Pre-Columbian America, Pre-Columbian America, European Exploration and European Exploration and

Spanish ConquestSpanish ConquestAPUSHAPUSH

Introduction to the Colonial PeriodIntroduction to the Colonial Period

What were the motivations of the original What were the motivations of the original colonists?colonists? Material wealth, freedom from religious Material wealth, freedom from religious

persecutionpersecution NOT to start a new country.NOT to start a new country.

Introduction to the Colonial Period Introduction to the Colonial Period ctnd.ctnd.

How did the colonists start to view themselves How did the colonists start to view themselves as an independent nation?as an independent nation? Had things in common:Had things in common:

Most English speakingMost English speaking Wanted to create an agricultural societyWanted to create an agricultural society Wanted to get rid of royal tyranny and social hierarchyWanted to get rid of royal tyranny and social hierarchy Accepted ideals of liberty, self-government, and Accepted ideals of liberty, self-government, and

religious tolerationreligious toleration Shared a willingness to oppress others: Native Shared a willingness to oppress others: Native

Americans and BlacksAmericans and Blacks

Introduction to the Colonial Period Introduction to the Colonial Period ctnd.ctnd.

What were some divisions among the colonists?What were some divisions among the colonists? Thirteen colonies very differentThirteen colonies very different

New England, Middle, and Plantation coloniesNew England, Middle, and Plantation colonies

Why did America begin to break away from Why did America begin to break away from England?England? Colonists caught in the middle of French/British rivalry in Colonists caught in the middle of French/British rivalry in

North AmericaNorth America At certain point, didn’t need British protection, resented At certain point, didn’t need British protection, resented

high taxes.high taxes. Increasing colonial unity throughout the colonial period!!!Increasing colonial unity throughout the colonial period!!!

The Shaping and Peopling of North The Shaping and Peopling of North AmericaAmerica

How did North America get the How did North America get the shape it has today?shape it has today?

PangaeaPangaea Continental shifting and foldingContinental shifting and folding

—separated continents and —separated continents and created landmasses of todaycreated landmasses of today

How and when did the first How and when did the first Americans arrive on the Americans arrive on the continent?continent?

Crude boat theoryCrude boat theory Most widely acceptedMost widely accepted Bering Bering

Strait (35,000-10,000 years ago)Strait (35,000-10,000 years ago) Migrations to South America (by Migrations to South America (by

1492, 54 million people in both 1492, 54 million people in both continents)continents)

First American CivilizationsFirst American Civilizations Central America: Central America:

Sophisticated civilizationsSophisticated civilizations IncasIncas MayansMayans AztecsAztecs

What was the role of What was the role of agriculture?agriculture? People settled where they People settled where they

could grow staple cropscould grow staple crops CORN: first major source of CORN: first major source of

food in Mexicofood in Mexico Absence of agriculture Absence of agriculture

explains lack of sophisticated explains lack of sophisticated and unified native populations and unified native populations in North America. in North America.

North American Native PopulationsNorth American Native Populations

Smaller, more scattered Smaller, more scattered populationspopulations

Ex. Mound Builders in Ohio Ex. Mound Builders in Ohio River Valley, settlement of River Valley, settlement of Cahokia, AnasazisCahokia, Anasazis

After 1000 A.D., developments in After 1000 A.D., developments in agriculture in North helped native agriculture in North helped native populations grow.populations grow.

Iroquois: largest, most Iroquois: largest, most sophisticated native population in sophisticated native population in North America.North America.

Small size and lack of unity Small size and lack of unity meant natives in North especially meant natives in North especially vulnerable to European conquest.vulnerable to European conquest.

Who were the “indirect discoverers” Who were the “indirect discoverers” of the New World?of the New World?

Scandinavians in 1000 A.D.Scandinavians in 1000 A.D. Christian Crusaders (1000-Christian Crusaders (1000-

1300)—created cravings for 1300)—created cravings for exotic goods and shorter exotic goods and shorter route to Asia.route to Asia.

