pragmatic presupposition as truth-determinant in ordinary language

8/2/2019 Pragmatic Presupposition as Truth-determinant in Ordinary Language

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Gktadge crt tab _srta , Pdbggn& >>' 9' 3=>3

]snelntdi ]sbyr}}kydtdkg ny _srta,obtbsldgnt dg Ksodgns Fngerneb

Frj Fdjnpng

Lnynsj Rgdpbsydt& Csgk& Ixbia Sb}rcfdi

>' Dgtskoritdkg

Kgb k` tab lkyt `rgonlbgtnf takreaty sndybo dg tab `dbfo k` tab `kslnf ytro k` fngerneb dg tab

fnyt obinoby& ngo }kyydcf tab lkyt dl}kstngt kgb& dy tant }snelntdi `nitksy yakrfo }fn areb

skfb dg obtbsldgdge tab lbngdge k` krs rttbsngiby dg ksodgns fngerneb' ^rbytdkgdge tab

lbngdge k` tabybgtbgib dy gkt bgkrea dg ksodgns fngerneb& cbinryb n udob sngeb k` ybgtbgiby

dy ikgtbqt,ob}bgongt ngo tary ub gbbo tk fkkj `ks tabds lbngdge ny tab nsb rttbsbo' Yk dt ybbly

fdjb dg tab ksodgns fngerneb ub gbbo n jdgo k` yr}}kst `ks tab ansoiksb yblngtdiy c dgifrodge

}snelntdi `nitksy& uadia }fn n skfb k` `dgnf nscdtbsy k` uant dy yndo c edpbg rttbsngib'

Tbt sbibgtf& yklbtadge lksb ybbly tk cb ifkyb tk tsrta tant }snelntdiy ing anpb ng

dg`frbgib kg tsrta,pnfrb k` ksodgns fngerneb ybgtbgiby ny rttbsbo c y}bnjbsy dg fdgerdytdi

ydtrntdkgy' _ab ndl k` tady tnfj dy tk ikgpdgib kr tant tab jdgo k` obtbsldgntdkg D nl tnfjdge

nckrt dy tab odsbit kgb !gkt hryt dgodsbit tskrea obtbsldgntdkg k` tab lbngdge$' _ab sbyrft udff cb

tant dg ksodgns fngerneb tab sbnfl k` tsrta dy gkt ytsditf n oklndg k` yblngtdiy& crt }snelntdiy

iklby tk }fn udta tab k``bs tk ikk}bsntb dg `dgodge tab tsrta k` uant }bk}fb nsb tnfjdge nckrt'Yk uant dy tab un dg uadia }snelntdiy ldeat odsbitf dg`frbgib tab tsrta k` n ybgtbgib;

Dg l k}dgdkg& dt dy }kyydcfb taskrea n }snelntdi `nitks jgkug ny }snelntdi& ks nfyk y}bnjbs>

}sbyr}}kydtdkg' _ady gktdkg uny dgtskoribo dg ybpbsnf }n}bsy nt tab cbedggdge k` >45=y c

Nlbsding }adfkyk}abs Skcbst Ytnfgnjbs'3 _ady `nitks dy yklbaku tsdij cbinryb k` n fnseb

grlcbs k` ob`dgdtdkgy lnob c od``bsbgt }bk}fb rydge od``bsbgt tbsldgkfke'9 D ukrfo fdjb tk

ytdij kg ytnfgnjbsdng kstakokq: akubpbs dt okby gkt dl}f tant tab ob`dgdtdkg udff cb ng bny

hkc' Ub ing yadgb n fdeat kg tady gktdkg c n csdb` }sbybgtntdkg k` Ytnfgnjbsy }sbobibyyksy dg

odyiryydkg kg tab }abgklbgn k` }sbyr}}kydtdkg'

3' ]sbobibyyksy

> @ks ibstndg }birfdnsdtdby k` tady gktdkg D udff yaku fntbs'3 Ybb !Ytnfgnjbs& >45=$& !Ytnfgnjbs& >459$ ngo !Ytnfgnjbs& >444$'

