., M.D.

M. tuberculosis Complex (Tuberculosis) 841Charles L. Daley, M.D.Henry F. Chambers, M.D.

SECTION III

Rickettsiae ................................ 867

Coxiella burnetii (Q fever) 869 Thomas J. Marrie, M.D.

Ehrlichia and Anaplasma species (Ehrlichoses) 875Johan S. Bakken, M.D., FACPJ. Stephen Dumler, M.D.

Orientia tsutsugamushi (Scrub Typhus) 883Philippe Parola, M.D., Ph.D.Philippe Brouqui, M.D, Ph.D.

Rickettsia akari (Rickettsialpox) 889Didier Raoult, M.D., Ph.D.Max Maurin, M.D., Ph.D.

Rickettsia prowazekii (Epidemic Typhus and Brill-Zinsser Disease) 893

Max Maurin, M.D., Ph.D.Didier Raoult, M.D., Ph.D.

Rickettsia rickettsia (Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever) 899

David H. Walker, M.D.Daniel J. Sexton, M.D.

Rickettsia typhi (Murine typhus) 907Max Maurin, M.D., Ph.D.Didier Raoult, M.D., Ph.D.

Rickettsia species 913Didier Raoult, M.D., Ph.D.Max Maurin, M.D., Ph.D.

SECTION IV

Miscellaneous ........................ 923

Bartonella species 925Jane E. Koehler, M.D.David A. Relman, M.D.

Chlamydia pneumoniae 933Lisa A. Jackson, M.D., MPHJ. Thomas Grayston, M.D.

Chlamydia psittaci (Psittacosis) 939David Schlossberg, M.D., FACP

Chlamydia trachomatis 943Julius Schachter, Ph.D.

Mycoplasma pneumoniae 949Julia A. McMillan, M.D.

Mycoplasma species (M. hominis, M. genitalium, M. fermentans) 955

Christiane Bebear, M.D.Cecile M. Bebear, M.D., Ph.D.Michel Dupon, M.D.

Tropheryma whippelii (Whipple’s Disease) 963David N. Fredricks, M.D.David A. Relman, M.D.

SECTION V

Fungi ...................................... 971

Aspergillus species (Aspergillosis) 973David L. Paterson, M.D.

Blastomyces dermatidis (Blastomycosis) 995Peter G. Pappas, M.D.

Candida Infections (Candidiasis) 1001John H. Rex, M.D.Jack D. Sobel, M.D.William G. Powderly, M.D.

Coccidioides immitis (Coccidioidomycosis) 1033Neil M. Ampel, M.D.Paul L. Williams, M.D.

Cryptococcus neoformans (Cryptococcosis) 1045M. Hong Nguyen, M.D.Cornelius J. Clancy, M.D.Shahid Husain, M.D.

xxviii Contents Contents xxix

Dematiaceous fungi: (Chromoblastomycosis, Mycetoma, Phaeohyphomycosis) 1059

Cornelius J. Clancy, M.D.Nina Singh, M.D.

Histoplasma capsulatum (Histoplasmosis) 1069L. Joseph Wheat, M.D.

Hyalohyphomycosis 1081Elias N. Kiwan, M.D.Elias J. Anaissie, M.D.

Malassezia furfur 1089Gerard R. Barber, R.Ph., MPHKent Sepkowitz, M.D.

Paracoccidioidomycosis brasiliensis 1097(Paracoccidioidomycosis)

Ricardo Negroni, M.D.

Penicillium marneffei(Pencillosis) 1107Bertrand Dupont, M.D.

Pneumocystis carinii 1111Catherine F. Decker, M.D.Henry Masur, M.D.

Sporothrix schenckii (Sporotrichosis) 1123Carol A. Kauffman, M.D.

Zygomycetes (Mucormycoses) 1127Corina E. Gonzalez, M.D.Thomas J. Walsh, M.D., FACP, FCCP

SECTION VI

Viruses ................................. 1137

Adenovirus: Enteric 1139Dorsey M. Bass, M.D.Harry B. Greenberg, M.D.

Astroviruses 1141Dorsey M. Bass, M.D.Harry B. Greenberg, M.D.

