Precedents are models, Precedents are models, examples or influences other examples or influences other

Presidents would followPresidents would follow

What to call the President? Mr. President

President sets their own personal style

Cabinet appointed by President and advises him

precedents

VP has no official duties

President acts independent from Congress

Congress relies on the advice of the President

Served 2 terms and stepped aside for someone else

Department of State-----Foreign affairs•Thomas Jefferson----Secretary of State

Department of State-----Foreign affairs•Thomas Jefferson----Secretary of State

cabinet

Cabinet advises the President and heads up an agency of the government

Cabinet advises the President and heads up an agency of the government

Department of Treasury---Financial affairs•Alexander Hamilton—Secretary of the Treasury

Department of War-------------------Military affairs•Henry Knox----Secretary of War

Attorney General----------------------Legal affairs•Edmund Randolph---Department of Justice

Postmaster General-------------------Postal system•Samuel Osgood

•Alexander Hamilton and Thomas Jefferson played a Alexander Hamilton and Thomas Jefferson played a valuable role in the beginning of our nation. valuable role in the beginning of our nation.

•Both were visionaries and influenced the direction our Both were visionaries and influenced the direction our country would go economically, politically and socially. country would go economically, politically and socially. •President Washington was stuck in the middle of these President Washington was stuck in the middle of these two men as they argued over our country’s beginnings.two men as they argued over our country’s beginnings.

Federalist BeliefsFederalist Beliefs(former Anti-Federalists)(former Anti-Federalists)

Democratic-Democratic-RepublicansRepublicans

Leader

Appealed to

Alexander HamiltonJohn Adams

Thomas JeffersonJames Madison

Manufacturers, merchants, wealthy and educated….Favored seaboard cities

Farmers and Planterscommon manFavored the South and West

Ideas of Government

Strong government over statesLoose ConstructionLoose Construction of Constitution

•Implied powersImplied powersWealthy and educated involvedLimit freedoms of speech & pressPreferred govt. similar to a king

State’s rights over National Govt.Strict constructionStrict construction of Constitution

•Expressed/Enumerated powersExpressed/Enumerated powersCommon man but educatedBill of Rights is sacredLesser government the better

DomesticPolicy

Supported National Bank—BUSSupported excise taxNational debt good for countryNational govt. assume state debtsTariffs should be high

Against National Bank—BUSAgainst excise tax Against National debtStates pay their own debtsTariffs should be low

ForeignPolicy

Opposed French RevolutionWanted war with FrenchFavored the British

Supported French RevolutionOpposed war with FrenchFavored the French

political

John Jay first Chief Justice

of the Supreme Court

•President Washington appoints 6 President Washington appoints 6 justices to the Supreme Courtjustices to the Supreme Court

•3 from North and 3 from South3 from North and 3 from South

•Judiciary Act of 1789Judiciary Act of 1789, Congress , Congress created lower courts to assist the created lower courts to assist the Supreme Court.Supreme Court.

•President Washington appoints 6 President Washington appoints 6 justices to the Supreme Courtjustices to the Supreme Court

•3 from North and 3 from South3 from North and 3 from South

•Judiciary Act of 1789Judiciary Act of 1789, Congress , Congress created lower courts to assist the created lower courts to assist the Supreme Court.Supreme Court.

•President Washington faced several

Indian problems.

•British were British were supplying the supplying the

tribes with arms tribes with arms and ammunition and ammunition

to attack US to attack US settlers.settlers.

•Washington sent General

“Mad Anthony” Wayne to defeat

the Indian tribes.

•President Washington faced several

Indian problems.

•British were British were supplying the supplying the

tribes with arms tribes with arms and ammunition and ammunition

to attack US to attack US settlers.settlers.

•Washington sent General

“Mad Anthony” Wayne to defeat

the Indian tribes.

precedents

War in the Old Northwest Territory

War in the Old Northwest Territory

Several tribes, led by Little Turtle of the Miamis, scored

early victories (1790–91)

The Miamis were defeated at Fallen Timbers by General

Mad Anthony Wayne (1794)

War in the Old Northwest Territory

War in the Old Northwest Territory

Treaty of Greenville • (1795) gave USA right to settle most

of Ohio • First formal recognition of Indian

sovereignty over land not ceded by treaty

Map 13 of 45

British forts on U.S. soil. Still

haven’t removed

troops and supplying

Indians with weapons

Disputed land claims with

Spain..Cut off Mississippi

River

Jay’s TreatyJay’s TreatyJay’s TreatyJay’s Treaty

• British remove forts from US soil

• British agreed but required US to pay old

debts on pre-Revolution accounts.