9 N ubff,tnjbg ikllbgt uny lnob dg tady ikggbitdkg c Ynrf Jsd}jb& uak yndo8 ''' tk yklb obesbb HrytdibYtbunsty ikllbgt nckrt }ksgkesn}a akfoy absb8 ub nff sbikegdxb dt uabg ub ybb dt bpbg d` ub ingt yn

bqnitf uant dt dy' Ybb !Ytnfgnjbs& 3==3& }' 5>3$'

>


2/10


]btbs @' Ytsnuykg dg ady `nlkry nstdifb Kg Sb`bssdge sblnsjy tant dt okby gkt ybbl tant tab

ksodgns fngerneb ybgtbgiby lryt gbibyynsdf anpb n tsrta,pnfrb' Dg yklb ikgtbqty& rttbsngiby

fnij tsrta,pnfrby cbinryb tab }sbyr}}kydtdkgnf sb~rdsblbgt dy gkt yntdy`dbo'

Ob`' > !Ytsnuykgy }sbyr}}kydtdkg$8 Ytntblbgt Y }sbyr}}kyby n ytntblbgt Y d``

tab tsrta k` Y dy n }sbikgodtdkg k` tab tsrta,ks,`nfydt k` Y !Ytsnuykg& >423& }'

>52$'

_njb tab ybgtbgib _ab jdge k` @sngib dy udyb' Dt }sbyr}}kyby tant tabsb bqdyty tab

rgd~rb jdge k` @sngib nt tab lklbgt k` tab rttbsngib' Udtakrt tab tsrta k` tab }sbyr}}kydtdkg&

tabsb inggkt cb ytntbo ng ybf`,ikgtsnoditksdgbyy k` tady ytntblbgt& cbinryb `ks tab ytntblbgt Y&

tab ~rbytdkg k` uabtabs dty tsrb ks `nfyb ydl}f okbygt nsdyb !Ytsnuykg& >42=& }' 99=$'

Aku tady sbfntdkg cbanpby; Dty cbanpdkrs dy ydldfns tk lntbsdnf ikgodtdkgnf& crt udta ng

dl}kstngt od``bsbgib' _njb tab ytntblbgt

YY] Y

D` tab sbfntdkg cbtubbg ckta `kslrfny dy ikgodtdkgnf& tady ytntblbgt dy ybf`,ikgtsnoditks' _ady

okby gkt akfo `ks }sbyr}}kydtdkg& ydgibudtakrt tab tsrta k` tab ikgyb~rbgt& tabsb inggkt cb

ytntbo ng ybf`,ikgtsnoditksdgbyy k` tady ytntblbgt& cbinryb `ks tab `kslrfn Y& tab ~rbytdkg k`

uabtabs dty tsrb ks `nfyb ydl}f okbygt nsdyb !Ytsnuykg& >42=& }' 99=$'

_k lnjb tady ytntblbgt ybf`,ikgtsnoditks& ub gbbo tk jgku tab tsrta,pnfrb k` ckta ydoby

k` tab sbfntdkg' Crt tab ngtbibobgt k` ytntblbgt dy cbkgo tsrta ngo `nfydt' Abgib tab uakfb

ytntblbgt dy cbkgo tab intbeks k` ybf`,ikgtsnoditksdgbyy& ks ny Ytsnuykg yny& tab fkedinf

ncyrsodt'

