Edgar Rice Boroughs (1875-1950) From Tarzan of the Apes

Anthropoids – strife and discordTerkoz – cruel leader

Four of apes attacked TerkozAimlessly wanderedKidnapped Janemaid lose consciousnessTarzan saw her„How could any vanquish such a mighty antagonist“

canines – očnjacilithe – gibakbossom – naručje, grudi, prsamingled – pomiješanveil – veoblurred – zamagljencarcass – trup mrtve, zaklane životinjemantle – plaštprimeval – drevan, prastarstrife- svađapattern – uzorakclimactic – napet, presudanchapter – poglavljeinterior – unutrašnjostadmonition – opomena, ukoraimlessly – besciljnointimation – nagovještajsnarling – koji režifang – očnjak, kljovayawn – (jo:n) – zijevatithroat – grloswoon – onesvijestiti se, nesvjesticacomprehend – shvatititranspire – znojiti sesuccor – (sakə) – pomoći, utješiticrave – žudjetiimpenetrable – neprobojanscrutinize – kritički razmatrati, pregledati, proučavatiforeshadowing – nagovještajuntie – odvezatiknot – čvor

Excerpt – izvodSubtlety – finoća, oštroumnost, osjećajnost, percepcijaThrill – uzbuđenjePreciding – prethodniMaid – sobaricaGrief – tugaEmbodiment – utjelovljenjeDiscord – neslogaProne – sklonVent – iskaliti, izbacitiTorn – iskidanCatch/cought/cought – uhvatitiTruculence – svirepost, agresivnost, žestinaBough – granaSpoor – tragati, pratiti tragSpeck of moisture – trun vlageBark – koraLimb – debela granaStem – stabljikaFleeing – u bijeguMyriad – bezbrojHinge – visiti, zavistiSculp – skalpVague – nejasanExposition – izlaganje, izloženostHence – stoga (zato)Endure – trpjetiUnerringly – nepogrešivoFoe – neprijateljEchoing – odjekivanjeSorrowful – žalostanPeril - opasnost

WILLIAM FAULKNER (1897-1962) A ROSE FOR EMILYNovels based on fictional location : The Sound and the Fury, As I Lay Dying, Light in August, Absalom, Absalom.

Mississipi family

- mysterious life of Emily Grierson- personal conflict rooted (ukorijenjen) in

her south identity:

Thighs – bedraMote – trun, česticaTarnished – potamnio

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- Grim surprise

Cellar – podrumBrick work – dio zgrade zidan od cigliSprinkle – škropiti, prskatiLime – vapno (kreč)Vindicate – opravdatiPauper (po:pə) – siromahResemblance – sličnostSerene – spokojanKinsfolk - rođaci

Gilt – poplataVanishing – iščezavajućiBloated – natečen, podbuhaoSubemerged – potopljenPalid hue – blijeda nijansaSpire – vrh tornja, šiljakObliterate – uništitiDecay – truležCeder – kedarApron – pregačaPerpetuity – vječnostLoan – zajamLawn - travnjak

Literature written works, especially those considered of superior or lasting artistic merit: a great work of literature. (lasting artistic merit - dugotrajna umjetnička vrijednost, zasluga)

Why study literature? It is practical; developing analytical skills; engages you in problem solving which is important for life.

- Interpretation of literature texts enquires you to deal with uncertainties, value judgements, emotions.

Formula fiction (specific formula is used in books)

- escapist literature (bježi u imaginativno)- adventure, western, romantic- written to be sold- reader anticipates ending- virtue triumphs, love conquers all,

honesty is the best policy, hard work guarantees success.

Romance novel formula hero, heroine, growing relationship, happy end.

Serious literature The Canon – collection of works (najvažniji dijelovi neke književnosti)

no formulasdevelops characters, setting, controversial and provocative themes, uses symbols, unhappy endings.Affects the reader, encourages the reader to think about what he/she has read.

PLOT - author's arrangement of events in a story- story structure:- doesn't have the order of occurrenceselection of events

Types of plot - chronological- back and forth type of plot (uses

flashback technique)

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- In medias res (in the middle of things) epics

- End of the plot (story starts with the end – detective and supernatural stories

- experimental plot – different perspectives, unreliable narrators, retelling of a story

Plot devision exposition (background information)- internal thoughts of a character- a flashback- setting the scene

Conflict- the basic tension/challenge that propels

a story's plot- external – another individual, nature or

society- internal – moral or psychological issue

which must be resolved in protagonistComplication

- events that plunge the protagonist further into conflict

Rising action- the drama intensifies rising towards the

climaxSuspense

- Readers hold their breath for things that are about to happen

Climax- the plot's most dramatic and revealing

moment- usually the turning plot of the story

falling action- comes after the climax- the drama subsides (polako se smiruje,

opada)the conflict is close to its conclusionConclusion

- resolution of the conflict- denouement (untying of the knot) or

castrophe

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Pyramidal squid of the plot

TARZAN OF THE APES

- standard plot pattern- character confronted with a problem- dynamic struggle- resolution of the problemžthe emphasis is on what happens, on the action

Tarzan's plot:

exposition

- flashback- Jane kidnapped- Flashback from the omniscient narrator's point of view

Rising action

- Terkoz kidnaps Jane- He changes his first impulse- mood changes – the tribe kept woman (how does this mode affect the reader?)

The Chase

- Tarzan comes to the scene – starts tracking;- exposition on tracing and the evolutionary development of men and apes and Tarzan's

evolutionary development.

