pre-feasibility study for rural electrification program by
TRANSCRIPT
Pre-Feasibility Study for
Rural Electrification Program by
Hydropower Resources in The South of Uganda
Study Report
February 2006
Engineering and Consulting Firms Association, Japan
West Japan Engineering Consultants, Inc
Contents Executive Summary Chapter 1 Introduction･････････････････････････････････････････････････････････1
1.1 Background and Objectives･･･････････････････････････････････････････････1 1.2 Scope of Works ････････････････････････････････････････････････････････2 1.3 Study Area ････････････････････････････････････････････････････････････2 1.4 Study Schedule ････････････････････････････････････････････････････････2 1.5 Study Team Member ････････････････････････････････････････････････････2
Chapter 2 Electric Supply Plan ･･････････････････････････････････････････････････3
2.1 Background ･･･････････････････････････････････････････････････････････3 2.2 Energy Sector･･････････････････････････････････････････････････････････3 2.3 The Development of Hydropower Resources ･････････････････････････････････3 2.4 Renewable Energy Resources ･････････････････････････････････････････････5
Chapter 3 Situation of the Kisoro District ･･････････････････････････････････････････7
3.1 General Description of Kisoro District ･･････････････････････････････････････7 3.2 Power Supply and Demand of Kisoro District･････････････････････････････････13 3.3 Power Supply and Demand Prospect of Kisoro District ･････････････････････････14
Chapter 4 Namabuye Hydro Power Project･････････････････････････････････････････16
4.1 Hydrology ････････････････････････････････････････････････････････････16 4.2 Hydro Power Planning･･･････････････････････････････････････････････････16 4.3 Cost Estimate･･････････････････････････････････････････････････････････17 4.5 Benefit to the Local Community ･･･････････････････････････････････････････18 4.6 Environmental and Socio-Economics Screening of the Project ･･･････････････････18 4.7 Japanese Experience ････････････････････････････････････････････････････18
Chapter 5 Future Issues ････････････････････････････････････････････････････････21
Figure List Fig-1.1 Present and Future Electricity Transmission Network Fig-3.1 Three Mountain Scenery at Kisoro Town (2005/11/28 morning) ･･･････････････7 Fig-3.2 Uganda’s National Parks ･･････････････････････････････････････････････10 Fig-3.3 Transmission Network in South of Uganda ････････････････････････････････13 Fig-3.4 System Diagram – Kisoro District･･･････････････････････････････････････13 Fig-3.5 Kisoro District ･･････････････････････････････････････････････････････15 Fig-4.1 Nyamabuye Hydro Power Project ･･･････････････････････････････････････20
Table List
Table-1.1 Study Team Members ････････････････････････････････････････････････2 Table-2.1 Major Sites on River Nile ･････････････････････････････････････････････4 Table-2.2 Power Potential based on Alternative Energy Resources･･････････････････････5 Table-2.3 Mini Hydro Site in Uganda ････････････････････････････････････････････5 Table-3.1 Land use/cover･･････････････････････････････････････････････････････9 Table-3.2 Distribution Line Expansion Priority Plan in Kisoro District ･････････････････････14 Table-4.1 Flow Data･･････････････････････････････････････････････････････････16 Table-4.2 Itemized cost list ････････････････････････････････････････････････････17 Table-4.3 Cost ratio ･･････････････････････････････････････････････････････････17 Table-4.4 Electricity rates and charge of UMEME (shilling/kWh) ･･････････････････････17 Table-4.5 Hydroelectric generator application of African countries ･････････････････････19
Abbreviations
ABB ABB Ltd ACEC Aterliers de Constructions Electriques de Charleroi AES The AES Corporation BINP Bwindi Impenetrable National Park DRC Democratic Republic of Congo ERA Electricity Regulatory Authority IBA Important Bird Area In Uganda HV High Voltage MEMD Ministry of Energy and Mineral Development ODA Official Development Assistance PEAP Poverty Eradication Action Plan PV Photovoltaic RE Rural Electrification SWECO SWECO INTERNATIONAL TBA Traditional. Birth Attendants TC Town Council UEB Uganda Electricity Board UEDCL Uganda Electricity Distribution Company Limited UGNP Uganda Gorilla National Park UMEME Umeme Limited : Ugandan registered company with shareholders Globeleq(56%)
and Eskom(44%)
UPE Universal Primary Education UWA Uganda Wildlife Authority
Executive Summary
The biggest social problem in Uganda is poverty as in other African countries. The Uganda
government aims of implementing Poverty Eradication Action Plan (PEAP) through the sector
programs which is a development plan devised at every main sector of : education, health, road,
agriculture, water, sanitation and electric power. PEAP aims of improving the income of residents
and their life level through infrastructure developments and services. In order to attain these aims,
stable supply of electricity and improvement of electrification rate are one of the elements which are
indispensable.
Almost all parts of Uganda is green throughout the year in which 1/3 is covered with lakes and
rivers that makes much of the country’s power generated by hydropower. The large hydropower sites
are mainly concentrated along the Nile River while sites for small hydropowers are scattered in
several parts of the country.
The Kisoro District in Uganda is independent from the domestic power system. Furthermore, only
some town receives electricity supply from the neighboring country, Rwanda. Therefore, Kisoro
District was not incorporated in the Rural Electrification program. On the other hand, small
hydropower project is located in this district. Thus, investigation of hydropower is necessary to
accelerate rural electrification. This study will examine a scheme for the electrification program
through renewable energy.
As a study result, this time we propose a mini hydro power project with a maximum output of
2.0MW, an annual energy generation of 12.0 GWh and with an improved electrification rate from
21% to 66%.
This report is divided into five chapters. Chapter One addresses the background and objective of
the project. Chapter Two gives Electric Supply Plan in Uganda. Chapter Three presents Power
Supply and Demand Prospect of Kisoro District. Chapter Four proposes the Nymabuye Hydro Power
Project. Chapter Five presents the conclusion and issues of the proposed project.