• Allowed US to negotiate separate treaties with

Indian tribes

• Opened westward expansion for US

settlers.

John Jay is burnt in effigy because

Americans believed he sold out to the British.

•British made neutrality difficult:

maintained trading posts on

US soil, sold firearms to

Indians.•Collaborated with

Indians to check US expansion to

frontier.

Conflicts with BritainConflicts with BritainConflicts with BritainConflicts with Britain

Conflicts with BritainConflicts with BritainConflicts with BritainConflicts with Britain

• British expected Americans to defend French West Indies, so attacked US merchant ships, seizing about 300– Impressed and imprisoned American

sailors.

• Jeffersonians called for war• Federalists resisted (financial system).

• To avoid war, Washington sent Chief Justice John Jay to London (1794).

• Jeffersonian’s concerned about Jay’s loyalty.

• Hamilton feared war with England, secretly supplied British with US bargaining strategy.

Jay’s TreatyJay’s TreatyJay’s TreatyJay’s Treaty

Jay’s TreatyJay’s TreatyJay’s TreatyJay’s Treaty

• British agree to pay some damages, but

required US to pay old debts on pre-

Revolution accounts.

• Jeffersonian’s felt treaty was surrender to

Britain, betrayal of South (who had debts).

• Did not stop impressment.

John Jay is burnt in effigy because

Americans believed he sold out to the British.

Jay’s TreatyJay’s TreatyJay’s TreatyJay’s Treaty

• Jay’s Treaty gave life to new Democratic-Republican party, tarnished Wash.’s popularity.

• Spain, fearing US-British alliance, gives US free use of Mississippi, disputed territory north of FL.

Picnkneys

Pinckney’s Treaty: Spain gave US the free use of the Mississippi River for 5 yrs. and the boundary was set at 31st parallel between

Spanish Florida and US……

Spain cut off our farmers right to use the Mississippi River and deposit their crops in

New Orleans.

Foreign Debt

$11,710,000Federal Domestic Debt

$42,414,000

State Debt

$21,500,000

CustomDuties

(Tariffs)

ExciseTaxon

Whiskey

Misc.Revenue

Congress & Sec. of Congress & Sec. of Treasury Alexander Treasury Alexander Hamilton solve debt Hamilton solve debt

problems:problems:

•Pay off $80 million debt

•Excise tax: Taxes placed on manufactured products

•Tariff: a tax on imports

•Establish good credit with foreign nations

•Create a national bank with a national currency

•Raise money for govt backed by gold silver

Compromise with Thomas Jefferson called the Assumption Act led to the creation of

Washington, D.C.debt

HAMILTONHAMILTON•Safe place to deposit and

transfer money

•Provide loans to government and state banks

•A national currency---$$$$$

•An investment by people to buy stock into US bank

•Constitution did not forbid a national bank….Loose

construction of Constitution

•National debt good for country

JEFFERSONJEFFERSON•Against the Constitution

•State banks would collapse

•Only wealthy could invest in bank and would control bank than control the government

•Hurt the common man

•Strict construction…If it is not mentioned in the Constitution than there can’t be a national

bank.

•Against a national debt

BUS

whiskeymap

Whiskey RebellionWhiskey Rebellion

Whiskey Rebels refused to pay the excise tax that was passed by Congress and signed into law by President Washington….Believed

this tax was unfair because it was taxing their income……

Whiskey Rebels refused to pay the excise tax that was passed by Congress and signed into law by President Washington….Believed

this tax was unfair because it was taxing their income……

•Farmer’s revolt in Farmer’s revolt in western western

Pennsylvania.Pennsylvania.

•Refused to pay Refused to pay Hamilton’ s excise Hamilton’ s excise

tax tax

•Believed it was an Believed it was an unfair tax.unfair tax.

•Were called the Were called the ““Whiskey RebelsWhiskey Rebels””

•Issue at hand was Issue at hand was testing the power of testing the power of the new Constitutionthe new Constitution

Outcome:Outcome:

•Demonstrated to the Demonstrated to the people that this new people that this new

constitution was constitution was powerful enough to powerful enough to put down domestic put down domestic

rebellions, rebellions, “mobocracy”“mobocracy”

•Showed the power of Showed the power of the national the national governmentgovernment

President Washington reviews 13,000 troops of the President Washington reviews 13,000 troops of the Western Army assembled at Fort Cumberland, Western Army assembled at Fort Cumberland,

Maryland, to crush the Whiskey Rebellion.Maryland, to crush the Whiskey Rebellion.

