PRANAM

NAMASKAR

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Transforming Indian Agriculture

Under Prime Minister Narendra Modi’s Leadership

By

Mukul Asher

Presented at the National Conference on Delivering Democracy: Reviewing the two decades of Narendra Modi as Head of Government, New Delhi, Oct 27-29, 2021,

organized by Rambhau Mhalgi Prabodhini,

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Introduction

• It is indeed a privilege and an honor to participate in this National Conference on Delivering Democracy: Reviewing the two decades of Narendra Modi as Head of Government.

• The topic assigned to me is about the Farm Sector Reforms. • The farm sector has more stakeholders than the farm households

and farm population. There are also those produce agro-inputs, agro-tech entrepreneurs; those involved in domestic and international farm supply chains and logistics; and consumers of farm products.

• The Pradhan Mantri-Kisan Samman Nidhi (PM-Kisan) scheme has 110.94 million beneficiaries who got their Rs 2,000 income support installment for April-July 2021.

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Introduction

• It should be recognized that there are farm households and the farm labor households. The two have different contexts and requirements for making their livelihoods more productive. A common requirement however is skilling of all stakeholders in the farm sector and use of digital and other technologies.

• More robust and timely data are needed on each component of the farm households and on other stakeholders.

• Prime Minister Modi’s inspired and very perceptive slogan ofSabka Saath, Sabka Vikas, Sabka Vishwas, and Sabka Prayas will be continue to be relevant for not just the farm sector but for the country as a whole for decades to come.

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Introduction

• While key contributions of Narendra Modi as Chief Minister to modernizing the farm sector in the state of Gujarat are briefly discussed, the focus of this presentation is on his far-reaching initiatives, which for the first time since independence, is setting the foundations for the farm sector to emerge as a dynamic, modern management oriented, technology-enabled, globally-competitive farm sector, with growing role for new agro-tech companies.

• This is leading to broad-based growth of the farm sector, including in the north-east region of India; enhancing livelihood opportunities and incomes of millions of persons across the country; and potentially expanding India's soft-power by aiming to improve India's current rank as 9th among global agricultural exporters, a rank it achieved in 2020.

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• In 2020 21, India’s Horticultural (Fruits and Vegetables) production was 330 million tons; and Food Grain production was 309 million tons.

• In 2020, India’s agricultural exports in 2020 were USD 39 billion, while 6th placed Indonesia had exports worth USD 46 billion.

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Prime Minister Narendra Modi’sThree Organizing Principles driving his governance and initiatives,

including those in agriculture

First Principle:

• Poverty cannot be fought by making the poor more dependent on governments.

• Poverty can be fought when the poor start seeing governments as trusted partners.

• Trusted partners who will give them the enabling infrastructure to forever break the vicious circle of poverty by providing opportunities to make them self-reliant to fulfil their aspirations with dignity

• The next slide indicates how improved and equitable access to the “basic necessities” has improved.

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Select Examples of Enabling Infrastructure

• Specific schemes to provide enabling infrastructure include: Jal Jeevan Yojna for making tap water accessible throughout the country; Ujjawala Yojna for non-polluting, safe cooking medium. i.e. natural gas;

• Vastly improved rail, water, road, and air connectivity through Sagarmala,Bhartmala, UDAN, and transformation of Indian Railways.

• Survey of Villages Abadi & Mapping with Improvised Technology in Village Areas (SVAMITVA) Scheme enabling rural households to use property as a financial asset for taking loans and other financial benefits; . enables rural masses to use property as a financial asset by villagers for taking loans and other financial benefits;

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Select Examples of Enabling Infrastructure

• PMJAY , known as Ayushman Bharat health insurance scheme, whose second component is 150,000 effectively functioning primary health care centers across the country;

• digital connectivity throughout the country, financial inclusion schemes such as Jan Dhan Yojna (connected to Aadhar biometric identification card and mobile and digital payments technology).

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Other Organizing Principles

• The second organizing principle is facilitating economic freedom and choice to the stakeholders.• The third organizing principle is using pricing as an

important element of incentive structure in scheme and program design. • In public policies, there is not just willingness to

pay,(which is often there for reliable good quality public services and amenities), but also willingness to charge. The latter is often lacking because charging brings demand for accountability and transparency.

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Other Organizing Principles

• As Gujarat CM, Narendra Modi addressed this dilemma by successfully implementing Jyotigram Yojna. It addressed the dual problems of water scarcity and electricity supply in all 18000 villages of Gujarat. It attempted to make a differentiation between those who use electricity within the villages and those who use it in the fields. It also involves installing modern meters.