Ytsnuykg }skpdoby ry udta tab `dsyt dgydob tk tab gktdkg k` }sbyr}}kydtdkg' _ab ybikgo

kgb dy edpbg c Cny png @snnybg udta ady ob`dgdtdkg k`yblngtdi }sbyr}}kydtdkg' Ab ikgytsrity

dty ob`dgdtdkg c lbngy k` tab bfblbgtns yblngtdi sbfntdkg k`gbibyydtntdkg'@skl tady sbfntdkg

ktabs sbfntdkgy yakrfo cb crdft r}& dgifrodge dl}fdintdkg' ]sbyr}}kydtdkg ngo dl}fdintdkg nsb

ydldfns dg tab ybgyb tant `ks tab ckta sbfntdkgy& ng ngtbibobgt gbibyydtntby n ikgyb~rbgt' _ab

ob`dgdtdkg dy ny `kffkuy8

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3/10


Ob`' 3 !Gbibyydtntdkg$8 N gbibyydtntby C d`` uabgbpbs N dy tsrb& C dy nfyk tsrb

!png @snnyybg& >401& }' >91$'

_ady edpby ry n ykfdo eskrgo `ks ob`dgdtdkg k` yblngtdi }sbyr}}kydtdkg8

Ob`' 9 !Yblngtdi }sbyr}}kydtdkg$8 N !yblngtdinff$ }sbyr}}kyby C d``8

n$ N gbibyydtntby C ngo&

c$ N gbibyydtntby C'?

N`tbs tabyb }sbfdldgnsdby& fbty `dgnff fkkj nt uant Skcbst Ytnfgnjbs yny nckrt

}sbyr}}kydtdkg ngo uant dt any tk ok udta tab tsrta k` tab ksodgns fngerneb ybgtbgiby'

9' Ytnfgnjbs ngo }snelntdi }sbyr}}kydtdkg

Udta Ytnfgnjbs kg n yibgb& tadgey ek snodinff od``bsbgt' Ikgtsns tk tab gktdkg k` yblngtdi

}sbyr}}kydtdkg& dt dy gkt n sbfntdkg cbtubbg ytntblbgty& crt dt dy n}sk}kydtdkgnf nttdtrob'2 _ady

lbngy tant dt dy n inyb k` sbfntdkg cbtubbg yklb yrchbit !nebgt$ ngo }sk}kydtdkg' Cbinryb k` tady&

}snelntdi }sbyr}}kydtdkg dy k`tbg inffbo nfyk ny}bnjbs }sbyr}}kydtdkg '_k ifnsd` tady sbfntdkg& D

udff yaku ybpbsnf iansnitbsdytdiy Ytnfgnjbs nttsdcrtby tk dt ngo bq}kyb yklb dgtrdtdkgy& uadia

fbno adl tk tady gktdkg k` }sbyr}}kydtdkg'0

Dg tab `dsyt }fnib& }snelntdi }sbyr}}kydtdkg dy tab }rcfdi nttdtrob8 ''' kgb }sbyr}}kyby

tant kgf d` kgb }sbyr}}kyby tant ktabsy }sbyr}}kyb dt ny ubff !Ytnfgnjbs& 3==3& }' 5=>$' _ady

dy n `bntrsb cnybo kg tab nyyrl}tdkg tant y}bnjbs }sbyr}}kydtdkg tnjby }fniby ny n }nst k` tab

yansbodg`kslntdkgnf cnijeskrgo& uadia dy }sbybgt dg bpbs ikgpbsyntdkg ngo uadia lnjby tady

ikgpbsyntdkg }kyydcfb' Dt yakrfo cb obyisdcbo ny dl}fdidt nyyrl}tdkgy }sbibodge n fdgerdytdi

cbanpdkrs !Ytnfgnjbs& >444& }' 91$' Yklb k` tabyb nyyrl}tdkgy yakrfo cb obyisdcbo ny tab fdpb

k}tdkgy nebgty ungt tk odytdgerdya cbtubbg nt n irssbgt ytneb k` ikgpbsyntdkg' Dt lbngy tant kg

tab cnyblbgt k` }sbyr}}kybo dg`kslntdkg& yklb }kyydcfb ytntby k` uksfoy nsb k}bg tk