Whiskey

ImpressmentImpressment:: an act of kidnapping a an act of kidnapping a ship, its contents, men and forcing them ship, its contents, men and forcing them into your navy----the British and French into your navy----the British and French

were doing this to us.were doing this to us.

impressment

•Began in 1790’s, unfair taxation and inequality---worldwide crisis•Overthrow King Louis 16th and Marie Antoniete

•similar to King George•Americans believed we should help the French----similar to ours

•Began in 1790’s, unfair taxation and inequality---worldwide crisis•Overthrow King Louis 16th and Marie Antoniete

•similar to King George•Americans believed we should help the French----similar to ours

French Rev

•France goes to war against European kings

•France requested US ships to block West Indies from the British

•President Washington declared Neutrality and ordered Americans to avoid this war

•France goes to war against European kings

•France requested US ships to block West Indies from the British

•President Washington declared Neutrality and ordered Americans to avoid this war

French Rev

•Executions of King Louis the 16th and Marie

Antoniette in 1793.

•Begins “Reign of Terror” during French

Revolution where 40,000 opponents of the new govt. were beheaded.

•Executions of King Louis the 16th and Marie

Antoniette in 1793.

•Begins “Reign of Terror” during French

Revolution where 40,000 opponents of the new govt. were beheaded.

farewell

Whereas it appears that a Whereas it appears that a state of state of warwar exists between Austria, exists between Austria,

Prussia, Sardinia, Prussia, Sardinia, Great BritainGreat Britain and the United Netherlands, of and the United Netherlands, of the one part and the one part and FranceFrance on the on the

other; and the duty and other; and the duty and

interest of the U.S. require, that they should interest of the U.S. require, that they should with sincerity and good faith adopt and with sincerity and good faith adopt and pursue a pursue a conduct friendly and impartial conduct friendly and impartial

toward the belligerent powers.toward the belligerent powers.

farewell

neutrality

•President Washington’s response to the French was to President Washington’s response to the French was to warn Americans to stay out these European conflicts and warn Americans to stay out these European conflicts and

remain remain neutral neutral or avoid. or avoid.

•Why?Why?

I have therefore thought fit by these I have therefore thought fit by these presents to declare the disposition of the presents to declare the disposition of the

U.S. to observe the conduct aforesaid U.S. to observe the conduct aforesaid towards those Powers respectfully; and towards those Powers respectfully; and

to exhort and to exhort and warn the citizens of the warn the citizens of the U.S. carefully to avoid all acts and U.S. carefully to avoid all acts and

proceedings whatsoeverproceedings whatsoever, which may in , which may in any manner tend to contravene such any manner tend to contravene such

disposition….disposition….April 1793April 1793

•Most Americans (Jefferson and Paine) Most Americans (Jefferson and Paine) were upset with Washington’s Neutrality. were upset with Washington’s Neutrality.

•Washington’s Washington’s NeutralityNeutrality decision was decision was based on the long term U.S. self interest.based on the long term U.S. self interest.

•Preserve and protect the infant nationPreserve and protect the infant nation

Thomas Paine On Thomas Paine On Washington’s NeutralityWashington’s Neutrality

““And as to you, sir, treacherous in private friendship And as to you, sir, treacherous in private friendship (for so you have been to me, and that in the day of (for so you have been to me, and that in the day of

danger) and a hypocrite in public life, the world will be danger) and a hypocrite in public life, the world will be puzzled to decide, whether you are an apostate or an puzzled to decide, whether you are an apostate or an

importer; whether you have abandoned good principles, importer; whether you have abandoned good principles, or whether you ever had any.”or whether you ever had any.”

Response to frenchrev

•Washington warned of the dangers Washington warned of the dangers of of political partiespolitical parties and and permanent permanent

alliancesalliances with other nations. with other nations.

•Washington’s warning against Washington’s warning against “entangling alliances”“entangling alliances” became a became a principle of U.S. foreign policy.principle of U.S. foreign policy.