• It made 24-hour, three-phase quality power supply is available to rural areas of the state and supply power to farmers residing in scattered farmhouses through feeder lines with specially designed transformers.

• Jyotigram Scheme focuses on providing rationally managed subsidies where needed, and pricing where possible. The scheme, requires people pay 30 per cent of the charges for installing electricity supply while the government bears the rest of the cost.

• Jyotigram required political commitment of Narendra Modi, trust in him to deliver the outcomes desired by the village and farm communities.

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Other Organizing Principles

• CM Modi made other agriculture reforms in Gujarat, particularly in crop diversification for more sustainable agriculture, and helping to improve productivity, i.e. through soil health card; and encouraging more crop per drop of water practices. His early recognition that farm livelihoods can only improve on a sustainable basis through higher productivity, and greater value-addition is consistent with recent research on how to generate sustainable growth.

• Krishi Mahotsav, still continuing, was an innovative initiative of Narendra Modi when he was Chief Minister of Gujarat.

• As HM Amit Shah remarked in the opening of this Conference, Gujarat has a unique distinction of exhibiting 10 + percent growth in agriculture sector for ten years.

• CM Modi ‘s vision of using agriculture as a growth node is finding national level application in PM Modi’s initiatives in the agricultural sector.

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Other Organizing Principles

• CM Narendra Modi left an institutional structure for the agriculture sector as evidenced by a recent report by Bhardwaj and Shelat (2021), “ AtmanirbharFarmers of Gujarat: The Road Map for 2030”.

• The Report includes initiatives to be taken by the agricultural department, organizations, universities and by NABARD (National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development). Technology and exports receive consideration attention in the Road Map.

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Other Organizing Principles

• The Road Map argues that Narendra Modi has inspired seven strategies/ideas for the farm sector. These are:

• Per Drop, More Crop; Soil Health Based Farming; Effective System of Cold Chain and Warehousing; Adding Value through Facilitating processing; National Farm Market, e-NAM; Crop Insurance to Smoothen wealth and manage risk; Encouraging ancillary activities such as fishing, dairying, bee-keeping and others.

• The 2030 Road Map for Gujarat’s farm sector lends optimism to Gujarat continuing to be a key contributor to India’s farm sector including in food processing, and as a hub for agriculture exports through its efficient ports.

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Translating Principles into Desired Outcomes: Key Role of Trust

• Translating the three broad principles enumerated above, and the seven strategies/ideas into effective farm sector policies, programs, schemes in a political structure, where responsibilities for the sector are divided between the Union Governments and the States, requires trust in leadership. Cooperative Federalism is a necessity for the country.

• High level of trust Narendra Modi as CM of Gujarat and as India’s Prime Minister has generated is evidenced by the broad, and deep public support he has sustained in public life.

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Use of Technology and Emphasis on the external sector

• Other Areas which have had transformative qualities in the farm sector under Narendra Modi’s leadership are incentives in the use of technology; and making farm sector globally more competitive. Indeed agricultural technology will provide exciting business opportunities in the coming years.

• The global connectivity for achieving goals of Atmanirbhar Bharat Abhiyan(ABA) and the spirit of Be -Vocal -for –Local (BVFL) have been distinctive features of his leadership for responding to India's challenges.

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Growth Helps Reduce Poverty But Has Little Correlation with Inequality

• The government led by PM Modi has clearly recognized that high, broad-based, sustainable economic growth is a national imperative.

• It can help reduce poverty but for addressing income, wealth or asset inequalities separate initiatives are needed.

• India’s immediate goal is to reach USD 5 trillion economy by at least 2027-28; and for this, a dynamic globally competitive farm sector is essential as one of the key growth nodes.

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Three Farm Laws

1.The Farmers' Produce Trade and Commerce (Promotion andFacilitation) Law, 2020

2.The Farmers (Empowerment and Protection) Agreement of PriceAssurance and Farm Services Law, 2020

3.The Essential Commodities (Amendment) Law 2020

https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=1654007

Accessed on 6 August 2021

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Three Farm Laws

• These law incorporate many of the organizing principles for the farm sector discussed earlier.

• While the courts have stayed their implementation, there is little doubt that the provision of these laws are needed for the farm sector to emerge as a dynamic globally competitive growth node.