Recognition

- Terkoz recognizes Tarzan- foreshadowing – hint on things that may happen- Tarzan has killed Terkoz and saved Jane (Jane's point of view)

The climax

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- fight- Jane's view of the fight- the fight and Tarzan's victory

The falling action

- resolution of a conflict- the rising action of another conflict: civilization vs. wilderness- Jane is saved- Tarzan kisses Jane- Jane responds, she rejects him

internal conflict

battle with societal values

A ROSE FOR EMILY

- flashback technique- narrative presents the end of the story- chronological timeline :

1852 - Emily is born1884 - Emily's father dies1884/5 - Homer Barron appears, they have an affair; cousins arrive called in by the minister's wife

Flashback andf foreshadowing:- literary devices- usage of time to achieve a desired effect- foreshadowing creates expectation for

an action that has not yet happened.- each piece of information prompts

another piece of the story – works like the human memory.

Emily buys rat poison – also toilet set for HB, and man's night shirt etc.1885/6 – Homer leaves, cousins leave after a week, Homer returns three days later (never to be seen again) Homer dies; smell appears;Everybody is talking about the smell1894 - Colonel Sartoris remits Emily's taxes1901/04/05 - Emily discontinues china painting lessons1906/07 - Colonel Sartoris dies1916 - tax delegation visits Emily1926 - Emily dies, a skeleton and iron-gray hair are found in her room.

A reading strategy is an approach a reader uses to interprete the text.Formalist criticism: interseted only in the form of a literary text, not interested in the content or context.

Commentary:She keeps the dead man upstairs because she4 doesn't want to be separated from him;Iron-grey hair – lost love and often perversed people do in their persuit of happiness.Foreshadowing – poison for ratsLast relationship wit a real word – china-painting lessons

- CHARACTER

Learning about character through:- words

Character and Action:- The importance of interpreting the

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- actions- appearance- backgrounds- opinions of others

characters' response in critical moments- Is an action thoughtful or impulsive?- What is the motivation behind an action?

Character and Background:- Characters, like people, are shaped by

their background – experiences which shaped their personality and outlook on life.

- race- gender- family- religion- socio-economic class- social culture

Characters and Appearances- There is usually a good reason why an

author describes a character's appearance. We need to pay attention to: clothing, physical stature (građa), physical condition

Characters and the opinions of others:- Opinions of one character of another can

be valuable source of information. But, as in real life, opinion must be carefully considered.

CHARACTERIZATIONThis is a process of creating characters. How do readers learn about characters.Two methods:Direct (Telling): a narrator tell us directly about the characters, their internal and external make-up. A narrator can stand „inside“ or „outside“ a character. Indirect (Showing): There is no narrative voice. We assess characters only through words, actions, and what other characters say about them.

How convincing are the characters?- To create believable characters, writers

must make them consistent in:- behaviour (words and actions)- motivations

Even characters who behave irrationally or eratically must still be cohesive. Their behaviour must be part of a consistent pattern and make-up.

CHARACTER DEVELOPMENT: Round: fully developed, emotionally and psychologically complex (Tarzan changes)Flat: one-dimensional, little or no emotional or psychological depth (Terkoz – never changes)Stock: „types“, caricatires (old wise man, clever servant, evil step-mother)

DEGREES OF CHANGE: Dynamic – can changeStatic – don't change

Primary are usually dynamic while secondary are static.A Foil: Helps to reveal by contrast the distinctive

qualities of another character.

SETTINGDefinition The physical and social context in which the

action of a story happens.

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Can be used to evoke a mood or atmosphere that will prepare the reader for what is to come.Types of setting: Location

TimeCulture (religious values, social and political beliefs)Physical surroundings, weather, architecture etc.

Purpose of setting: To establish three basic elements:- mood (readers almost feel, evoked by

the author's choice of setting)- motivation- theme – story's central idea, the element

that exposes the writer's vision of life

JOHN UPDIKE A & P (1961)Theme: decision and sticking with it

- Conservative values- a grocery store with a maze-like aisles

and flourescent lights- five miles from the beach- in medias res

FAY WELDON IND AFFSETTING Rainy streets of Sarajevo

The historical importance of Princip's shoe prints in concreteThe restaurant, the waitors and dish

Princip's situation: Consequences – WW1Her situation: Consequences – kids. When she had analyzed

Princip's move, she was aware of her relationship.She is thinking about Princip's love for his country and the consequences of his action which started WW1. Her discussion pf Princip's motives and actions with Peter is reflected in her thinking about IND AFF and how it affects others.

ERNEST HEMINGWAY (1899-1961) THE SOLDIER'S HOME Methodist college in Kansas Picture: shows him among his fraternity

brothers, all of them wearing exactly the same height and style collar.

1917 He enlisted in Marines1919 the second division returned from the Rhine in

the summer of 1919.Picture: which shows him on the Rhone with two German

girls and another corporal. Krebs and the corporal look too big for their uniforms. The German girls are not beautiful. The Rhine does not show in the picture.

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By the time Krebs returned to his home town in Oklahoma the greeting of heroes was over. He came back much too late.Krebs moves from the pattern of college to the pattern of war back to pattern of home, but he has lost his talent for uniformity.

BIOGRAPHICAL STRATEGY The relationship between an author's life and literary work. Data about the author's life is collected from available biographies, letters, interviews, government documents to other works he/she wrote. This kind of information can help to deepen our understanding of his/her work.

SETTING Suffocating domestic environment in Hemingway's household in Oak Park, Illinois, Krebs household somewhere in Oklahoma. Uniformity of the young people in his town. Things which are expected of them and are considered proper (Men should be shaved, should look proper)

ALLIENATION The community, by willfully ignoring the experiences of the soldiers (Krebs) contributes to the protagonist's allienation. At first Krebs, who had been at Belleau Wood, Soissons, the Champagne, St. Mihiel and in the Argonne did not want to talk about the war at all. Later he felt the need to talk but no one wanted to hear about it.Unable to find and audience for the truth, the ex-soldier resorts to lies, which leads to self-loathing and further isolation (A distaste for everything that had happened to him in the war set in because of the lies he had told). Veterans with comparatively brief experience at battle, with no combat experience at all, far out-numbered the most tested soldiers.