Fig-1.1 Present and Future Electricity Transmission Network
Nyamabuye Project
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Chapter 1 Introduction 1.1 Background and Objectives
The Republic of Uganda (hereinafter referred to as “Uganda”) located in the African eastern part is a landlocked country right on the equator with an area of about 2/3 of Japan’s 236,000 km2.
As in other African countries, the biggest social problem in Uganda is poverty in which the Uganda government devises to find solutions by adapting “Poverty Eradication Action Plan (PEAP)” through the following:
① Sustained and rapid economic growth ② Good governance and maintenance of security ③ Income improvement in the poverty group ④ Life quality improvement of the poverty group Uganda government aims of implementing Poverty Eradication Action Plan (PEAP) through "the
sector program" which is a development plan devised at every main sector of: education, health, road, agriculture, water, sanitation and electric power. PEAP aims of improving the income of residents and their life level through infrastructure developments and services. Stable supply of electricity and improvement of electrification rate are one of the elements which are indispensable to these aims.
Related with this rural electrification promotion is the “Rural Electrification Strategy and Plan Covering 2001 to 2010” which is prepared by the Ministry of Energy and Mineral Development with the Ministry of Finance and the Ministry of Local Government.
Under this policy, poverty eradication is accelerated to promote rural electrification with three concepts as follows: ① Expansion of a transmission system and the abolition of low efficiency diesel ② Forest environmental protection by reducing the use of firewood. ③ Stabilization of a system Electrification rate of Uganda is very low in 2000 which is only 5.9 % , thus, the government aims
to achieve a rate of 7.4% for the year 2005 and a rate of 13.0 % for the year 2010. In addition, rural electrification rate in a household level is only 2 % in 2000. Therefore, the government rural electrification (RE) strategy aims to achieve a rural electrification rate of 10 % for the year 2010.
Rural Electrification fundamental fund is established based on the revised "The Electricity Act, 1999" to achieve the goals mentioned above and to develop the expansion of transmission and distribution system (connected between major cities) and the dispersion type power source (Off grid) located in a distant place. In September 2002 transmission and distribution system consisted of: 1,115km transmission line with 132kV, and 54km transmission line with 66kV. 33kV and 11kV are for distribution line which totals 6,700km. Only 33 areas cover rural electrification in a total of 54 administrative divisions. Thus, the development of rural electrification is one of the important action plan. (See Fig-1.1;Present and Future Electricity Transmission Network)
As for the following thing, this investigation is placed with a pilot survey contributing to rural electrification acceleration of Uganda. The Kisoro District stands alone from domestic power system. Furthermore, only some town catches an electricity supply from the neighboring country, Rwanda.
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Therefore, Kisoro District is not incorporated in The Rural Electrification program. This study will examine a scheme for the electrification program through Renewable energy.
1.2 Scope of Works This study will examine a scheme for implementation of this project, recommend measures to
realize this project and collect data on following: ①Feasibility study on rural electrification ②Site survey ③Hydropower planning
1.3 Study Area The study was conducted in Nshungwe village and Nyamabuye village located in the Kisoro
District, the South of Uganda.
1.4 Study Schedule The survey was conducted with the offices of MEMD (Ministry of Energy and Mineral
Development), ERA (Electricity Regulatory Authority), Kisoro District Government and the branch offices of UMEME. Meeting, information collection, data collection and site survey were done in ten days from November 24,2005.
1.5 Study Team Member
Persons-in-charge of study are as listed below:
Table-1.1 Study Team Members
No Name Specialty
1 Takatoshi NAGAO Project Manager and Hydropower Plan
2 Kenji TAGUCHI Regional Development Plan
3 Shigeru ONIKI Rural Electrification Plan
4 Hideaki NAKAGAWA Environmental, Topography and Geology
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Chapter 2 Electric Supply Plan 2.1 Background
Uganda consumes energy at the rate of slightly more than 5 million tons of oil equivalent per annum. Of this, over 90% is biomass (wood, charcoal and agricultural residues) as the main source of energy for most households.
Only 6% of Uganda’s estimated population of 23 million has an access to electricity which is a very low figure in international standards.
As a way of reducing poverty, the government is encouraging investment in the power sector specially in the rural areas where over 90% of the population is found. The demand for electric power increases at 4 to 5MW per month amidst shortage of supply. The region’s power exports to neighboring countries is another overwhelming factor bearing on the increasing demand.
Uganda Ministry of Electric Power has an active plan for expansion of transmission and distribution network at 132kV and 33kV to promote the action plan of the rural electrification plan.
However, in some region, geographically and economically, the expansion of transmission and distribution network is impossible causing delay in the development of power supply distribution .
Considering the diesel generation cost, it takes roughly one liter of diesel (1 liter = 75 US cents) to generate 3.8kWh which translates to 1kWh that costs approximately 20 US Cents on the existing thermal generators. On the other hand, the national average tariff for 1kWh is approximately 11 US cents.
Hydropower is generally cheaper, cleaner and a more environmentally friendly source of electricity.
Uganda has a comparative advantage in the region with its abundant hydropower potential though less than 10 % has been exploited.
The choice of hydropower remains the only option to Uganda’s electricity needs.
2.2 Energy Sector The Ugandan government reviewed the Electricity Act on October, 1999. It has set in motion the
privatization of the Uganda Power Industry except for the transmission company and has set up the ERA (Electricity Regulatory Authority) as a regulatory organization with supervision over Electric Power Industry participants. In addition, the electricity distribution business (UEDCL Assets) was in concession to UMEME for 20 years to maintain and operate the electricity distribution network, and the consortium of British CDC Globleq and Eskjom commited to invest 65 million US＄ in the system for 5 years starting in 2004.
2.3 The Development of Hydropower Resources
Almost all part of Uganda is green all year round and 1/3 of it is covered by lakes and rivers. The annual mean rainfall for most part of the country is 1,000mm with 500mm in the Northeast and 2,000mm in the Lake Victoria region.