• Indeed, market forces, farm sector commercial logic, and technological developments, including drone technology, and e-Nam are de- facto resulting in implementation of the many of the provisions of these laws.

• One example is: Onion Growers want to band together, end the hold of onion traders’ cartel, and have a say in prices. This empowerment represents the future of agriculture.

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e-NAM

• National Agriculture Market or e-NAM, started in 2016, is an online trading platform for agricultural commodities in India.

• About 1000 markets ,about one-sixth of the tital, in 18 states and 3 Union Territories have been connected by October 2021, out of which over 600 undertake on-line trading.

• The market facilitates farmers, traders and buyers with online trading in commodities. The market is helping in better price discovery and providing facilities for smooth marketing of their produce.

• As of September 2021, 17.2 million farmers,0.19 million traders, 0.96 million Commission Agents, and 1942 FPOs (Farmer Produce Organizations) were part of e-NAM.

• As of February 2021,the total trade volume of 41.3 million MT of bulk commodities and 36.8 million numbers of coconut and bamboo worth approximately ₹1.22 trillion has been recorded on e-NAM platform till date as per the Ministry’s data released in February this year.

• E-NAM has considerable growth potential in expending its role.

• The importance of market forces, technology, and other factors in continuing transformation of India’s agricultural sector is illustrated by reports on Indian Agriculture by Omnivore; and by a Report by Bain and Company.

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The Future of Indian Agriculture and Food Systems: Vision 2030

https://www.omnivore.vc/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/Vision-2030-report-08092020.pdfAccessed on 10 August 2021

The Report highlights 8 trends that will disrupt the status quo of the Indian agricultural system by 2030, while meeting the objectives of climate-smart agriculture 1. Precision agriculture and automation will be the norm, even among smallholders, across the sowing to harvesting value chain2. Quantum leap in biotechnologies will produce plants that are more nutritious and resilient, and regulate farm health more efficiently 3. Fragmented landholdings and asset ownership will go through widespread consolidation, real and virtual, to achieve economies of scale for smallholders 4. Farmers will improve their relationship with global and local consumers, offer enhanced safety & quality, and improve income

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The Future of Indian Agriculture and Food Systems: Vision 2030

https://www.omnivore.vc/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/Vision-2030-report-08092020.pdfAccessed on 10 August 2021

5. Agricultural labor will contract and move towards higher productivity jobs, higher up in the value chain; agricultural training will respond to cater to a younger farmer 6. Production of high-value output such as leafy greens and cruciferous will become more specialized and protected, and have its own dedicated logistics chain 7. Rising animal protein and dairy consumption will push technology adoption across the animal and fisheries value-chain, increasing diversity of diets, driving up efficiency and lowering costs in a safe and conscious manner 8. Food science will pursue consumer-centricity, yielding affordable processed products that address malnourishment, lifestyle diseases, and ecological concerns

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Opportunities for Diversifying India’s Agricultural to New Edible Plant Species : A Research and Policy Challenge

• Over human history, out of about 30 000 edible plant species, 6 000 – 7 000 species have been cultivated for food.

• Yet, today we only grow approximately 170 crops on a commercially significant scale.

• Even more surprising, we depend highly on only about 30 of them to provide us with calories and nutrients that we need every day.

• More than 40 percent of our daily calories come from three staple crops: rice, wheat and maize.

• There are thousands of crops that have been neglected or underutilized for centuries.

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Opportunities for Diversifying India’s Agricultural to New Edible Plant Species : A Research and Policy Challenge

• These “neglected” crops are generally indigenous or traditional crops that thrive in specific regions of the world. Either because they are grown in small geographical areas, have low yields, require extensive processing, are susceptible to pests or simply haven’t been well researched, they never entered into the global market and, therefore, many people never know they exist – sometimes even products from our own regions. by the right policies and funding, these neglected varieties could one day get recognition in the global market.

https://www.fao.org/fao-stories/article/en/c/1154584/

Accessed on 14 October 202127

Chris Mitchell, Shivani Sehgal, Priyanka Chopra and Hemendra Mathur, 2018. “Indian Farming's Next Big Moment: Farming as a Service

Improving the efficiency and productivity of Indian agriculture”

https://www.bain.com/insights/indian-farmings-next-big-moment-farming-as-a-service/

Accessed on 12 August 2021

The Authors from Bain and Company argue that

• FaaS entrepreneurs have the opportunity to build scalable business models, which can be relevant not only to India but to other parts of the world.