““Europe has a set of primary interests which to us have Europe has a set of primary interests which to us have none or a none or a very remote relationvery remote relation….Our ….Our detacheddetached and and distantdistant

situation invites and enables us to pursue a different situation invites and enables us to pursue a different course…..It is our true policy to course…..It is our true policy to steer clear of permanent steer clear of permanent

alliances with any portion of the foreign worldalliances with any portion of the foreign world……Taking ……Taking care always to keep ourselves by suitable establishments care always to keep ourselves by suitable establishments on a respectable defensive posture, we may safely trust to on a respectable defensive posture, we may safely trust to

temporary alliances for extraordinary temporary alliances for extraordinary emergencies”…..1796emergencies”…..1796

farewell

Adams Becomes PresidentAdams Becomes President

1796 campaign• Adams was supported by New

England and Federalists– Defeated Jefferson 71-68 in Electoral

College– Jefferson becomes VP

• France and US close to war.– Jay’s Treaty– US not honoring the Franco-American

Treaty of 1778

1796 campaign• Adams was supported by New

England and Federalists– Defeated Jefferson 71-68 in Electoral

College– Jefferson becomes VP

• France and US close to war.– Jay’s Treaty– US not honoring the Franco-American

Treaty of 1778

FEDERALISTS1) Alexander Hamilton/John Adams 2) Led by merchants, bankers and

lawyers living primarily in New England.

3) Favored a strong central government.

4) Interpreted the Constitution loosely--- ”implied powers”

5) Believed in a government by the elite, educated and wealthy.

6) Pro-England.7) Favored Hamilton's financial

policies----support BUS8) Vision for US: Trade center,

industry and self-sufficient.

DEMOCRATIC-REPUBLICANS1) Thomas Jefferson/James

Madison.2) Led by planters, farmers and

wage earners living primarily in the South and West.

3) Favored strong state governments over national government.

4) Interpreted the Constitution strictly--- “enumerated powers”

5) Rule by the educated masses.6) Pro-France.7) Opposed Hamilton's financial

policies---against BUS 8) Vision for US: Agricultural

society, little trade and industry

politicalparties

France began impressing our ships and sailors

because of our Neutrality Proclamation.

France upset because we violated the Franco

American Treaty of 1778.

impressment

ImpressmentImpressment An act of kidnapping An act of kidnapping a ship, its contents, a ship, its contents,

men and forcing men and forcing them into your navythem into your navy

Fighting with FranceFighting with France

• French upset by US violation of France-US treaty of 1778

• Upset with Jay’s Treaty toward alliance with England

• French warships impressed over 300 US merchant ships by 1797

• French upset by US violation of France-US treaty of 1778

• Upset with Jay’s Treaty toward alliance with England

• French warships impressed over 300 US merchant ships by 1797

To avoid war with France, President Adams sent 3 US representatives

(John Marshall, Charles Pinckney and John Jay) to negotiate a peace

agreement…..US representatives were snubbed

by the French government……Eventually, 3 French

representatives (known as X, Y and Z because they refused to give their

names) XYZ demanded a bribe of $250,000

to merely talk with TallyrandInsulted, we refused the demands

and left France…US & French begin to fight an

undeclared naval war.

President Adams on President Adams on the XYX Affair….”I will the XYX Affair….”I will

never send another never send another minister to France minister to France

without assurances without assurances that he will be that he will be

received, respected, received, respected, and honored as the and honored as the representative of a representative of a

great, free, powerful great, free, powerful and independent and independent

nation.”nation.”

xyz

Adams Tallyrand

• XYZ Affair• French demanded an apology• Demanded a $12 million loan.

• XYZ Affair• French demanded an apology• Demanded a $12 million loan.

“The French government would permit us to remain at Paris and we should be received by

Talleyrand one of us could go to American and consult our government on the subject of

the loan.

We had no reason to believe that a possible benefit could result from it. And we desired him to tell his government that we would not

give a shilling unless American property unjustly captured was previously restored

and further hostilities suspended…

Unless this was done, we did not think that we could even consult our government

concerning a loan…..”

“The French government would permit us to remain at Paris and we should be received by

Talleyrand one of us could go to American and consult our government on the subject of

the loan.

We had no reason to believe that a possible benefit could result from it. And we desired him to tell his government that we would not

give a shilling unless American property unjustly captured was previously restored

and further hostilities suspended…

Unless this was done, we did not think that we could even consult our government

concerning a loan…..”

