pre-ap world history

- Pre-AP World History - Roman Republic

Monday, 9/24/2012

Charles A. Mims, M.S.

©2012, TESCCC

Inference

• The act or process of deriving logical

conclusions from premises known or

assumed to be true.

©2012, TESCCC

From a historian’s

perspective, what

might this shape

represent?

Inference:

The act or process of

deriving logical conclusions

from premises known or

assumed to be true.

©2012, TESCCC

Rise of Rome

Early Settlement of Rome in the Italian Peninsula at around 700 BC along the Tiber River

Roman Republic is Established at around 509 BC

Roman Republic Expands: The Roman Empire

Pax Romana “Roman Peace”

(lasting about 200 years from 27 BC to 395 AD)

How might

geography

affect an

emerging

civilization?

http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/primaryhisto

ry/romans/city_of_rome/

Go to Slide:

Roman Empire

©2012, TESCCC

http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/primaryhistory/romans/city_of_rome/



Early Romans:

• Latin- Early settlers of Rome

• Etruscans- Northern Italy

– Eventually take control of Rome and build it into a great city.

– Build it on 7 hills for protection.

• 509 BC- Romans drive Etruscans out.

Click on map to go back to

“Rise of Rome” slide

©2012, TESCCC

Roman Government: Republic

• Republic - a government

with elected representatives

• Twelve Tables

• Patricians

• Plebeians

• Senate

• Consuls

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Roman government

• Patricians- wealthy landowners

that controlled the republic.

• Consuls- two individuals that

directed the daily affairs of

government and led the army.

– One-year terms

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The Senate

• 300-member council of

patricians that made laws and

served Rome

–Most powerful part

of the Republic

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The Plebeians

• The common people (common farmers, artisans, merchants)

• Had no say in government

• Allowed to take part in the assembly, but had less power than

the Senate.

• Twelve Tables- 451 BCE

– Plebeians have Roman laws written.

– Gives common people some protection against unfair

patrician decisions.

– Twelve Tables may be found at:

http://www.csun.edu/~hcfll004/12tables.html

Click on map to go back to

“Rise of Rome” slide

©2012, TESCCC

http://www.csun.edu/~hcfll004/12tables.html

Rise of Rome

Early Settlement of Rome in the Italian Peninsula at around 700 BC along the Tiber River

Roman Republic is Established at around 509 BC

Roman Republic Expands: The Roman Empire

Pax Romana “Roman Peace”

(lasting about 200 years from 27 BC to 395 AD)

How might

geography

affect an

emerging

civilization?

http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/primaryhisto

ry/romans/city_of_rome/

Go to Slide:

Roman Empire

©2012, TESCCC




The Roman Empire

• Rome had a superior army due to its discipline and

organization

• Roman Legions (army units)

• Punic Wars (a series of wars that were fought to expand

the size of Rome)

• Rome expands to North Africa, parts of Europe and

other lands surrounding the Mediterranean Sea.

• Julius Caesar (Roman general becomes Emperor)

• Read more at: add website

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Julius Caesar

• Reforms Rome

1. Reorganized government with him as dictator.

2. Lowered taxes.

3. Makes governors responsible to him.

4. Grants citizenship to conquered peoples.

• March 15, 44 BCE- Caesar assassinated

– Stabbed in the Senate “Beware the Ides of March.”

– Augustus Caesar next ruler

– Pax Romana (a period of peace: 27 BC to 395 AD)

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The Roman Empire

• Augustus Caesar gains control of the following:

– Military • Takes complete control of

• Gives veterans bonuses of land.

– Provinces • Supervised all the governors.

– Loyalty to Rome • Granted citizenship to more conquered

peoples of Europe.

©2012, TESCCC

The Punic Wars

• 264-202 BCE- Series of wars between

Rome and Carthage

– Carthage – North African city founded by

Phoenicians.

• First Punic War

– Rome – superior army

– Carthage – superior navy

– Rome gains Sicily – makes it a province

(territory outside of Italy)

• Second Punic War

– Hannibal invades Italy.

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Roman Alliances

• How did Rome maintain its alliances with

former enemies?

1. Granted Roman citizenship to allies.

2. Allowed allies to keep local government.

3. Gave protection and maintained order in

Italy.

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Why do Empires Fall?

Empire: A major political

unit having a territory of

greater extent or a number

of territories or peoples

under a single sovereign

authority.

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Fall of Rome

Invasions

Weak military

Failure to collect taxes

Bad leadership

476 AD marks the official fall of Rome

• Empire was too

large

• Increase use of

slaves put Romans

out of work

• Prices increased

• Corruption

• Decrease in trade

• Invasions: Franks,

Visigoths, Huns,

Vandals, Saxons

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Roman Empire is divided into the Western Empire and the

Eastern Empire (Byzantine Empire)

Justinian Code After the fall of the Roman Empire, the eastern

part of the empire (Byzantine Empire) under

Emperor Justinian clarified roman laws.

Justinian, at around 529 (AD) formed a

committee of ten men to work on this project.

The end product was the Justinian Code of

Laws. Today, much of modern day laws are

based on Roman Law and the Justinian Code

of Laws.