HUMILIATION Forgotten by community. People seemed to think it was rather ridiculous for Krebs to be getting back so late, years after the war was over.Parents treat him as an adolescent. The concept of home as a place of love, comfort and security appears like a fiction to him. Reflects willful amnesia that was present in American culture in the 1920s, with disastrous economic and psychological results for many veterans. “The American structure Krebs returns to cannot encompass him either. Krebs no longer fits in, and the ways in which he has “grown” in Europe lead him into passivity. “ Krebs begins to observe the new society he is in and the people. With Krebs observing , “Krebs no longer interacts with them, or the people in them.”

INSOMNIA Krebs constantly complains about his fobia of darkness, and fails to get a sleep in the night. Thus the young protagonist of Hemingway is tormented by a deep trauma which the war-wound has left in his psyche. He has a morbid fear that if he ever shut his eyes in the dark his soul would go out of his body.

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His relationship with his family increasingly deteriorates, he cannot adapt to the changes that have taken place in his community, and he cannot leave the tragic events of the war behind him. Krebs' mother is narrow-minded (ograničena)

Hemingway's style Detached, marked with understatements; sentences are short, declarative, direct, lack adjetives. His style is journalistic, economical and devoid of cliches. He described it as „iceberg theory“.

ANTON CHEKHOV THE LADY WITH THE PET DOGThe physical setting YALTAThe characters Dimitry Dimitrich Gurov

- Vernet's confectionary shop- women young, medium-height, beret on

heads.- Pomeranian – a dog- They two meet in a public garden and on

the square.- He had a daughter 12-year-old and two

sons at school; - He was married in the second year of his

studies at university;- „The inferior race“- the company of men- When they meet in a public garden, she

says she has been there for five days, and he says:two weeks?

- Gurov was a native from Moscow, he trained to become an opera singer;

- She grew up in Petersburg- She was living then in S......- her husband worked in government

board?????- Her name was ANA SERGEYEVNA- Gurov often went to the restaurant and

offered her a soft drink or an ice cream.- One night he went to the pier and

watched steamer (parobrod)- It was a holiday in Yalta- Perfume in a Japanese store- She grew pensive and her dejected pose

was that of a Magdalene in a picture by an old master.

- Flunky was her husband- They drove to Oreanda- Her surname was von Dideritz- Her husband was a Greek-Orthodox- Guard came to them and just left.- They saw a streamer from Feudosia.- Then they met every day at 12 o'clock ...- He came back to Moscow- He took a walk along Petrovka- He went to S....- Dideritz lived in Stara G... Street- He was walking down the street. He saw

a beggar, he heard a piano.- In the morning he saw The geisha was to

be given for the first time.- He went to the theatre- Ana sat in the third row.- Ana started visiting him. Once every

month or three months. She told her husband that she was going to consult a doctor about a woman's ....

- when she arrived she would stop at the S....Bazar Hotel and send the man in a red cap.

- OVAKO NASTAVLJA U NEDOGLED-BEZVEZE

POINT OF VIEW Who tells the story and how it is toldNARRATOR -created by author

- tells the story- can be a character or non participant

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PERSON o refers to the pronoun used by the narrator

o I/we – first persono It/She/He/they – third person

The author is usually not the narrator.Author is behind the narrative voice of any story, manipulating events and providing or witholding information;A narrator's perception may be accepted, rejected or modified by the author, depending on how the narrative voice is articulated.

THE THIRD PERSON NARRATOR - OMNISCIENT- LIMITED OMNISCIENT- OBJECTIVE

Omniscient – all knowing, can comment on a story or remain neutral.EDITORIAL OMNISCIENCE – the narrator chooses to comment on the story, evaluating the characters and events for the reader (e.g. Burroughs in Tarzan)LIMITED OMNISCIENCE – attention focused one one character, or perhaps two. We are not privy to the thoughts and feelings of the other characters.We are not told of anything that happens away from the character because the narration is based on his/her perception of things. OBJECTIVE NARRATOR – detached, impersonalDoes not see into the mind of any character; dialogue, actions, and details create character. The reader must interprete for herself/himself.

STREAM OF CONSCIOUSNESS TECHNIQUE Modern writers – Joyce, Faulkner, Woolfe; takes the reader inside a character's mind to reveal perceptions, thoughts and feelings on a conscious and unconscious levels. The flow of thoughts as well as their content.

FIRST PERSON NARRATOR Major – A&P, unnamed narrator in Battle Royal.

Minor – narrator in A Rose For EmilyCannot see into the minds of other characters.Limited – observe, overhear

DUAL ROLE Third person (Emily – he used he/she/it/they)

First personUnreliable narratorMight lack self-knowledge (the lawyer in Bartleby the Scriviner)Might be young and unexperienced (the narrator in Battle Royal)

NAIVE NARRATOR Youthful innosence – Huck Finn, Holden C. (Catcher in the Rye), the lack of sophistication to interprete the events.

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CHECKOV ---the lady with the pet dog ANALYSIS limited omniscient we know Gurov's thoughts and feelings Anna is characterised by what she says

and does in Gurov's presence; Dimitry Gurov – unhappy, boring and

unfulfilling job; Anna is different from other mistrisses

he had; The desire of happiness – Anna He is living a routine life. Routine numbs

people. Double life – public and private uncertain ending point of view at the end becomes

omniscient as Gurov and Anna think as one, united by their love;

important parts: his background, melon scene, grey fence, winter in Moscow, sturgeon, respect of privacy

DATES Anna – the concert, uncomfortable

intimacy, car trips, crying and shame, shadow woman, suicide attempt, MEETINGS: the beach, the hotels.