Virtually, all of Uganda’s hydropower potential is on the Nile River commonly called the White Nile. It is estimated that the potential on the Nile within Uganda boarders is about 2,650 MW. While small hydro powers (0.5 – 5.0MW) are scattered in many parts of the country.
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Much of Uganda’s power is generated by hydropower. The Owen Falls hydro station with the
biggest reservoir in the world is the largest at 180MW and occupies more than 95% of the total installed capacity in Uganda which the government plans to extend. After completion of this power station, the total capacity becomes 380MW.
In addition, AES electric company which is a subsidiary of the U.S. AES company established AES Nile Power Company in Uganda which receives support from the World Bank and has started construction of Bujagari Hydroelectric Power Station (250MW) in 2002. But the construction did not make progress due to unfair dealings over the project and due to objections of an environment group. (See Table-2.1;Major Sites on River Nile)
Table-2.1 Major Sites on River Nile No. Site Hydro
Capacity (MW)
River Remarks
1 Nalubaale (Owen Falls) 180 Nile In service 2 Kiira(Owen Falls Extension) 200 Nile 80MW in service,
40MW expected by June 2002
3 Bujagali 250 Nile Construction to start By June 2002
4 Kalagala 225 Nile To be developed into a leisure/tourist centre
5 Busowoko** 230 Nile Not developed 6 Karuma(Kamdini)**** 300-350 Nile - do - 7 Ayago (North) 310-400 Nile - do - 8 Ayago (South) 230-250 Nile - do - 9 Murchison Falls 450-550 Nile - do - TOTAL (max) 2,635
** This site is less economically viable with the development of neighboring sites. ** This site is ready for development but its development is dependant on the Bujagali project
( development delayed due to the environmental issues )
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Table-2.2 Power Potential based on Alternative Energy Resources
Energy Source Estimated Electrical Potential
Large Hydro 2,000MW
Mini-Hydro 209MW
Biomass 190MW
Solar 230MW
Wind -
Geothermal 450MW
Peat 800MW
2.4 Renewable Energy Resources
Uganda has a rich renewable energy resource base.
This includes hydrological, biomass, solar, wind and geothermal resources.
However, modern production of energy from these resources is still very limited. (See Table-2.2;Power Potential based on Alternative Energy Resources) (1) Hydropower
Hydropower provides about 98% of the country’s utility power supply. The resource however, contributes to less than 2% of Uganda’s total energy consumption. Uganda’s hydrological resources are estimated to have a potential power production of over 2500MW. The large hydropower sites (over 200MW) are mainly concentrated along the Nile River while sites for small hydro (0.5 – 5.0MW) are scattered in many parts of the country. Table-2.1 and Table-2.3 give details of the hydropower potential in Uganda. This potential gives Uganda a comparative advantage over her neighbors in the East African region in producing relatively cheap power product. To date, less than 10% (about 196MW) of this potential is exploited. Therefore, there is a considerable potential for further development.
Table-2.3 Mini Hydro Site in Uganda
No. Site Hydro Capacity (MW)
River(District) Remarks
1 Paidha 10 Nyagak(Nebbi) Studies done awaiting funding
2 Ishasha 5 Ishasha(Rukungiri) - do - 3 Muzizi 20 Muzizi(Kibale) Not developed 4 Nyamabuye 1.5 – 4.0 Kaku (Kisoro) - do - 5 Biseruka 10 Ntungu(Rukungiri) - do - 6 Nsongezi 54 Kagera(Mbarara) - do - 7 Bugoye 7.5 Mubuku(Kasese) 5MW in service TOTAL 122.5
(2) Biomass
Uganda has immense forest and agricultural resources that can be converted into electricity. As an agricultural country, Uganda generates a lot of agricultural residues and forest products, especially those derived from coffee and rice husks; bagasse; and municipal and animal waste; saw dust, wood stumps and wood chipping.
The major source of energy is biomass which contributes over 90% of the total energy
consumption and is largely used in traditional non-commercial form. Every year, 20 million m3 of woods are consumed for cooking.
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Thus, biomass can provide substantial amounts of electricity, especially from co-generation of
sugar industries, gasification from coffee processing industries and biogas from biodegradable wastes. Electricity produced can be either connected to the grid or used to supply local demand in a mini-grid set-up.
(3) Solar Energy
Uganda straddles the equator and has a very good average insolation of about 5 kWh/m2/day. Solar radiation has been used traditionally in the drying of crops and animal produce as well as other domestic purposes like drying of clothes.
Limited modern solar thermal applications are now available for crop drying, water heating and
cooking. Solar photovoltaic (PV) applications have been increasing in Uganda since the late 1980s. These include electrification for rural households, health centers (especially vaccine refrigeration), community services (e.g. water pumping, schools, etc) and telecommunications.
There are currently several thousands solar home systems installed. However, large scale adoption
of PV electrification is hampered by the high cost of the system. PV technology is the available option for accessing electricity in the remote and dispersed
population of Uganda. The government has embarked on plans to remove market barriers which include the high investment cost, lack of long-term finance to increase affordability, inadequate technical capabilities and low level of public awareness.
(4) Wind The average wind speed in Uganda is low – about3.0m/s. However, in more flat areas (e.g.
Karamoja Region of Northwestern Uganda) around the great lakes and hill-tops in many parts of the country, the speed may go as fast as 6.0 m/s which is adequate to run a wind turbine.
The main application of wind energy has been used for water pumping, especially in Karamoja.
There are several small wind turbines that have been installed in Uganda. However, commercial wind application has been hampered by most of the potential areas which is so far identified and far from demand centers. To harness the wind potential in Uganda, therefore, requires grid connection.