• Initially, VC funds will help expand the scale at local or regional levels. Funds with strong domain expertise and a deep understanding of agricultural supply chains will be more successful in creating value for the stakeholders.

• In the long term, PE firms and corporations will push national or global expansion and lead to the consolidation of various FaaSmodels.

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Chris Mitchell, Shivani Sehgal, Priyanka Chopra and Hemendra Mathur, 2018. “Indian Farming's Next Big Moment: Farming as a Service

Improving the efficiency and productivity of Indian agriculture”

https://www.bain.com/insights/indian-farmings-next-big-moment-farming-as-a-service/Accessed on 12 August 2021

• Farm management solutions: Information sharing, analytics and precision farming tools

• Production assistance: On-site resources to aid production, such as equipment rentals

•Access to markets: Virtual platforms that connect farmers with suppliers of seeds, fertilizers and other agrochemicals, as well as consumers of their produce

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Drones as New Business Opportunity in Agriculture

• India's Drone reforms.

• 25 forms for license reduced to 5.

• PLI scheme launched.

• Even 16 year old can get a Drone pilot license in 45 (Training) + 15 (DGCA) days.

•Already 200 Startups.

• Target $20 billion Drone industry by 2030.

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Drone Technology Application in Agriculture

• A Hyderabad based technology startup, Marut Drones, kicked off an afforestation campaign in Telangana on 1 October 2021 with its first ‘seedcopter’ drone.

• Around 1.5 lakh seed balls were dispersed in the KBR National Park in the city.

• Seed balls contain a variety of seeds rolled within a ball of clay, together with organic manure and fertilizer.

• The balls will dissolve when it rains, and result in the germination of the seeds.

• The startup had earlier deployed drones successfully in agricultural operations and for the delivery of vaccines.

• https://indiainfrahub.com/2021/aviation/telangana-hyderabad-based-startup-deploys-drones-to-increase-green-cover/

• Accessed 3 October 2021

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Indian University Develops Low-Cost Drone for Agriculture

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Drones of Fopple Drone Tech will be hovering over all fields soon, spraying pesticides

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GatiShakti Initiative and Agriculture

• PM GatiShakti Mega Infrastructure Plan, launched on 13 October 2021, to End Departmental Silos And Improve Multi-Modal Connectivity

• The Gati Shakti vision will lend more power and speed to projects under the USD 1.5-trillion National Infrastructure Pipeline by sharing resources and developing synergies towards building a more harmonized infrastructure.

• It will ensure last-mile connectivity to economic zones in a definite timeframe. The aim is to ultimately improve India’s productive capacity and global competitiveness with regard to manufacturing, including agro-processing in India.

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GatiShakti Initiative and Agriculture

• India’s logistics costs are 13 percent of GDP; Global competitors logistics costs-6 to 7 percent, which will enable india to move up significantly from the current position of nineth largest agricultural exporter in the world.

• GatiShakti will help reduce the gap in logistics costs.

• Substantial rise in the number of: Mega food parks, Fishing clusters, Fishing harbors., all part of GatiShaktiinitiative, will also accelerate growth and exports of both grains and horticultural products.

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GatiShakti Initiative and Agriculture

• GatiShakti will help develop new analytical tools for coordination, monitoring, and generating dashboards, as well as for feedback loop.

• Optimization - Assist ministries in selecting the most optimum route for goods transportation in terms of time and cost

• Synchronization - of activities of each department to reduce delays in project execution

• Analytical - GIS based spatial planning & analytical tools having 200+ layers enabling better visibility to executing agency

• Dynamic - All ministries will now be able to visualize, review and monitor the progress of cross-sectoral projects

• Next two Slides indicate how GatiShakti will help the agriculture sector

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PMMSY Yojna

•Prime Minister Narendra Modi has initiated ₹20,050 crore-Pradhan Mantri MatsyaSampada Yojana (PMMSY) to boost production and exports in the fisheries sector as part of the government’s aim to double farmers’ income.

•The PMMSY is to be implemented during 2020-21 to 2024-25 as part of the Aatmanirbhar Bharat package.

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NADCP

• National Animal Disease Control Program: (NADCP)

• India has the world’s largest livestock population of 1250 million plus heads.

• The program aims to vaccinate over 500 million livestock heads, including cattle, buffalo, sheep, goats and pigs, against FMD (Foot and Mouth Disease), and some 36 million female bovine calves annually against brucellosis.