Plot is shaped by the stream of Anna's thoughts rather than by chronological order.

IMPORTANT QUOTE: „We try to discover in thingsendeared to us the account .....“

Anna's internal conflict between her emotional needs and moral values.

She has a need for suffering The limited omniscient perspective

allows to see how Anna experiences this conflict and ultimately resolves it.

BOX-LIKE PLOT reflects the repetition and confusion in Anna's life (the concert, Albany, beach);

At the end, she is happy; she thinks that he will be her husband

The last unfinished sentence

S Y M B O L a person, object, image, word or

event that suggests more than its literal meaning.

CONVENTIONAL SYMBOLS Widely recognized by a society or culture – positive and negative;The Christian CrossThe Star of David (Jews)A swastikaSerpentGrim ReaperWhite colourBlack colourA doveAn olive branch

symbols are fluid, not static Change meaning in different contexts depending on time, culture and geography

SERPENTDRAGON

Serpent: wisdom in ancient cultures;Dragon – evil in medieval Europe, good luck in China

CONTEXTUAL OR LITERARY SYMBOLS A setting, a character, action, object, name or anything else in a specific work that maintains is literal significance while suggesting other meaning.

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The White Whale in Melville's Moby Dick Multiple symbolic meanings in the work, but not in other stories about whales.

A&P The store is both the setting and central symbol (conformity)

A Rose for Emily Decaying house – decaying mindsHouse dust and Emily's unseen but ticking wattch – means that time has passed her by.The portrait of Emily's father – suggests his dominant presence in her life, even after his death.

ARCHETYPESUNIVERSAL SYMBOLS

Transcending time and geography; they call up deep unconscious responses, almost as if they were hard-wired into our-brains. Usually found in myths.

Common Archetypes Women – connected with earth & water – fertility;

Men – connected to sky and the sun (power)

light – something good, pure, knowledge,

Darkness – threatening, ignorance

ARCHETYPE: THE HERO Hercules, BeowulfAll heroic stories follow the same archetypal structure;

- accepting the call for action- facing adversity: dragons, poverty,

addiction- achieving transformation and victory

ARCHETYPE: CINDERELLA A pattern in hundreds of folk tales around the world. A young girl of lowly stature is elevated; recognized for her inner worth.

A L L E G O R YA work of fiction in which the symbols, characters, and events have one fixed meaning

Used for instructive purposes Christian themes.

COLLETE THE HAND (1924)-marrital blissHis strong handShe smiled to see the man's hand emerging there (a will of its own)Vile, ape-like appearanceCrab-scavenger , fleshy palm like a bellyFingers – an army in red battle dressStrangler

Colors: apricot-pink – safety and desirePenwinkle blue – satisfaction with her newly married state;Blue – male territory; his room neverthelessRed – danger, red hair – temperamental, dangerousA few red hairs becomes red fur (animal)

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RALPH ELLISON BATTLE ROYALRacial relations=state of warfare The traitor: humble, subservient black man the

whites wanted him to beSecretlly had rebellious ideas"I want you to overcome 'em with yeses, undermine 'em with grins, agree 'em to death and destruction, let 'em swoller you till they vomit or bust wide open. ..Blood that he swallows symbolizes blood of his African-American ancestors. Grandfather's strategy on how to be smart in a white man's world.

Elevator – historical meaning, absolute power over the black people.

Allegory – when a writer wants to indicate single meaning. Focus on the abstract ideas (purposes around Christian themes)

He wants to break away from the black race, but his desire for social equality is stronger.

WRITING ABOUT FICTIONPreparation for writing:

Reading the work closely Annotating the text Developing a thesis Arguments in an essay Organizing a paper Writing a draft Revising and editing

1. Reading the work closely:‒ Get to know the work well; do not force

yourself to try to understand it on first reading; read it several times and avodid reading other critical articles before that.

‒ With repeated readings think about the way different literary techniques function in a literary work and emphasize its meaning (plot, setting, characters, theme, symbols, irony etc),

2. Annotating the text‒ Notes are used to record reactions, raise

questions and make comments and preserve your initial reactions to the work; they can also make a big part of your essay's body.

Developing 3. Developing a thesis‒ Thesis – a central idea of an essay;‒ the thesis should be a couple of

sentences which establish your topi cin a clear, unambiguous language;

‒ Simple way to generate a thesis is to ask a question „why“:

‒ Do not simply report information without arguments, evaluation and comments, otherwise, it's just a summary.

‒ Avoid turning your essay into a plot summary.

4. Arguments in your essay

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‒ The objective of an argumentation essay is to make your interpretation persuasive.

‒ Support your essay with clear arguments, evidence (quotes), and detailed analysis of the important parts of the text.

5. Organizing a paper‒ Your thesis points you in the right

direction and helps you to decide what is relevant information.

‒ After establishing thesis, make subheadings for your body of the essay, i.e. its main points (paragraphs, they need to point out to the theme)

6. Writing a draft‒ Do not try to compose a perfect first

draft; just write down your thoughts.‒ Do not let search for errors and spelling

checks disrupt your writing of this draft.‒ Leave wide margins and extra space to

make revising easier.‒ Sentences in one paragraph of the body

should be related to a single topic. ‒ Transition from one paragraph to

another should be smooth, not abrupt.7. Revising and editing‒ Give it some time before approaching to

revising and editting your draft in order to have a fresh perspective.

‒ Think about your presentation; is it logical, organized? Are there any gaps, inconsistencies etc.? Are there any irrelevant information in the essay?

‒ Check the final draft for inconsistencies and needlessly complicated sentences.