(5) Geothermal Energy Geothermal resources have been identified in the Rift Valley Region in Western Uganda. Some
preliminary studies have been carried out in which a resource of about 450MW has been estimated. There is however, a need to carry out detailed exploration to quantify the available resource
capacity. Since the resource occurs in an agriculturally rich area, there is a potential for using this resource for commercial food processing, using direct thermal energy and electric power.
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Chapter 3 Situation of Kisoro District 3.1 General Description of Kisoro District
Kisoro Ｄistrict is located in the South Western corner of Uganda and borders with Rukungiri District in the North, Kabale District in the East, Rwanda in the South and the Democratic Republic of Congo in the West. It is a high mountainous district with large lakes and rivers with eroded gullies. The economy of the district is one of the less developed in the country. The main economic activity is agriculture and majority of the people are engaged in small scale subsistence farming.
3.1.1 Physical/Chemical Environment (1) Location
In the southwest of Uganda, Kisoro District covers an area of 729.6 km2 of which 577.2 km2 is land and the rest is an open water area and swamps. It lies approximately 1981m above sea level. The area is classified into two: the lowland and the upland mountain. The highest point of the mountain is in the volcanic ranges including Mgahinga (4,127m above sea water level) that is bordering between Uganda and Rwanda and Muhavura (3,475m) bordering in Rwanda and Sabyino (3,674m) at 3 countries’ border points.
The district is situated with crater lakes of Mutanda, Mulehe, Chahafi and Kayumbu of which the total land area is 28.3 km2 and are the main potable water sources of the people. The District Administrative Center is in Kisoro Town which is 510 km Southwest of Kampala City.
Fig-3.1 Three Mountain Scenery at Kisoro Town (2005/11/28 morning)
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(2) Climate The District that has two rainy seasons a year with heavy rains during March till May/June and
from August to October. November to February and June to August is the dry season. The mean annual rainfall in the district is 1,000-1,250 mm. However, the Mgahinga National Park and the Bwindi Impenetrable National Park probably receives more rainfall than the central part of the district.
The Kisoro District has a relatively low temperature where the mean annual maximum temperature is 23-25 degrees and the annual minimum temperature record is 10-12.5 degrees.
Winds are strong in the district especially during the dry season and at the onset of the rainy season. Sometimes it causes the loss of crops like sorghum and banana falling before maturity.
(3) Geology and Soil
The rocky system underlying in most parts of the Kisoro District was influenced by volcanic actions formed by the upsurge of the Western Rift Valley during the Pleistocene age. Basement complex rock system occupies a large part of the district especially central Kisoro. It consists of large metamorphic granitite rocks, schist and foliated granites, granochiorate and adamellite.
Regarding the geological condition in the area, there are four soil types found in the district. The first is eutrophic soils of Tropical Forest Region based on volcanic ash that is rich in plant
nutrients and which contains high reserve of weathered minerals usually developed on volcanic ash. They are found in the southern part of the district, like the Busanza sub-district where the project site is located .
The second is ferrate soils of high altitude that represent almost the final stage in tropical weathering possessing a fine granular structure which is very friable and porous. They are generally found on hill slops and in valley bottoms and widespread in the northern part of the district.
The third is non-hydromorphic and organic soils of mountains; they are almost entirely organic mountain soils, and they are predominant specially around the Sabinio Mountain area.
The last one is papyrus peat soils comprised of peat, sands and clays which are developed on papyrus residues and river alluvium. They were formed as a result of the accumulation of thick layers of organic matters below swampy vegetation through a slow decomposition.
The volcanic plugs/rocks have rich mineral contents like: Gold, Bismuth, Wolfram, Tin, Iron, and Pumice, and there are some potentials for developing mining in the district.
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3.1.2 Biological Environment (1) Flora
Kisoro District is located in a mountainous area, hence, there are many progressive changes in vegetation zones as a result of physical factors of particular climate, altitude and edaphic. In the past, the land was covered by an open canopy mountain rain forest and the lowlands were covered with bamboos, small shrubs and grasses. Recently most of the land was cultivated with the reduced natural forest remaining outside the conservation area of the Mgahinga National Park, Bwindi Impenetrable Forest National Park and Echuya Highlands. About 20% of the district is a natural vegetation area while 75% of the district is an artificial vegetation area. Some households have planted Eucalyptus woodlots, Black wattle and Cypress trees. (See Table-3.1;Land use/cover)
Table-3.1 Land use/cover
Area (km2) %
Tropical forest 114.3 15.7
Grassland/Bushland 29.2 4.0
Small scale subsistence 543.9 74.5
Plantation 2.0 0.3
Built-up areas 2.1 0.3
Papyrus swamps 9.8 1.3
Open water bodies 28.3 3.9
Total 729.6 100.0
There are three main types of forests that remain in the district namely:
・High Altitude Forest This vegetation type has remained on the slopes of the volcanic mountain ranges – Mgahinga,
Muhavavura, Sabino and Bwindi Impenetrable Forest National Park where the altitude is more than 1,500 m up to 3,300m. Mountain bamboo forest spread out in various thickness on the medium altitude slopes of Bwindi Impenetrable Forest and Echuya Forest reserve.
・Forest and Savannah Mosaic
This vegetation covers the medium altitude areas between 2,100 and 3,000 m above sea level. Grass species are abundant in this mosaic including Pennisetum purpereum, Hyperrhenia ssp, and Themeda trianda.
・Swamp Forest
There are both permanent papyrus/reed swamps and seasonal swamps in the water-logged areas where the Chahi, Nyabwisheya and Nyakabande are dominant. Most of these swamps are covered by Cyperus papyrus and reeds which attain a height of 2 - 5 m.
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(2) Fauna According to the Uganda Wildlife Authority (UWA), the Mgahinga Gorilla National Park (BGNP)
and Bwindi Impenetrable National Park (BINP) have a great diversity of habitats. As for large mammals, the rare species of mountain gorillas (Gorilla beringei), buffalos (Syncerus cafter) and elephants (eloxodonta africana) live in the parks. There is also the rare golden monkey (cercophithecus mitis kanditi) known only to exist in the Virunga and other forests in central Africa.
