pre-columbian societies and transatlantic encounters brinkley, alan. american history: a survey. 13....
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Pre-Columbian Societies and Transatlantic EncountersBrinkley, Alan. American History: A Survey.
13. NewYork:McGraw-Hill, 2009.
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“Archaic” Period• 8,000-3,000 B.C.• Hunters and Gatherers
• Bering Straight• Asia to South America by sea
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Agricultural Revolution• Mesoamerica
• Central America down to South America• Inca• Maya• Mexica (Aztecs)
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Inca Empire• Largest empire in
the Americas• Pachacuti (World Shaker)
• Incorporated land stretching over 2,000 miles into his empire
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Mayan Empire• Central America• Yucatan Peninsula• Written Language• Numerical System• Accurate Calendar
• Advanced Agricultural System
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Mexica (Aztecs)• Tenochtitlan
• Modern Day Mexico City
• Greatest city ever created in the Americas
• Population of 100,000 people
• Impressive buildings, schools, military, and slave system
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North American Tribes
• Diverse• Agricultural Revolution• Tasks divided by gender• Women
• Cared for children, prepared meals, gathered certain foods.
• Women controlled social and economic organization and played powerful roles in families (matrilineal)
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Christopher Columbus• From Genoa, Italy• Sought to reach Asia by
western route• Portugal refused, Queen
Isabella supports• 1492-
• The Nina, Pinta, and Santa Maria with 90 men land in the Bahamas.
• Colonize Hispaniola
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Conquistadors• Spanish conquerors
• Wanted to get rich!!!
• Gold rush of the 16th century (but more violent)
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Francisco Pizarro• Conquered Peru (Incas)• Opened the way for advances in South America.
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Hernando Cortes
-Conquered Aztecs
-Most brutal of the Spanish Conquistadors
1518- 600 men attacked Montezuma and his empire.
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Spanish America Wealth and Power
• Diseases and Spanish military• 1: Age of discovery and
exploration• 2: Age of Conquistadors• 3: Age of Law• Catholic Requirement • St. Augustine, Florida• Encomiendas• Don Juan de Onate• Assimilation with natives
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Spanish vs. English Colonies
Spanish English
• Interested in getting rich• Profitable agriculture• Disease and military• Catholic Church• Missions• Mostly natives• Assimilation with natives
(mestivos)• Didn’t feed population• Natives were labor force
• Permanent settlements• Family life• Self contained European society• European distinction• Indentured servitude
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Biological and Cultural Changes • Gold and silver• Influenza, measles, chicken pox,
mumps, typhus, SMALLPOX• Extinction of Caribbean and some
Mexican civilizations • Spanish brutality• Food• Animals• Agricultural techniques• Language• Religion• Women• Politics, commerce, landowning
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Forces Binding Together the Atlantic World pg.24
• Globalization• Commerce• Religion• Enlightenment• Science and technology• Art• Education• Politics
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Growth of the African Slave Trade • Guinea• Primitive and uncivilized (justification)
• Trade
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Incentives for the English
The Commercial Incentive The Religious Incentive
• 1947 John Cabot• Expedition for
northwest passage to Asia
• Newness• Contrast to their mother
land• Perfect Society• Foreign trade• Charter• Mercantilism
• English Reformation:• Germany 1517• Martin Luther• John Calvin• King Henry VIII• Church of England
• Puritan Separatists:• Separatists• Women preachers• Quakers
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The English Reformation
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The English Reformation
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The English In Ireland • English claimed Ireland• Catholic population• Savages• Must be suppressed,
isolated, and destroyed.• Sir Humphrey Gilbert• Transplantations• Pure English culture
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The French and Dutch In America
Competition
The French
• Quebec 1608• Inland trade• Religion?• Fur trade
The Dutch• Henry Hudson• Trading posts• Diverse
population• Weak
leadership and loosely united
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First English Settlements
Jamestown, Virginia 1607 Roanoke, Raleigh NC 1585
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