Calciviruses (Norwalk virus) 1143Dorsey M. Bass, M.D.Harry B. Greenberg, M.D.

Cytomegalovirus 1145Stephen A. Spector, M.D.Janet L. Davis, M.D.

Enteroviruses (Polioviruses, Coxsackieviruses, Echoviruses and Numbered Enteroviruses) 1167

Jose R. Romero, M.D., FAAPJason G. Newland, M.D.

Epstein-Barr Virus Infections 1177Sankar Swaminathan, M.D.Frederick C.S. Wang, M.D.

GB Virus (Hepatitis G virus) 1185Kendo Kiyosawa, M.D.

Hepatitis A Virus 1189Raymond S. Koff, M.D.

Hepatitis B Virus 1195David Durantel, Ph.D.Beatrice Seigneres, Ph.D.Fabien Zoulim, M.D., Ph.D.

Hepatitis C Virus 1221Adeel A. Butt, M.D.Steven K. Herrine, M.D.

Hepatitis E Virus 1231Raymond S. Koff, M.D.

Human Herpes Virus-6 (HHV-6) 1235Nina Singh, M.D.Donald R. Carrigan, Ph.D.

Human Herpes Virus-7 (HHV-7) 1241Nina Singh, M.D.Donald R. Carrigan, Ph.D.

Human HerpesVirus 8 (HHV-8) 1243Harutaka Katano, DDS, Ph.D.Tetsutaro Sata, M.D., Ph.D.

Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) 1249Eric S. Daar, M.D.; Joseph J. Eron, M.D.;Joel E. Gallant, M.D., Ph.D.; Robert M. Grant, M.D., MPH; Mark Holodniy, M.D.; David A. Katzenstein, M.D.; Janell Kobayashi, Pharm.D.; Michael J. Louie, M.D.; Martin Markowitz, M.D.; JoCarol McNabb, Pharm.D.; Robert W. Shafer, M.D.; Cheryl Walker, M.D.; Andrew R. Zolopa, M.D.

Influenza virus 1315John Treanor, M.D.

Measles Virus (Rubeola) 1335Sophie Chabot, Ph.D.Brian J. Ward, MDCM

Mumps 1345Blaise L. Congeni, M.D.

xxx Contents Contents xxxi

Papillomaviruses 1349William Bonnez, M.D.

Parainfluenza Virus 1375John Treanor, M.D.

Rabies Virus 1379Cherie L. Drenzek, DVM, MSCharles E. Rupprecht, VMD, MS, PhD

Respiratory Syncytial Virus 1389Edward E. Walsh, M.D.Ann R. Falsey, M.D.

Rhinoviruses 1399Ronald B. Turner, M.D.

Rotaviruses 1405Dorsey M. Bass, M.D.Harry B. Greenberg, M.D.

Rubella Virus (German Measles) 1413Shigetaka Katow, Ph.D.

Varicella Zoster Virus 1423Ann M. Arvin, M.D.Martin J. Wood, M.D.

SECTION VII

Parasites ............................... 1435

Acanthamoeba species 1437Stan Deresinski, M.D.

Angiostrongylus species 1441Michael Martin, M.D., MPH, DTM&HHelmut Albrecht, M.D., DTM&H

Anisakis and Pseudoterranova species (Anisakiasis) 1445

Carlos Franco-Paredes, M.D.Helmut Albrecht, M.D., DTM&H

Ascaris lumbricoides (Ascariasis) 1447Ore Samuel Asaolu, Ph.D.Ifeanyi Emmanuel Ofoezie, Ph..D.Ogbonna Cyprian Onyeji, Ph.D.

Babesia species (Babesiosis) 1455Charles Thompson, M.D.Peter J. Krause, M.D.David M. Persing, M.D.

Balamuthia species 1459Stan Deresinski, M.D.

Balantidium coli (Balantidiasis) 1461Paul Kelly, M.D.

Baylisacarris procyonis 1463Helmut Albrecht, M.D., DTM&HMichael Martin, M.D., MPH, DTM&H

Blastocystis hominis 1467David R. Shlim, M.D.Charles W. Hoge, M.D.

Capillaria species 1471John H. Cross, Ph.D.