Marco Polo’s tales of China Marco Polo’s tales of China (1295)(1295)

Portuguese advances: Portuguese advances: Caravel and special routes Caravel and special routes that could get them to that could get them to Africa and backAfrica and back

How did the slave trade begin?How did the slave trade begin? Portuguese set up trading posts Portuguese set up trading posts

along West African coast—to along West African coast—to purchase gold and slavespurchase gold and slaves

Slave trade had already started Slave trade had already started between Arabs and Africansbetween Arabs and Africans

Portuguese sped up slave trade—Portuguese sped up slave trade—used labor to work sugar used labor to work sugar plantations on African coastal plantations on African coastal islands.islands.

Set up a system that Spain would Set up a system that Spain would later use when it began to later use when it began to colonize New World.colonize New World.

Why did Spain take the lead in Why did Spain take the lead in European exploration in 1492?European exploration in 1492?

Unification under Ferdinand Unification under Ferdinand and Isabellaand Isabella

Expulsion of the MoorsExpulsion of the Moors Spanish eager to prove their Spanish eager to prove their

power over Portuguese by power over Portuguese by exploring West.exploring West.

Impact of Renaissance Impact of Renaissance New technology: printing New technology: printing

press, compasspress, compassSPAIN HAD THE UNITY, SPAIN HAD THE UNITY, WEALTH AND POWER WEALTH AND POWER TO UNDERGO TO UNDERGO DISCOVERY AND DISCOVERY AND CONQUEST.CONQUEST.

What was the impact of Columbus’s What was the impact of Columbus’s voyages?voyages?

Voyage huge mistake: Thought he would find Voyage huge mistake: Thought he would find shorter route to Asia (the Indies), then hit shorter route to Asia (the Indies), then hit America!America!

Set up a new global, interdependent economy:Set up a new global, interdependent economy: Europe: provided markets, money and technologyEurope: provided markets, money and technology Africa: laborAfrica: labor New World: Raw materialsNew World: Raw materials

The Columbian ExchangeThe Columbian Exchange

From the Old World: Wheat, sugar, rice, From the Old World: Wheat, sugar, rice, coffee, coffee, HORSES,HORSES, cows, cows, DISEASE!!!DISEASE!!!

From the New World: From the New World: GOLD, SILVER, GOLD, SILVER, corn, corn, potatoes, tobaccopotatoes, tobacco

IMPACT: In the centuries after Columbus’s IMPACT: In the centuries after Columbus’s arrival, about 90% of Native Americans arrival, about 90% of Native Americans killed.killed.

The Spanish ConquistadoresThe Spanish Conquistadores

Spain won domination of New World with Treaty of Spain won domination of New World with Treaty of Tordesillas with Portugal (1494)Tordesillas with Portugal (1494)

Spanish conquistadors went to Caribbean and New Spanish conquistadors went to Caribbean and New World for two reasons:World for two reasons: To serve GodTo serve God For gold and gloryFor gold and glory

Exploration in North America (Coronado, de Leon)Exploration in North America (Coronado, de Leon) Conquest in South America (Pizarro and Incas, Conquest in South America (Pizarro and Incas,

Cortes and Aztecs)Cortes and Aztecs)

The Spanish in AmericaThe Spanish in America

Empire grew quickly—esp. Empire grew quickly—esp. in Peru and Mexicoin Peru and Mexico

Competition with other Competition with other powers for land (esp. powers for land (esp. French) led Spanish to build French) led Spanish to build fortsforts St. Augustine in St. Augustine in Florida (1565)Florida (1565)

Spanish began exploring Spanish began exploring North—settlements in New North—settlements in New Mexico in 1609, Texas in Mexico in 1609, Texas in 1716, San Diego in 17691716, San Diego in 1769

Spanish Treatment of Native Spanish Treatment of Native AmericansAmericans

Used Caribbean islands as bases Used Caribbean islands as bases for American conquestfor American conquest

Began Began encomiendaencomienda system in system in West Indies: enslavement of West Indies: enslavement of native populationnative population

Missions: to Christianize and Missions: to Christianize and civilize Indians.civilize Indians.

Resistance among Native Resistance among Native Americans: Pueblo Revolt in New Americans: Pueblo Revolt in New MexicoMexico

Black Legend?Black Legend? Spanish empire v. British empireSpanish empire v. British empire