79 species of birds have been recorded in MGNP, whereas BINP supports 346 bird species of which 182 are typical forest species. BINP is one of the prominent forests in Africa with richness in mammalian species, supporting at least 120 known species of mammals. It hosts 7 diurnal primate species namely the mountain gorilla, chimpanzee (Pantragladytes), blue monkey, black and white colobus, and baboon among others.
Of the 65 forests investigated for biodiversity, Echuya forest reserve ranks eight in overall importance (IBA, 2001). It supports ten species which do not occur anywhere in Uganda. Of these five are trees, four butterflies and one of the bird species.
(3) Conservation area
In Uganda, there are ten National Parks and thirteen Wildlife reserves. In Kisoro District there are two national parks namely: Mgahinga Gorilla National Park (area; 33.7km2) and Bwindi Impenetrable National Park (area; 331km2). (See Fig-3.2;Uganda’s National Parks)
Echuya Bamboo Forest reserve is a 702 ha under the Forest Department had been published in the
government’s periodicals. It comprises 90% of bamboo zone and in some areas, Cypress and pines have been planted.
Fig-3.2 Uganda’s National Parks
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The main reason for biodiversity loss is the increasing population. The protected areas were once considered as the sole source of livelihood for the surrounding communities. Some areas were completely settled and cultivated prior to the publication. Some illegal activities including wire spares, bamboo collection for making baskets and housing, bee keeping, livestock grazing, firewood and water collection, and encroachment for agriculture have been done. And also, the forest environment has been faced with the threat of introduction of exotic species.
3.1.3 Social Situation
In May1991, Kisoro became Uganda’s 35th District after separation from Kabale District. There are 13 rural sub-counties, 34 rural parishes, 2 town wards, 389 villages and a town council.
The district population is 267,364 people i.e. 136,896 females (55%) and 130,468 males, and the
population growth rate is 3.3% per annum. (by Kisoro District current home page) The recent population growth in Kisoro region during the past 50years has been influenced
mostly by the restive situation between Uganda and the adjacent countries, Rwanda and Congo. The fighting and wars spilled over into Kisoro District leading into the influx of refugees and emigrations. Kisoro District is densely populated with the Bafumbira, the major ethnic group (about 68%) who led a simple life mainly as farmers. And then the remaining majors are Bakiga (about 16%) and Banyarwanda (about 15%). The significant ethnic group is Batwa (Pygmies) who occupied 0.1% the natural forest and the National Park since they have lived there from ancient times.
Agriculture is a major economic activity in Kisoro District which employs 93.4% of the active age
group population. And 89.5% of the household population has their main source of livelihood in subsistence farming. Traditional agricultural techniques are used where crop rotation involving a short fallow period is almost non-existent due to the shortage of land in the District. The crops grown in the District are beans, sorghum, sweet potatoes, Irish potatoes, maize, field peas, wheat, bananas and vegetables (cabbage, onions, and tomatoes). Perennial crops such as coffee, tobacco and tea are growing in small scales. Much of the crops produced are consumed leaving little surplus for sale to become a source of family income.
For the promotion of the primary education, the Universal Primary Education (UPE) system was introduced in February 1997 in Uganda. In Kisoro District, the number of Primary schools increased. There are 114 government aided schools , 7 private schools and 14 community aided schools in 2004. The total primary school enrolment number rapidly increased under the UPE system.
About human health, the environments of Kisoro District have poor living conditions. Life
expectancies are low, for males 49.9 % and for females 54.4%. Crude death rate per 1,000 populations is 16.5 although crude birth rate is 57.1. Whereas, the infant mortality rate per 1,000 populations is 105. This is due to lack of clean water, poor sanitation and nutrition among children. However, the situation is being improved through training and registration of Traditional Birth Attendants (TBA), application of hygienic methods and promotion of medical/health facilities and systems. The domestic water system in Kisoro District has 394 protected springs and wells, 9 boreholes, 7 institutional rain water tanks and 3 gravity flow schemes. These sources covered only
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18% of the population in 1997 and almost all of the people depends on unsafe water sources i.e. unprotected springs, rivers, lakes and streams.
Wood fuel is the main source of energy in most households for both rural (99.8%) and urban
(88.8%) areas in Kisoro District (1991). The source of fire wood is mainly from private woodlots, Bushland and crop residues like sorghum stalks. Charcoal production is meant primary for urban centers. Petroleum sources of energy are paraffin (Kerosene), petrol and diesel. About 20% of the households in Kisoro District use paraffin for lighting both in the rural and urban areas. Only some parts of the Kisoro Town Council and Nyakabande sub-county are supplied with stable electricity through the 30kV grid from Rwanda.
The district has a total road network of 503km of which 48km is under the Central Works and
325km is earth road under district maintenance while 130km is a community road maintained by sub-counties.
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3.2 Power Supply and Demand of Kisoro District The Kisoro District which is located at the southwest end of Uganda is isolated from domestic
power systems and distribution company. UMEME receives electricity through the 30kV distribution line from the neighboring country, Rwanda. The distribution line is passing only through the 3 sub countries: Kisoro TC (Town Council), Nyakabanda and Chahi against 14 sub countries of Kisoro District. (See Fig-7.1; System Diagram – Kisoro District)
In addition, only about 5% of householders are using electricity in the distribution area since they
are running out of income cash. The peak demand of Kisoro District is 500kW at the moment.