• The NADCP aims to control these two diseases by 2025, and to eradicate them by 2030.

https://www.pashudhanpraharee.com/national-animal-disease-control-programme-nadcp/

Accessed on 4 October 2021

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National Food and Nutrition Campaign for farmershttps://www.foodtechbiz.com/agriculture/national-food-and-nutrition-campaign-for-farmers-launched

Accessed on 29 August 2021

Agriculture Minister Narendra Singh Tomar explain the rationale for the above campaign as follows:

“We have expertise in production, but it is also important to manage this abundance. It is the responsibility of the farmers along with the government to ensure that our products should be of better quality, meet global standards, farmers should be attracted towards costly crops, educated youth should be attracted towards agriculture while being environment-friendly.“

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National Food and Nutrition Campaign for farmershttps://www.foodtechbiz.com/agriculture/national-food-and-nutrition-campaign-for-farmers-launchedAccessed on 29 August 2021

In the same event:• Navneet Ravikar, chairman and managing director, Leads Connect, shared his views on

connecting agriculture and farmers through new technology.

"With India actively promoting diversification of agri-food systems through programs like National Palm Oil Mission, Leads Connect envisions Tech (AI & ML) based products backed with real-time data and patterns, enabling predictive and trend analysis that focuses on people-centric solutions encourage improved produce and processes. We welcome this initiative and the efforts taken up by the Ministry and believe in providing end-to-end farm risk management solutions to the farmers across India as well as other agriculture value chain key stakeholders.“

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Infrastructure Development and Agriculture Exports

• The Agricultural and Processed Food Products Export Development Authority (APEDA) plans to boost agricultural exports through infrastructure development that would provide thrust to region-specific product promotion by strengthening the value-chain.

• The Himalayan, North-East, landlocked and eastern States would be the focus of the plan, according to APEDA Chairman

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Infrastructure Development and Agriculture Exports

• Arunachal Pradesh Chief Minister Pema Khandusaid that Ruchi Soya will invest INR 5000 million-plus on nurseries, extension, Palm Oil Factory/Refinery while Dabur India, eyes to collaborate in the field of procuring medicinal plant raw material, cultivate special medicinal plants.

https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/ruchi-soya-to-invest-rs-500-crore-on-palm-oil-factory-nurseries-arunachal-pradesh-cm/articleshow/86588538.cms?utm_source=contentofinterest&utm_medium=text&utm_campaign=cppst

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Example of Adding Value to Farm Sector Products

• A GI tag is a sign denoting a specific geographical origin andpossess qualities or a reputation that are due to that origin. GI,a form of intellectual property right (IPR), is distinct from otherforms of IPR, as it ascribes the exclusivity to the community in adefined geography, rather than to an individual, as is in the caseof trademarks and patents.

• A GI tag can be issued for agricultural, natural or manufacturedgoods that have a unique quality, reputation or othercharacteristics attributable to its geographical origin. Darjeelingtea, Basmati rice, Kanchipuram Silk, Mysore Silk, Hyderabadihaleem, Nagaland chilli products, etc, sold with the GI tag havepremium pricing.

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Examples of Agri Start- ups in Horticulture

• Ninjacart, started in 2015,is an app-based B2B platform offering vegetables and fruits. The company claims that retailers and restaurants can place their orders through their app after which the products will be delivered to them by their own logistic teams. It also claims to deliver within twelve hours.

• Jai Kisan provides an integrated input and produces a supply chain solution for farmers. It offers a fintech platform connecting farmers with finance providers facilitating finance solutions. Also, provides an agriculture marketplace for the users to buy agriculture inputs. It provides market linkages with buyers to buy the farmer's produce. It also offers advisory services on agriculture practices.

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Examples of Agri Start- ups in Horticulture

• Fasal is a Bengaluru-based agritech startup which has an app for horticulture farmers. The app lets farmers plan, monitor and analyze all activities on their farms in a simple and intuitive way. Pruning, sowing, spraying, fertilization, irrigation, harvesting, crop sale and all other activities are managed with the help of the app.

• The startup also provides Fasal Sense, an IoT sensor device, once installed can continuously monitor farm data. After collecting the data, the startup relies on artificial intelligence and data science to calculate on-farm predictions about disease, pests and recommendations on the farmer’s phone in different languages.

• The startup was founded in 2018 by Ananda Verma and Shailendra Tiwari, and has raised $1.6 million in seed funding from Omnivore and Wavemaker Partners in 2019.