Cryptosporidium parvum 1475(Cryptosporidiosis)

A. Clinton White, Jr., M.D.Meena H. Seenivasan, M.D.

Cutaneous Larva Migrans 1483Helmut Albrecht, M.D., DTM&HCarlos Franco-Paredes, M.D.

Cyclospora cayetanensis 1487Charles W. Hoge, M.D.David R. Shlim, M.D.

Dientamoeba fragilis 1491Paul Kelly, M.D.

Dirofilaria immitis (Dirofilariasis) 1493Helmut Albrecht, M.D., DTM&HRobin Hampton, M.D., Ph.D.

Dracunculus medinensis (Dracunculiasis) 1495Pascul Magnussen

Echinococcosis species (Echinocossosis) 1497Dominique Angele Vuitton, M.D., Ph.D.Isabelle Beurton, M.D.Said Harraga, Ph.D.Gilles Paintaud, M.D., Ph.D.

Entamoeba histolytica (Amebiasis) 1513Eric Houpt, M.D.William Petri, Jr., M.D., Ph.D.

Enterobius vermicularis (Pinworm) 1519David I. Grove, M.D.

Giardia lamblia (Giardiasis) 1523Jeannine F.J.B. Nellen, M.D.Joost O.M. Zaat, M.D, Ph.D.Peter Speelman, M.D., Ph.D.

Gnathostoma species (Gnathostomiasis) 1539Robin Hampton, M.D., Ph.D.Helmut Albrecht, M.D., DTM&H

xxx Contents Contents xxxi

Hookworms (Ancyclostoma duodenale and Necator americanus) 1543

Reshad Dobardzic, M.D., Ph.D.Peter J. Hotez, M.D., Ph.D.Azra Dobardzic, M.D., Ph.D.

Isospora belli 1551David S. Lindsay, Ph.D.Louis M. Weiss, M.D., MPH

Leishmania species (Leishmaniasis) 1555Piet A. Kager, M.D.

Loa loa (Loiasis) 1581Amy D. Klion, M.D.

Microsporidia (Microsporidiosis) 1585Rainer Weber, M.D.

Naegleria fowleri 1595Stan Deresinski, M.D.

Onchocerca volvulus (Onchocerciasis) 1597Michel Boussinesq, M.D., Ph.D.

Paragonimus species (Paragonimiasis) 1605Kittipong Maneechotesuwan, M.D.Suchai Charoenratanakul, M.D., FRCP

Plasmodium species (Malaria) 1609Nicholas J. White

Schistosoma species (Schistosomiasis) 1635Adel F. Mahmoud, M.D., Ph.D.

Spirometra species 1639John H. Cross, Ph.D.

Strongyloides stercoralis (Strongyloidosis) 1641David I. Grove, M.D.

Taenia solium (Cysticercosis) 1651Hector H. Garcia, M.D., Ph.D.Julio Sotelo, M.D.

Taenia species (T. multiceps, T. serialis, T. brauni) 1657

John H. Cross, Ph.D.

Tapeworms (Taenia saginata, Hymenolopsis species, Dipylidium species, Diphyllobothrium, Bertiella species, Inermacapsifer madaascariensis, Railleitina species) 1659

Alasdair FraserPhilip S. Craig

Toxocara species (Toxocariasis) 1669Jean-Francois Magnaval, M.D., Dr.Sc.Philippe Dorchies, VMDLawrence T. Glickman, VMD, Ph.D.

Toxoplasma gondii (Toxoplasmosis) 1679Jacques CouvreurCatherine Leport

Trichinella spiralis (Trichinellosis) 1695George Watt

Trichomonas vaginalis (Trichomoniasis) 1699Joseph G. Pastorek, II, M.D., FACOG, FACS

Trichostrongylus species 1705David I. Grove, M.D.

Trichuris Trichiura 1709Ore Samuel Asaolu, Ph.D.Ogbonna Cyprian Onyeji, Ph.D.Ifeanyi Emmanuel Ofoezie, Ph..D.

Trypanosoma brucei gambiense and Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense (African Trypanosomiasis) 1713

Jacques Pepin, M.D., FRCPC, MSc

Trypanosoma cruzi (American Trypanosomiasis or Chagas Disease) 1723

Louis V. Kirchhoff, M.D., MPH