‒ Revision checklist:1. Is the thesis clear and based on a clear

reading of the work?2. Are your arguments persuasive?3. Are the sentences clear, concise and

complete?4. Have you quoated too much material?

TYPES OF WRITTEN ASSIGNMENTSI. EXPLICATION ESSAY ‒ the purpose is to make the implicit

explicit;‒ it is usually used for explaining poems

line by line, but it can be used to explain short passages from plays or short stories.

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II. ANALYSIS ESSAY ‒ This type of essay usually examines only a single element – like the plot, setting, point of view.

‒ This element must be related to the whole text, or it is otherwise irrelevant.

III. COMPARISON AND CONTRAST ‒ The relation between works must be meaningfull, it must not be just a list of similarities and differencies.

TIPS stick to one tense (present simple or simple past)

Avoid using „I“ in your essay too much. Do not use informal terms or contractions. Use „do not“ instead of „don't“ etc.

ELEMENTS OF AN ESSAY I. THESISII. BODY (made of several paragraphs)

III. CONCLUSIONIV. BIBLIOGRAPHY (list of books we quoted)

THESIS: explore how the story's elements like

plot, setting, characters, symbols, emphasize the main theme.

CONCLUSION: should consist of the brief summary of

the main arguments in the body of the essay and end with a final sentence which reflects your impression of the theme.

FONT TIME NEW ROMAN 12LINE SPACING 1.5TITLE SIZE 16LENGTH At least two pages (better three and a half)BIBLIOGRAPHY Size 16footnotes 10Footnotes of more than three lines of text Size 10, and indented, no quotation marksELEMENTS OF A FOOTNOTE SURNAME (capital letters) and Name

(not in capital letters) title of the work in cursive Publisher, city, and the year of publishing page number

EXAMPLE OF A FOOTNOTE HEMINGWAY, Ernest: In Our Time, Random House, New York, 1996, p.12

INTERNET QUOTE JOYCE, James: The Portrait of an Artist as a Young Man, 27 June 2009 <link>

AKO IMAMO VIŠE CITATA OD JEDNOG AUTORA, I IDU JEDNE IZA DRUGE

Ibid., p.

Ako više puta citiramo istog autora u našem eseju, a citati su na različitim stranicama, ili su, pak, na istoj, ali nisu jedan iza drugoga, nego pomiješani s citatima drugih autora:

James, Joyce, op.cit., p.

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FLANNERY O'CONNOR GOOD COUNTRY PEOPLEMrs. Freeman Black eyes, farmerMrs Hopewell Got up at 7 o'clock, divorcedHer daughter Joy 32, blonde, artificial leg (had been shot

off in a hunting accident when she was 10)

MRS. FREEMAN 1. Glynese (Glycerin) – redhead, 18, run with Harvey _____School

2. Caramal (Caramel) – blonde, 15, married to ____, pregnant (Joy used to call them like this).

Before the Freemans Hopewell had a tenant family for a year.

Ph.D. doktorska disertacija

Bible Salesman – Manley Pointer Was from around Willohobie, heart problems, he was 7th child of 12 – he crushed under a tree when he was 8. He had been selling bibles for four months.

Joy should meet Porter at 10 o'clock at the gate. Joy was 17.IRONY Their names – Glynese – čovjek joj

kiropraktičar a boli je vratPhilosopher in a country Wooden leg – her identity and

character

T.C. BOYLE CARNAL KNOWLEDGECarnal – pleasure or meat Knowledge of meat excludes carnal

knowledge of Alena and vice versaNarrator – Jim – first person point of viewSetting: Time – his birthday (30), reading a

comfortingly apocalyptic tract about....

KATE CHOPIN THE STORY OF AN HOURRepression „She was young, with a fair, calm

face whose lines bespoke repression and even a certain strength.“„There would be no powerful will......a fellow creature.“

STYLE Short and simple sentencesTONE Objective

Mrs. Mallard moves from one extreme of the psyche – superego, the other - id

She is not allowed to be herself in marriage. She has to play the role dictated by the society. This situation is ironic because of the difference

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between what everybody else think and what we know (joy that kills)

Mrs Mallard – a heart trouble Louise MallardJosephine - sister Richard – husband's friendHusband – Brently Mallard New-spring lifeFree,free,free Joy that kills

THEME, STYLE, TONE & IRONYTHEME a central idea

a generalised statement about a storyA theme is not:

a story's moral (or lesson) a plot summary a story's subject

INDENTIFYING A THEME Pay attention to certain aspects of a story. Title and setting, repetition and characters who change.

TITLE & SETTING Titles: re-state the story's theme point to a key aspect of the story highlight the story's irony

Setting: theme is often reflected in a work's

setting Repetitions words, phrases, ideas, or aspects are

often repeated, pointing to thematic clues.

Characters who grow and change, learn something valuable by the story's end, usually point to the central idea.

MULTIPLE THEMES rarely just one correct theme. not every story has a theme: horror,

detective, and adventure-thriller stories rarely have themes.

STYLE manner in which a writter arranges words to achieve particular effects.

To achive particular effects: individual word choice sentence length and structure tone and irony

DICTION Writer's word choice; it can evoke different associations.

Writer's choice can control a reader's response.

Diction must suit the character. TYPES OF DICTION: formal – elevated and formal language –

complex words and lofty tone middle – less elevated but correct

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language, spoken by educated people informal – uses contractions, slang,

idiomatic expressions. sentence length (hemingway's short

sentences – Iceberg theory)TONE The author's implicit attitude toward the

people, places and events in the story. Tone can be:

serious or ironicsad or happyangry or affectionatebitter or nostalgicor any other attitudes and feelings that humans experience.

IRONY Irony denotes something different (usually opposite) from something that is expected to be said or happen.