Fig-3.3 Transmission Network in South of Uganda
Fig-3.4 System Diagram – Kisoro District
30kV Line from RWANDA
Army Barracks
Kisoro Hill
Kisoro Town
Chuho Water
Kamonyi
Busamba Iranu Air Strip
Mutorere Hospital
Binsobedde
Gasiza
Kabira
Nyakabande Gisorora T/C
Nyamabuve
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3.3 Power Supply and Demand Prospect of Kisoro District When a total 2MW hydropower plant is constructed at Nyamabuye area of Kaku river which is
flowing from Lake Mutanda to DRC (Democratic Republic of Congo), the best access for the power transmission is through the new 30kV distribution line to Kisoro TC which is along the existing road in view of the power capacity, distance between the hydropower station and the existing power line, construction cost and availability. In that case, distribution company UMEME can distribute electricity among sub countries like Busanza, Nyarubuye and Nyakinama which will pass through the distribution line. If there would be more power to send, UMEME can distribute it to a sub country Nyarusiza, south of Kisoro TC which is populated, and to other sub countries. As a result, electric power import from Rwanda disappears and the voluntary supply system is established. Rate of Electrification is improved to 66% from 21%.A priority plan in the distribution line expansion in Kisoro District is shown at Table-3.2 which is due to the location of sub countries and the number of households and population. However, if the redundant power will be sent to Rwanda, more survey is needed, (See Fig-3.5;Kisoro District)
Table-3.2 Distribution Line Expansion Priority Plan in Kisoro District
Future Priority Sub country Households Population Remarks
Kisoro T.C. 2,575 11,328 Nyakabande 4,516 21,495 Existing D/L
Chahi 3,124 14,457
30kV Existing Distribution Line from Rwanda
Amount(21%) subtotal 10,215 32,823 Rate of electrification 21%
Nyakinama 3,426 15,071
Nyarubuye 3,376 15,441 Proposed D/L
Busanza 3,389 14,525
This time proposed D/L from the new hydropower station to the center of Kisoro T.C.
Amount(42%) aubtotal 10,191 45,037 Rate of electrification 21%
Nyarusiza 5,059 22,350 1
Muramba 6,793 28,189
South-west part of Kisoro District; a lot of households and closer to the existing D/L
Amount(66%) subtotal 11,852 50,539 Rate of electrification 24%
Murora 3,330 15,477 2 Kanaba
Nyundo 2,696 2,175
12,895 10,705
East and North from Kisoro T.C.; easy to expand the existing D/L
Amount(83%) subtotal 8,201 39,047 Rate of electrification 17%
Kirundo 3,403 15,647
Bukimbiri 2,351 11,604 3 Nyabwishenya 2,324 11,128
North part of Kisoro District; far away from Kisoro T.C. and the last D/L Expansion Area in Kisoro District
Amount(100%) subtotal 8,078 38,379 Rate of electrification 17%
Total 48,537 220,312 ＊from the Census of Uganda in 2002
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12km
3km
5km
15km
2km 10km
8km 12km
From Ruwanda
3km
Existing Distribution Line
Extend Distribution Line
Distribution Line for Project
Project
Fig-3.5 Kisoro District
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Chapter4 Nyamabuye Hydro Power Project 4.1 Hydrology
No data was available for the site since the river had never been gauged before. To generate the required data for the site, the catchment was compared with the River Kiruyuma catchment which is the nearest catchment with a reasonable period of data (1960~1980). Based on the available flow data from the hydrological station along the river and the available rainfall data both at Kaku and Kiruruma catchments, an estimate of the flow data at the proposed intake site on River Kaku at Nyamabuye was prepared.
The method involved establishing the rainfall runoff correlation in River Kiyuyuma catchment and assuming the same relationship for River Kaku, the long term flow data series for River Kaku was obtained. The rainfall stations with data used in correlation and estimation of flow data were Mafuga and Kabale for Kiruruma catchment and Kisoro for River Kaku catchment.
The average inflow of water to the project amounts to 3.23m3/s which gives an assumed maximum turbine discharge of 4.0 m3/s.
Calculation results as summarized below:
Table-4.1 Flow Data
There is no available water level data for Lake Mutanda in the hydrological record, thus, we requested the Chairman of Kisoro District to set the gauging station.
4.2 Hydro Power Planning
The conceptual layout for the Nyamabuye Hydro Power Project has been based on the Reports of the 1993 Norconsult Study and 2000 SWECO Study as a result of our team’s site visits and investigation in November 2005. We proposed the rubber type weir considering sedimentation and flood control.
This time, we suggested two projects: one with cascade development and another one with natural pond.
Project 1 ・ An approximately 3~5m high rubber type weir at EL+5,850ft located 2km east of Nshungwe
village in Kisoro District. ・ Open headrace canal flows from the intake to the head tank. ・ A power house with two turbine ( maximum plant discharge: 2x2m3/s ) directly connected to
the tailrace water level at EL+5,700ft. Project 1 will produce 1.5MW and an annual energy generation of 9.0GWh.