©2012, TESCCC

Roman Influences

Add titles or descriptions to weblinks:

http://www.history.com/topics/ancient-rome/videos#coliseum-

deconstructed

Other helpful links:

http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/primaryhistory/romans/

http://www.vroma.org/~bmcmanus/romanpages.html

©2012, TESCCC

http://www.history.com/topics/ancient-rome/videos






http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/primaryhistory/romans/

http://www.vroma.org/~bmcmanus/romanpages.html

Roman Influences Draw a graphic organizer on your booklet (last two pages of your booklet). You

may add more extensions to the organizer.

Religious Political

Roman

Influences

Culture

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The Rise and Fall of Rome

500

BC 476

AD

Pax

Romana

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Hannibal • Carthaginian general

• Invades Italy from the north via the Alps with elephants.

• Battle of Cannae – Hannibal pulls back from Rome.

– Romans believe he is retreating and follow.

– Hannibal surrounds and defeats.

• Scipio- Roman general attacks Carthage – Hannibal tries to return home.

– Defeats Hannibal at the Battle of Zama.

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Destruction of Carthage

• Romans burn it because it represented

Hannibal.

• Survivors sold into slavery.

• Becomes a Roman province along with

Greece and the Mediterranean.

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The Roman Republic in Crisis

• Hannibal’s invasion destroyed the farms.

• Newly conquered lands begin to import

food into Rome.

– Farmer income declines.

– Latifundia (large estates) created.

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The Gracchus Brothers • Tiberius Gracchus

– Elected to tribune promising aid to the

farmers

– Called for taking land and distributing it to

the landless

• Limit farm size

• Gaius Gracchus

– Gives grain to the poor

– Opened more land to farmers

– Secured more rights for the middle class

©2012, TESCCC

More turmoil… • Romans originally stayed united due

to their fear of Carthage

– No Carthage – nothing to fear

• Senate unable to provide effective

leadership

– Patricians become more concerned w/

keeping their power and wealth.

• Slave revolts!

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Spartacus

• 73 BCE

• Proclaims war on Rome in attempt to

free the slaves.

• 2 years of successful revolts

• Eventually killed along with 6000

followers.

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The rise of dictators

• Dictator- one person w/ absolute power

• Military loyalty came from loyalty to Rome.

• Gaius Marius – Ensures loyalty of troops by promising loot from

conquered lands.

• Lucius Sulla – Rival to Marius

– Bloody wars over power

– Defeats Marius and becomes dictator of Rome.

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First triumvirate • 60 BCE- Three army generals unite to rule Rome.

– Pompey

– Crassus

– Julius Caesar

• Caesar becomes consul and commands the

Roman legions in Gaul.

– Conquers Gaul (France) and England.

• Pompey gets support from Senate.

– Orders Caesar to return home w/out the army.

• Caesar invades Rome w/ army and defeats

Pompey.

– Becomes a “hero of the empire.”

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Second triumvirate

• Mark Antony

• Lepidus

• Octavian

• Created by Mark Antony

– Falls in love w/ Cleopatra, queen

of Egypt

• Octavian crushes the

combined fleet of Antony and

Cleopatra.

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Octavian

• 31 BCE- creates the Roman Empire

• Allows Senate to keep some power,

but he would retain sole rulership.

• Changes name to Augustus

– “honored and majestic”

• Takes title of “Caesar”

– “first citizen”

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Pax Romana

• “The Roman Peace”- 27-180 AD

– Period of peace and prosperity.

• Julio-Claudian dynasty

– No real line of succession to the throne.

– First four emperors after Augustus that

were either related to him or his wife.

– Not as good as Augustus.

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Nero

• Claudius’ stepson

• Becomes Emperor at age 17.

• Becomes bloodthirsty and violent.

– Murders own mother for criticizing his mistress.

• Rome burns in 64 AD.

– Nero blames the Christians.

• Army rebels against him, and he commits suicide.

©2012, TESCCC

Vespasian

• The year after Nero’s death, 2 emperors are assassinated and 1 commits suicide.

• Chosen by military as emperor of Rome.

• Restores discipline in the army and the administration of the Empire.

– Puts down revolts in Judaea and Gaul.

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Judean revolt

• 66 AD – Jews revolt against Rome.

• Jerusalem captured and Holy Temple is

destroyed.

• Masada – 1000 Jews take refuge in a

mountain fortress.

– 2 year siege – falls to Rome in 73 AD.

– All the Jews inside commit suicide.

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Nerva

• Vespasian's sons rule for almost

10 years.

• Senate chooses Nerva as the

new emperor in 96 AD.

• Establishes the adoptive system.

– Adopts a son and declares him the

heir to the throne.

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Trajan

• 98-117 AD

• Adopted son of Nerva.

• Spanish-born

• Wise and popular

– Eases tax burden.

• Empire reaches its greatest size.

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Hadrian

• 117-138 AD

• Devoted to protecting the Empire, rather

than expanding it.

• Creates Palestine out of Jewish

territory.

– Encourages non-Jews to live there.

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Marcus Aurelius • Last of the adopted emperors

– “Good Emperors”

• Many border wars with the Germanic tribes

• Abandons the adoptive system and chooses his own son as the new emperor

– Commodus – unfit to rule

– End of the Pax Romana

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The Height of the Roman Empire

• Empire stretched from Asia Minor to the

Danube and Rhine Rivers to Great

Britain

• Roman governors

– Enforced Roman law and settled provincial

disputes.

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The Height of the Roman Empire

• Roman Prosperity

– New roads, drained swamps, irrigation

systems for the deserts.

• Roman Citizenship

– By 212 AD, virtually all free people in the

Empire became Roman citizens.

©2012, TESCCC

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