I. VERBAL IRONY What is said is not what is intended. Sarcasm – verbal irony intended to hurt

someone through e.g. false praise.II. SITUATIONAL IRONY

What happens is the opposite of what is expected or desired.

III. DRAMATIC IRONY Audience/readers know things that the

characters do not (Romeo and Juliet – when Romeo thinks Juliet is dead, but we know that she is only in a deep sleep).

IV. COMIC IRONY The use of God, destination or fate to

dash the hopes and expectations of a character or humankind in general. e.g. Oedipus the King cannot escape.

PSYCHOLOGICAL READING STRATEGIESSigmund Freud A study of dreams

Unconsciouss desiresSexual repression

Psychological strategy is used to explore the motivations of characters and the symbolic meanings of events. This strategy examines subconscious impulses and feelings which influence emotions and behaviour.

Conscious actions of characters have an important subconscious background.

THE PSYCHE EGO (reality principle) the ID (pleasure principle) SUPER EGO (morality principle)

EGO associated with reason and sanity it separates what is real and helps us to

organize our thoughts

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defence against the superego its ability to drive the individual subject towards inaction and suicide as a result of ___guilt.

seeks to please the id in realistically (long term benefit) part of ID modiefied by the world around us.

THE ID the pleasure principle contains eros (love) and thanatos (death)

oriented towards one's internal instincts and passions.

the great reservoir of the libido the dark, inaccessible part of our

personality (unconscious) id – fulfill our desires, only it. the ego seeks to repress the libido the ID is beyond good and evil, it only

wants its instincts satisfied.SUPEREGO it wants to act in a socially acceptable

manner. represents all moral restrictions and is

the advocate of its connection to the ID, the superego can become excessively moral and thus lead to destructive effects.

it takes on the influence of the people after parents: teachers, idols, role models.

ID & Superego are two extremes and between lies ego.

OEDIPUS COMPLEX a boy's unconscious rivalry with his father for his mother's love and his desire to eliminate the father and take his place with his mother.

SUPEREGO when we try to be perfectTWO CLASSES OF INSTINCTS:EROSTHANATOS

EROSThe sensual instincts (libido), Freud later saw the Etos instinct as compatible with the self-preservative instincts (incorporated in life drive)

THANATOSThe death instinct. A natural desire to „re-establish a state of things that was disturbed by the emergence of life.“ It allowed Freud to explain man's desire for murder and destruction. It explains why humans are drawn to repeat painful or traumatic events.

PROJECTIONA defense mechanism in which people mistakenly see in others antisocial impulses they fail to recognize in themselves.

REPRESSION

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Individual's attempt to supress his own emotions, desires and impulses by supressing them from the consciousness and holding them in the unconsciousness. That what is inappropriate to the conscious mind is prevented from entering into it.

PSYCHOLOGICAL READING STRATEGIES How does the work reveal the common psychological problems and conflicts of the historical period? What is the connection between the desires of the characters in the work, the desire of the author in writing the work, and the desire of the reader in reading the work?How are the character's actions motivated? (i.e. what psychological concepts such as Oedipal complex, projection, narcisism, defence mechanisms motivate the action of the characters?)

NATHANIEL HAWTHORNE YOUNG GOODMAN BROWNSalem, Massachussets, Village Faith, three months marriedUnknown errand in the forest He met a man who carried a serpent-shaped staffMistress Cloyse accepts the snake-shaped staff and flies away to her destination.

„Witches Sabbath“

Pink ribbon The man is 50 years oldGoody Cloyse Deacon G... – on the way to the ceremonyThe ribbon flutters down from the sky Martha CarrierFigure on a rock Father & motherMYTHOLOGICAL READING STRATEGIES Mythological critics look for underlying,

reccurring patterns in literature that reveal universal meanings and basic human experiences for readers, regardless of their culture

Common literary archetypes are quests, initiations, scapegoats, descent into the underworld and ascent to heaven (internal and external) and knowing oneself.

INTERPRETATION: heroic quest myth archetype –

internalised journey into the self – descent into the underworld –return to and apotheosis (becoming like a God)

initiation, separation, transformation, and return.

individuation or failure to achieve it.INDIVIDUATION Psychic integration – all of the components of

the psyche, conscious and unconscious are brought together in a unified whole.Also, knowing ourselvesThis totally is the self

The psyche according to Jung: EGO: the conscious, private self

PERSONA: the face one shows to the world

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SHADOW: any impulse, drive or characteristic that

does not fit in with one's value system and one's sense of self (ego)

ANIMAL ANIMUS: the female part of the male psyche or

the male part of the female psyche.

(unconscious) (conscious)

SHADOW PROJECTION non assimilation of the shadow threatened ego projects the undesirable

traits onto the „other“ scapegoating is pure shadow projection everybody is out of step but „me“ or „I'm

the only honest person in the crowd“Brown doesn't accept the possibility that he might do something evil, he projects this to the people in his town.

An allegory: Symbols which have one meaningYoung Goodman Brown – everyman; the good Christian/PuritanBrown – a common surname, predominant colour in Puritan societyFaith – wife, represents his faith in God. Pink – white (purity-innocence of faith) + red (passion)Faith represents a normal person (pink)

SETTING Salem a quest taken by dusk (sumrak) Forest (nature) where Puritan morality

and ccivilization end, and dark forces of the shadow find expression – exteriorisation of shadow.

SYMBOLS Young Goodman Brown, Faith, Goody Cloyse, the dark forest, the staff, the resemblance of the old traveller, the pink ribbon, the black mass, tombstone

Young Goodman Brown is only subconsciously aware of his journey, and the purpose is to INTEGRATE HIS SHADOW INTO HIS PSYCHE.