Site River Average Flow(m3/s) Maximum Flow(m3/s) Minimum Flow(m3/s)
Nyamabuye Kaku 3.229 17.303 0.419
Q95 Q90 Q75 Q50 Q25 Q10 Q5
Flow 1.067 1.293 1.933 2.856 4.108 5.501 6.649
QXX: Q:Water flow(m3/s)
XX:Probability of flow occurrence
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Project 2 ・ An approximately 3~5m high rubber type weir at EL+5,550ft located 0.5km west of
Nyamabuye village in Kisoro District. ・ Open headrace canal flows from intake to head tank. ・ A power house with two turbines (maximum plant discharge:2x2m3/s) directly connected to
the tailrace water level at EL+5,500ft. Project 2 will produce 0.5MW and an annual energy generation of 3.0 GWh. The total project cost has been estimated at 9MUS$ based on the present available data. An itemized cost list is given in Table-4.2. (See Fig-4.1;Nyamabuye Hydro Power Project)
Table-4.2 Itemized cost list
4.3 Cost Estimate
Generating cost will be calculated with 16.9C(340shilling)/kWh. As a result, it is high in comparison with existing electricity rates and charge. In application of ODA case, generating cost becomes 8.45C(170shilling)/kWh with the existing charge level .Therefore, Japanese ODA is necessary to implement the rural electrification. (See Table-4.3 and Table-4.4)
Table-4.3 Cost ratio
Table-4.4 Electricity rates and charge of UMEME (shilling/kWh)
Project1 Project2 Nyamabuye total
Intake water level 5,850ft 5,550ft
Tailrace water level 5,700ft 5,500ft
Head 45m 15m
Discharge 4.0 m3/s 4.0 m3/s
Output 1.5MW 0.5MW 2.0MW
Generation 9.0GWh 3.0GWh 12.0GWh
Cost(MUSD) 6MUS$ 2MUS$
Distribution line（30kv）＊ 1MUS$
9MUS$
＊70km
Interest Depreciation Operation Auxiliary power ratio
Transmission Loss
Rate 10% 5% 5% 1.4% 10% Interest: World Bank:４%、refinancing rate from Bank of Uganda 4%, an additional rate of commercial bank 2% Analysis term 20 years １US$:2000shilling Commercial base ratio: 20%, ODA base ratio : 10%
Domestic Commercial Medium
Industrial
Large
Industrial
Street-light mean
2005 216.9 208.3 182.8 73.6 205.3 177.4
2004 171.4 164.8 150.3 60.4 162.5 141.9
2003 170.1 170.1 155.4 89.4 155.0 148.0
2002 168.0 168.0 152.4 93.5 153.0 147.0
2001 189.8 189.8 171.6 104.4 176.4 166.4
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4.5 Benefit to the Local Community A hydropower plant at Nyamabuye would benefit the local community through the following: ・ Support in local electrification. ・ Possible operation of the local system in an island operation during failures. ・ Promotion of local industries such as the existing wolfram mines that suffer from high cost
of electricity. ・ Reduction on the need of expensive import from Rwanda. ・ Improvement of the overall quality of supply.
4.6 Environmental and Socio-Economic Screening of the Project
The Nyamabuye Project is located in Kisoro District which has a population density of 357persons/km2 (according to the three-year District Development Plan).This implies that if there is any population to be displaced by the project it might be difficult to resettle them anywhere within the district. Almost 96% of the population in the district lives in rural areas where farming is the major sources of income with women concentrating on food production accounting for 90% of their time.
There are some small-scale fishing by children which provides some protein to the family. If this will be lost due to the project, it may affect some of the households source of protein. The crops mainly grown are bananas, coffee and eucalyptus plantations which supply wood fuel
and construction needs of the community. For a more detailed assessment of the sociological impact of the project on the population ,
complementary research in the field should be performed. The population settled around the proposed site is composed of the Buhumbu ethnic group who
are peasant subsistence farmers and who sell off some crops for household income. The people in the area are living peacefully without any serious land wrangles despite the high population density. They welcome any development in the area and feel that if the project takes off, there will be improvement of the infrastructure in their area that will stimulate development. It is anticipated that there will be no population displacement, however, some small farmland might undergo changes.
4.7 Japanese Experience
Since this project builds intake weir in the wet zone of high plains, it is necessary to think about stage rising of flood and sediment. Therefore, we suggest application in rubber dam based in the Japanese mini hydro power project. On the other hand, it will be a base of power generation in Kisoro district.Consequently, it is highly critical to prevent the accidental suspension of a system or the decline in power generation caused by the mechanical failure. Considering the impact of the electric power system in the rural area, equipments that are highly reliable and efficient in power generation have to be installed.
As for the turbines and generators in African countries, formerly occupied countries more then
100 years, uses the local European equipments they have. But among all of the equipments available,
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it is preferable to avail of the Japanese equipments due to its low mechanical failure frequency compared in the world standard and can be operated at high efficiency.
(See Table-4.5;Hydroelectric generator application of African countries)
Table-4.5 Hydroelectric generator application of African countries
ABB:ABB Ltd, Switzerland
ACEC:Aterliers de Constructions Electriques de Charleroi,S.A.,Belgium SIMENS:Germany A-J:Alstido Jeumont ,France
ABB ACEC SIMENS A-J Japan Others Total Unit 23 22 21 19 6 68 159
Ratio 14% 14% 13% 12% 4% 43% 100
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Fig-4.1 Nyamabuye Hydro Power Project
Nyamabuye 2
Output 0.5MW
Nyamabuye 1
Output 1.5MW
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Chapter5 Future Issues
Kisoro District is green and is covered by lakes and rivers. Since there is no power plant in this area, its electric power is imported from Rwanda. Thus, developing the Nyamabuye Hydro Power Project and improving electrification rate is very important..
Maximum demand of Kisoro District is 500kW.This project serves as a big role for the improvement of electrification rate (object household rate spreads from 22% to 66%).
As for the hydropower development, the percentage of the cost interest is commercially high that in turn makes the electrification rate high.
Japanese ODA becomes indispensable while securing existing electricity rate to accelerate rural electrification. Furthermore, after construction, it is necessary to perform maintenance and operation of a generating plant smoothly. Therefore Japanese Enterprise's Participation is indispensable.
For MEMD to direct Kisoro District government and the UMEME in order to build an administrative oganization.
It is necessary to have an immediate general check on the technical aspect of the situations under the pre-feasibility study which are as follows:
(1) Non-existence of data for the river flow and water level of Lake Mutanda. (2)Topographical map was made 1965 and the scale is large (1/50,000). As such, we request the Chairman of Kisoro District to set up the gauging station and send an
up-dated map. The accuracy of the project layout (length) and its basic design (height) is at thirty meters level
and using a new data , the design level becomes in five meter level.