Fighting with FranceFighting with France• Americans wanted

war and were heard to say

• “millions for defense, but not one cent for tribute”

• US prepares for war, expands navy, creates the US Marine Corps.

• Americans wanted war and were heard to say

• “millions for defense, but not one cent for tribute”

• US prepares for war, expands navy, creates the US Marine Corps.

Fighting with FranceFighting with France• 1798-1800: In undeclared hostilities,

mostly around West Indies

• US captured over 80 French ships but lost several hundred to France.

• Needed only slight push for war.

• 1798-1800: In undeclared hostilities, mostly around West Indies

• US captured over 80 French ships but lost several hundred to France.

• Needed only slight push for war.

ISSUEISSUE:: Does the United States Govt have the right to suspend your rights

(Bill of Rights) in time of crisis (such as war) to protect the national security of

the country?

ALIEN ACTALIEN ACT:: Congress gave President Adams the power to deport any

immigrant who was considered a risk to national security….Also, changed naturalization (immigrants who want

to become citizens) from 5 years to 14 yrs…

SEDITION ACT:SEDITION ACT: Congress gave President Adams special powers to

arrest anyone who spoke out against the war effort….Primarily against

Jefferson’s Democratic/Republicans and newspaper editors who opposed

the war…..

Alien/sedition

• “That if any person shall write, print, utter, or publish, or shall cause or procure to be written, printed, uttered or published, or

shall knowingly and willingly assist in any false,

• Scandalous and malicious writing or writings against the government of the United States, or either house of Congress

or the President of the United States,

• Then such person, being thereof convicted before any court of the United States, shall be punished by a fine not exceeding

two thousand dollars and by imprisonment not exceeding two years……”

DOCTRINE OF NULLIFICATIONDOCTRINE OF NULLIFICATION:: Since the States created the National

Government, they have the right to nullify, cancel or decide not to obey a law they cancel or decide not to obey a law they

believed was unconstitutionalbelieved was unconstitutional ….

Kty/va resolutions

•Jefferson’s and Madison’s response to the Sedition Act…..

•Believed Sedition Act violated freedom of speech and press.

•They tried to convince the other states not to support the Sedition Act….

•It failed and the Sedition Act remained the law until 1801.

• That the General Assembly protests against the alarming infractions of the Constitution, in the "Alien and Sedition Acts"

passed at the last session of Congress.

• That this state having by its Convention, expressly declared, that among other essential rights, "the Liberty of Conscience and of the Press cannot be cancelled, abridged, restrained, or

modified by any authority of the United States,"

• The General Assembly appeals to the other states, in confidence that they will concur that the acts are

unconstitutional and that the necessary and proper measures will be taken by each in maintaining the Authorities, Rights, and Liberties, referred to the States respectively, or to the people.

Patriotism Above PartyPatriotism Above Party• New French leader, Napoleon and

Talleyrand did not want war, or to push the US to Britain

• French send back-channel message that new US minister would be received properly

• 1799: Adams submits to Senate new minister to France

• New French leader, Napoleon and Talleyrand did not want war, or to push the US to Britain

• French send back-channel message that new US minister would be received properly

• 1799: Adams submits to Senate new minister to France

Adams/napoleon

•To prevent a war with France, in 1800, President Adams sent representatives to France

to meet with NapoleonNapoleon and TallyrandTallyrand to negotiate a peace agreement…..

•Tallyrand guarantees France would accept our representatives and treat them with respect.

The agreement was as follows:

Adams Napoleon

Adams/napoleon

•Convention of 1800 signed:– ended Franco-American alliance

•Adams deserves credit:–Avoided war–Unknowingly laid foundation for LA Purchase

•Adams sacrificed his re-election in 1800 to keep US out of war

–Patriotism above self-interest

Adams Napoleon

DOCTRINE OF NULLIFICATIONDOCTRINE OF NULLIFICATION:: Since the States created the National

Government, they have the right to nullify, cancel or decide not to obey a law they cancel or decide not to obey a law they

believed was unconstitutionalbelieved was unconstitutional ….

COMPACT THEORY:COMPACT THEORY: Belief Jefferson and Madison held that since the states created the National Govt. and the states entered

into this compact voluntarily, they have the right to refuse to obey any law they believe

is unconstitutional…

Kty/va resolutions

Jefferson’s and Madison’s response to the Sedition Act…..They tried to

convince the other states not to support the Sedition Act….It failed and the Sedition Act remained the

law until 1801.