THE JOURNEY:this journey is internal (descent into his psyche)seeking himself – his lost/unwanted

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anima/anim

us

personaegoo

selfshadow

parts of self;those unwanted parts of his self are clashing with his Puritan faith, so they are repressed (kept in the shadow)Puritanism prevents him to assimilate all parts of his psyche.

TRESHOLD - CROSSING Movement from consciousness to unconsciousness – his other self;His other self:

supressed, neglected pagan/natural sideit carries with it substantial psychic energy because it is repressed;compels him forward – can find expression only in the dark Salem woods (but is actually something else)

THE DEVIL the supreme outcast, the premier symbol of shadow

demons – merely projections of our unwanted parts, our sense of ego-self;

Satan according to Jungian theory is Christianity's shadow; he is all the religion refuses to tolerate.

when Young G. Brown runs wild in the forest, he is briefly connected with his shadow.

EVIL IS THE NATURE OF MANKINDYOUNG GOODMAN BROWN he is ready to alter his inflexible posture

as a young man utterly devoid of any stain of darkness and share power with his shadow by making room for it in ego-consciousness.

this doesn't mean that he has to become evil in order to have a full psyche, just to admit he has the potential for evil, as we all do.

He casts off and assumes once again his one-sided persona as good Puritan who slays evil:

„Faith, Faith!Look up to heaven and resist the wicked one!“

He remained the same He failed in his heroic quest

the lack of maturity leaves home and gains knowledge,

but refuses it fails to be .... returns with a loss of faith in

mankind.HEROIC QUEST ARCHETYPE Challenge – internalised journey into the

self;

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selection and calling: meeting and newly-married

Testing: ancestors never came to the woods.

Descent into the underworld (of history) ancestors' acts in the past/whole community takes part

Initiation: Faith /welcome to the race Apotheosis: rejects church, can't pray,

dies in despair

WILLIAM FAULKNER BARN BURNINGJustice of the peaceSmell of cheeseMr. HoinsNiggerColonel SartorisBarn burnerTwo sisters, two brothers, mum and her sisterPassed 4 years

Abner snopesMajor the SpainRug20 bushels, than 10Lennie- motherLizzie- auntMalbrouck

MARXIST READING STRATEGY

MARXIST LITERARY THEORY

looks at the socio-economic dynamics at play in the text perfect society – where everyone works for the

betterment of all and each man „earns“ to the measure of his need (and not his want)

social and economic quality capitalism – personal profit is the goal; the wealthy

become wealthier on the efforts of the workers (proleteriat)

e.g. de Spain mansion and riches gained at cost of slaves (no wages) and later white sharecroppers (pittance for hard work)

„Institutions of money and power go together“ e.g. both courts of law are in session in stores: Grocer,

Point Store Capitalism advances capitalist money and power rather

than socialist morality and justice.

POINT OF VIEW

NARRATOR – third person limited omniscient presents Sarty's point of view Authorial in places:

Gives information that Sarty cannon know at the time because his life experience cannot encompass such reasoning.The use of the authorial voice and the point of viwe of Sarty emphasizes the difference between innocence and experience, youth and age, decency and corruption.

PLOT chronologicalSETTING the south of America

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post Civil War and post reconstruction (after the Yenkees defeated the Confederates) – something the Southerners have never forgiven the Yenkees)

Severe discrimination, distinct class divisions, and poverty created bitterness and strife between those who own property and those who do not.

First town: court in store Second town – De Spain plantation – lots of land and

needs tenant farmers to work the land(and increase his profits)

Barn symbolizes the wealth of the landowner; barnes hold livestock, all the food surplus stored away (not essential for life)

The title: Barn Burning a compound noun to describe the actual activity or the burn is burning at the moment

CHARACTERS SARTYthe only round charactera bildungs tale because it describes Sarty's coming of age.Sarty's rejection of his father's barn burning can be considered his initiation into manhood.making a decision and sticking to it depiste what it means to him.

ABNER SNOPES total disrespect for others – landowners, blacks,

women, children hates anybody who has something children believe he is a war hero:

spent Civil War hiding from both armiesstealing horses (shot stealing one)in war for the booty

THE SYMBOL OF THE UNFUNCTIONAL CLOCK

his family cannot resume their lives

DE SPAIN MANSION EPISODE horse droppings – his disdain deliberate vandalism of „white“ property hatred of black servants higher up in hierarchy than he is smear on carpet, ruins it with lysoap and rock,................

de Spain for the reduction of penalty.

THE WOMEN

work hard more undesranding – cannot stand up to Abner and his

rage, resigned to their life aunt is also fed up with the constant moving

around/wants to sattle down/threatens that she'll warn them herself.

„old fierce pull of blood“ alienated from the politically and economically dominant groups.

the clan alternative source of security, have to stick together wheter it is right or wrong.

Kin-defence and support not only from Unionists, but also from the Southern aristocrats who want to own

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Abner „body and soul“„If you don't stick to your own blood“

justice system – fair (leaving country, 10 bushels)

A MARXIST VIEW OF BARN BURNING

The story illustrates how the father is kept „clown“ by the wealthy and powerful. Abner Snopes burns barns because he is enraged by the role he has in life – a lowly sharecropper who is only better than his black counterparts because he is white. When slighted and insulted by the upper classes, he retaliates.

The bourgeoisie – rulling class – the courts, de Spain, Mr. Harris etc. They hold the power and opress the workers of the proleteriat. As a contrast, every house they move into is the same 2 shabby rooms ina run-down shed.

Justice the way he understands it – bringing people down to his level. People should fight. Fighting for his economic, political, and human rights. No respects for authority. He does not care for consequences of his actions.