Appendix
1. Uganda Energy Balance･･････････････････････････････････････････････････････1
2. Uganda Energy and Power････････････････････････････････････････････････････2
3. Kisoro District ･････････････････････････････････････････････････････････････3
4. Kisoro Town (Photo) ････････････････････････････････････････････････････････4
5. Nshungwe Village (Photo)････････････････････････････････････････････････････5
6. Nyamabuye Hydropower Project Site(Photo) ･････････････････････････････････････6
7. Uganda Passenger's Security Information ････････････････････････････････････････8
8. Investigation Schedule･･･････････････････････････････････････････････････････9
2
1
Fig 1 Uganda Energy Balance
3
Kikagati Nyamabuy
Sogahi 2
Fig 2 Uganda Energy and Power
3
Fig 3 Kisoro District
4
Prefectural office of Kisoro District
Uganda Electricity Distribution Company
Elementary school
Fig 4 Kisoro Town(Photo)
5
Nshungwe Village
House in the village
Nshungwe community center
Fig 5 Nshungwe Village(Photo)
6
Lake Mutanda
Project 1 weir site
Project 1 powerhouse site
Fig 6 Nyamabuye Hydropower Project Site(Photo)
7
Project 2 power house site
Project 2 down stream
Lake Mulehe
8
Nyamabuye Project
Fig 7 Uganda passenger's security information
9
Table1 8 Investigation Schedule
Schedule 日 Traffic Stay Content
11.24 Th. Air (Dhbai) 15:00 EK 6254 Fukuoka⇒Osaka
23:15 EK317 Osaka⇒Dhbai
11.25 Fr Air Kamapla 8:10 EK723 Dhbai⇒Entebbe(１４：３０)
11.26 Sa Carriage Kamapla
1１:０0 Eng.Murengyezi(MEMD Director: Rural
Electrification)
13:00 To Jinja The Owen Falls Hydropower Station
11.27 Su Carriage Kisoro ８：00 Start to Kisoro
18:00 Arrival Kisoro
11.28 Mon Carriage Kisoro
８：００ Ｄｒ.Mateke（Kisoro District Chariman）
John Charles( Kisoro District Commissioner)
Investigation
11.29 Thu Carriage Kamapla ８：００ Investigation 12:00 Start to Kampala
11.30 Wed Carriage Kamapla
11：0０ Eng.Murengyezi(MEMD
13：00 Bahti Godfrey (Commissioner Geological &
Minerals/Geothermal survey)
12.1 Th. Carriage Kamapla
9:00Mr.Susaki (Resident Representative: JICA Uganda
Office)
10:30Mr.Kikuchi(Embassy of Japan: Ambassador of Japan)
15:00 Bradford Ochieng (Assistant Director: Uganda
Investment Authority)
16:00 Dr.Sebbowa (Chief Executive Officer :Electricity
Regulatory Authority)
Johnson S.D.Kwesigabo(Secretary/Legal Counsel :ERA)
12.2 Fr Air (Dhbai)
8:00 Kiyemba Eriasi(Managing Director: Electricity
Transmission Co.)
11:00 Twinomujuni Jackson (Senior Hydrologist/Project
coordinator:Water Resources Management Department)
15:55 EK724 Entebbe to Dhbai
12.3 Sa Air
Osaka
Fukuoka
02:50 EK316 Dhbai⇒Osaka
19:20 EK6253 Osaka⇒Fukuoka
ウガンダ国
南部地域における再生可能エネルギーによる
地方電化計画可能性調査
和文要約
9
3.3 キソロ県の需給見通し
ニャンマブエ地区に 2MW の水力発電所を建設した場合、発電容量と既設電力系統から発
電所地点への距離を考慮すると 30kV 配電線で既設道路沿いに Kisoro TC まで送るのが建設
費用や利便性の点から最良の方法である。その場合、配電会社 UMEME は新設配電線が通過
する Busanza 郡、Nyarubuye郡及び Nyakinamaの潜在電力需要も取り込んで配電できる。
さらに、Kisoro TCから比較的近く人口も多い南方向の Nyarusiza などへ配電線を延ばす
ことも考えられ、その結果、ルワンダからの電力輸入がなくなり、自主供給体制の確立と
地方電化基盤整備の目安となる電化対象率が、現行 21%から 66%と大幅な改善が期待される。
キソロ地方内で配電線延長の優先順位は、各郡の位置、世帯数、人口などから表 5 及び
図 4のようになる。
なお、ルワンダ国への電力の広域融通については、同国の事情もからんでくるのでさら
なる調査が必要である。
表 5 キソロ地方内配電線延長優先順位案
優先順位 郡 世帯数 人口 備 考
Kisoro T.C. 2,575 11,328
Nyakabande 4,516 21,495 既設
Chahi 3,124 14,457
ルワンダからの 30kV既設配電線通過地
域
累計(21%) 小計 10,215 32,823 対象電化率 21%
Nyakinama 3,426 15,071
Nyarubuye 3,376 15,441 今回新設
Busanza 3,389 14,525
今回の水力発電所建設に伴うキソロ県中
心部 Kisoro T.C.までの配電線新設ルー
ト
累計(42%) 小計 10,191 45,037 対象電化率 21%
Nyarusiza 5,059 22,350 １
Muramba 6,793 28,189
県南西部：既設配電線に比較的近く、人
口が多い地域
累計(66%) 小計 11,852 50,539 対象電化率 24%
Murora 3,330 15,477
２ Kanaba
Nyundo
2,696
2,175
12,895
10,705
Kisoro T.C から東部及び北部：既設配電
線が延長しやすい地域
累計(83%) 小計 8,201 39,047 対象電化率 17%
Kirundo 3,403 15,647
Bukimbiri 2,351 11,604 ３
Nyabwishenya 2,324 11,128
県北部：Kisoro T.C.から遠く、地方電
化最終地域
累計
(100%) 小計 8,078 38,379 対象電化率 17%
合 計 48,537 220,312 ＊2002 年国勢調査データ
10
12km
3km
5km
15km
2km 10km
8km 12km
From Ruwanda
3km
Existing Distribution Line
Extend Distribution Line
Distribution Line for Project
Project
図 4 キソロ地方配電系統拡張計画図