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Examples of Agri Start- ups in Horticulture

• Bengaluru-based Clover is a greenhouse agritech startup which focuses on demand-led cultivation. Founded by four childhood friends Avinash BR, Gururaj Rao, Arvind Murali and Santhosh Narasipura, Clover partners with farmers across India and markets premium quality, branded, greenhouse-grown fresh produce through B2B and B2C channels.

• The startup has raised $5.5 million in Series A round from Accel, Omnivore and Mayfield amid the pandemic.

• The startup has also forayed into the D2C market by launching its new brand Deep Rooted.Co in 2021. It aims to create a balance between farmers and consumers by building transparency and trust among them.

• The company has an omnichannel presence and caters to a growing $100-billion fruits and vegetable market by delivering fresh, clean and residue-free produce in less than 24 hours.

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Generating Economic Activities in Districts Which Will Help Agriculture

• One District One Product (ODOP) is an initiative which is a major step forward towards realizing the potential of a district, encourage economic growth and generate employment and rural entrepreneurship.

• The idea behind the initiative is to select, brand and promote at least one product from each district of the country.

• The scheme adopts the One District One Product (ODOP) approach to reap the benefit of scale in terms ofprocurement of inputs, availing common services and marketing of products. ODOP for the scheme willprovide the framework for value chain development and alignment of support infrastructure. There maybe more than one cluster of ODOP products in one district. There may be a cluster of ODOP productsconsisting of more than one adjacent district in a State.

• support for agricultural products would be for their processing along with efforts to reduce wastage,proper assaying, and storage and marketing.

https://mofpi.nic.in/pmfme/one-district-one-product

Accessed on 2 October 2021

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Uttar Pradesh and ODOP

Slide on next page has map of Uttar Pradesh by Districts, with each District having one product to promote. As an example. For Ayodhya it is jaggery; for Budaun it is Zari-Zardoshi.

https://odopup.in/

Accessed on 2 October 2021

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One Nation One Ration Card (ONORC) Scheme

• The ONORC scheme is being implemented by the Department for the nation-wide portability of ration cards under National Food Security Act (NFSA).

• Through this all eligible ration card holders/beneficiaries covered under NFSA can access their entitlements from anywhere in the country.

• This system allows all NFSA beneficiaries, particularly migrant beneficiaries, to claim either full or part food grains from any Fair Price Shop (FPS) in the country through existing ration card with biometric/Aadhaar authentication in a seamless manner. The system also allows their family members back home, if any, to claim the balance food grains on same the ration card.

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Concluding Remarks

• Prime Minister (earlier as CM of Gujarat) Narendra Modi has provided a vision, a set of organizing principles and ideas, institutions, and practical policies, schemes, and specific measure to help make India’s farm sector a dynamic, technology driven, and globally competitive.

• His contribution is therefore going to be felt far in the future as a leader which contributed to improving livelihoods of millions of persons associated with the farm sector.

• As India moves up in ranking as agricultural exporter, and its Atmanirbharinitiatives reduce its relative dependence on some agricultural commodities, including those used for cooking oil, and pulses, India will be in a better position to leverage its agriculture sector for strategic diplomacy and greater geo-economic space.

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Concluding Remarks

• The far reaching initiatives in the farm sector outlined in this presentation require sustained focus, especially as adapting and mitigating climate change will require flexibility, ingenuity, and form resolve in implementing them. A more constructive outcome-oriented political economy environment would help in this task.

• One area where greater focus is needed is continuously collecting relevant data and then facilitating policy relevant , welfare improving data analytics efforts. Agriculture Universities and research institutes need to adjust to be competent in this area as well.

• Meteorological Department will need to consider providing local level useful data, and specialized services to increasing technology enabled farm sector.

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References

• Bhardwaj, Manish and Kirit Shelat. (2021). Atmanirbhar Farmers of Gujarat: The Road Map for 2030. Gandhinagar: Government of Gujarat

• Chris Mitchell, Shivani Sehgal, Priyanka Chopra and Hemendra Mathur, 2018. “Indian Farming's Next Big Moment: Farming as a Service: Improving the efficiency and productivity of Indian agriculture”https://www.bain.com/insights/indian-farmings-next-big-moment-farming-as-a-service/Accessed on 12 August 2021

• Omnivore. (2020). The Future of Indian Agriculture and Food Systems: Vision 2030

https://www.omnivore.vc/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/Vision-2030-report-08092020.pdf

Accessed on 12 October 2021

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