SARTY innocent and impressionable boy tempted by a vision of wealth – unknowingly sides with

the oppressors. sees the „moral“ wrong commited by his father, and

strives to prevent its disastrous consequences. Responsible for his father's death?

fulfills father's prophesy „You got to ----to stick...brood to stick to you.“

SARTY THE TRAITOR betraying his father, a traitor to the working class; revolts and sides with the opressors in the future opression of others like Abner.By betraying his kin, he is also betraying himself.he may, however, succeed – he is not lazy and he says that is from his mom – „an industry that did not need to be driven or even commanded twice.“

HUGO HAMILTON THE LAST SHOTBorn in Dublin, 1953; mother: Irmgard, father: Sean; polyglot, search for identity (The Speckled people); wrote short stories, novels.

BERTHA SOMMERFRANZ KERNCZECH CITIZEN POLISH REFUGEES

NARRATIVE STRUCTURE two narrative points of view the first person narrator in the 1980s plot omniscient narrator in the 1940s plot

PLOT STRUCTURE

two parallel plots:1. chronological with flashbacks2. back and forth1st plot: May 5, 1945 – May+June 19452nd plot: starts in 1989 and goes back to the 1980s.

to establish the relationship between the narrator – Jurgen – Anke

Past has a crucial importance for our narrator.

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SETTING

Germany/Czechoslovakia: 1945 and late 1980s 1945 – the capitulation of the Third Reich, the rise of

communism (Russian Liberation) Germany devastated Germany devided into two the vanquished

1980s

the fall of communism fall of the Berlin war 9/11/1989 remification of Germany presence of allied troops (Tommies in Munster),

Americans

CHARACTERS

the narrator - --name (searched for ws identity) assumption – born in 1946 searching for his identity born in Vermont – opted for European education Bertha Sommer's son – Franz Kern's son? /same height,

feels like talking to a son) Jurgen – his best friend feels inferior to him Why did Anke choose Jurgen? Still habours feelings for Anke – on/off sexual

relationship – always initiated by Anke. Harbours feelings of guilt towards Jurgen.

ANKE

wilder than the narrator and Jurgen together comes from an affluent family can cry at will /later has the reason to cry kleptomaniac egocentric – disinterested in how she plays with others'

feelings.

JURGEN

a gynaecologistmedical background gives him necessary detachment (unlike Anke)knows about the affair (does not want to lose the only two friends he has)the narrator's constant companion from university onwards until Ankemercy killing of Alex

the greatest ironya child with Down's syndrom killed with injection in 80s. (in Nazi Germany they were killing children with deformation with injection)

BERTHA SOMMER

one of five daughters religious – god-fearing – it's possible that deep down she

believes that „rape“ is punishment for her relationship with Franz

family opposed to the Nazi regime civilian in Wehrmacht situated in France, then Eastern front desertion – treated like animal (train)

Franz killed two people during peace time – ironic (the last shot)

FRANZ KERN communications officer

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not involved in any warfare married – in love with Bertha – stays behind instead of

escaping plans for America – would leave his wife thinking him

dead baptism of fire: defence of Bertha from rapists war officially over „murder“ considers leaving Bertha to her fate, but hates himself

for the thought older Franz – kept locked hidden away never told anyone about Bertha why didn't he tell his wife about Bertha? Why didn't he go in search of Bertha?

PARALLELS BETWEEN THE PLOTS

war: every regime has the same methods of taking control, e.g. street names

liberation of Czechoslovakia by the Russians; of Germany by the Allies; of East Germany

desertion/betrayal – young soldier, general Schorner's fight and surrender to the Americans.

refugees and displaced persons Down Syndrome child during the Third Reich would have been killed – but

the child in Lavu is alive Alex – condition coumpunded by euthanasia „mercy

killing“ /reminiscent of Nazi methods) bikes: mode of transportation (escape to freedom for

Bertha and Franz); escape to freedom and from cares for the narrator/Anke

Bertha riding Monica's bike the narrator riding/driving Jurgen's bike/car love triangles: Bertha-Franz-Monica/the

narrator/Anke/Jurgen

CONSPIRACY

Bertha/Franz:Escape with the Red Cross vehicleMurder of PolesFlight to America

the narrator/Ankecar crash on return from Eiffel .....clandestine (secret) meetings

Anke/JurgenMercy killing of Alex

THE LAST SHOT the purpose for return to Germany and excursions to Louny

ironical – not a shot during the war, but after the war had officially ended.

shot by a person who was not an active soldier to protect a loved one and in defence of life and dignity links Bertha and Franz in a conspiracy, but puts a wedge

in the relationship. Bertha grateful for having been saved from rape and

death

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Yet, as a Christian, cannot condone the killing of human life.

Although in self-defence, still murder – outside of the confines of war – fear or trial.

A shot – an injection- mirrored in the proposed way of ending Alex's life- injected into the bloodstream to euthanize him – „mercy

killing“- liberates the dying and the family of the dying

last chance at something for the narrator to find out who he is (German, Polish, or

American) to find his father nameless throughout the narrative – only knows who he

is at the endthe last shot

ironic – the fall of communism without a shot being firedthe fall of the Berlin wallthe last shot for unity

SOME THEMES

Germany signifies „something that everybody secretly wants and openly denies“

the power of the past history repeats itself the nature of desire the search for identity freedom (achieved by a bike)

NAČIN OCJENJIVANJA

50 bodova 55 % potrebno dobiti, a to je 28/50‒ 10 kratkih pitanja e.g. Krebs character‒ citati, svaki citat 5 bodova‒ choose between two theories: e.g. Irony vs.character‒ 2 eseja minimalno 1 stranica svaki, nose ukupno 20

bodova‒ (Analyze Soldier's home with psychological strategy or

Young Goodman Brown with mythological, or Barn Burning with marxist, A Rose for Emily – psychologist strategy)

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