? Niiksodge tk !png @snnyybg& >401& }' >91$'2 D udff gkt odyiryy tab ody}kydtdkgnf niikrgt k` }sbyr}}kydtdkg lbgtdkgbo dg !Ydlkgy& 3==9$ ngo dg !Ytnfgnjbs&>444$8 ]sbyr}}kydge dy gkt n lbgtnf nttdtrob fdjb cbfdbpdge& crt dy sntabs n fdgerdytdi ody}kydtdkg n ody}kydtdkg

tk cbanpb dg kgby ryb k` fngerneb ny d` kgb ano ibstndg cbfdb`y& ks ubsb lnjdge ibstndg nyyrl}tdkg' !}' 2?$ D`krgo dt ikl}ntdcfb udta ikllkg eskrgo pdbu rybo dg tady }n}bs& ydgib d` ng nebgt any n ody}kydtdkg tk cbanpb

dg n ibstndg un& tady ody}kydtdkg dy dgtsky}bitdpbf sb`fbitbo dg tab lklbgt tab ody}kydtdkg dy rgikpbsbo c nebgty cbanpdkrs' D` tab nebgt dy ody}kybo tk ok Q& ab `dgoy krt dt nt tab lklbgt ab okby Q'

0 @skl gku& D udff ryb tab tbsl }sbyr}}kydtdkg dg sntabs nlcderkry un8 dt obgktby ckta tab sbfntdkg k`}sk}kydtdkgnf nttdtrob ngo nfyk tab kchbit k` tady nttdtrob uant dy }sbyr}}kybo& d' b' tab }sk}kydtdkg dtybf`' _ab

ikgtbqt& D ak}b yk& udff nfuny lnjb ifbns uadia k` tabyb tuk D lbng'

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4/10


ikgydobsntdkg `ks tab lblcbsy k` odyikrsyb' _ady pdbu dy yr}}kstbo c yklb tsrdyly nckrt

ikgpbsyntdkg8

!d$ Bpbs nebgt ytnsty ikllrgdintdkg dg yklb gkg,bl}t b}dytbldi ytntb&

!dd$ Nebgty iangeb tabds ytntby dg tab ikrsyb k` tab ikgpbsyntdkg&

!ddd$ Kgb k` tab }rs}kyby k` ikllrgdintdkg dy tk yansb yklb dg`kslntdkg udta ktabs

nebgty&

!dp$ _ady iangeb lbngy tant n gbu }dbib k` dg`kslntdkg dy niib}tbo ngo

n$ gbu b}dytbldi nftbsgntdpby sndyb `ks nebgt&

c$ yklb b}dytbldi nftbsgntdpby nsb bfdldgntbo `skl tab ikgydobsntdkgy&5

!p$ _k ikllrgdintb b``didbgtf& nebgty gbbo tk ikk}bsntb& ks tab lryt nt fbnyt }sbyrlb

tant tab ktabsy ungt tk ikk}bsntb ngo cbanpb sntdkgnff'1

Ytnfgnjbs inffy tab dg`kslntdkgnf cnijeskrgo lbgtdkgbo nckpb tab ikllkg eskrgongo

obyisdcby dt ny tab yansbo cbfdb`y k` odyikrsyb }nstdid}ngty' Dt dy uksta tk bl}anydxb tant tabyb

cbfdb`y dgifrob gkt kgf dg`kslntdkg nckrt tab ytntb k` tab uksfo& crt nfyk dg`kslntdkg nckrt

kgekdge ikgpbsyntdkg !d' b' dg`kslntdkg nckrt tab nebgty& tab fngerneb dg uadia tab ikgpbsyntdkg

dy fbno& dty tdlb ngo }fnib ks tab dg`kslntdkg nckrt uant y}bbia nity ubsb lnob dg tab ikrsyb k`

tab ikgpbsyntdkg$' _ady ukrfo gkt cb ybbg ny yklbtadge rgryrnf& ydgib tab kgekdge ikgpbsyntdkg

dy dtybf` ng bpbgt dg tab uksfo ngo tary dg`kslntdkg nckrt dt dy dgobbo dg`kslntdkg nckrt uant tab

ytntb k` tab uksfo dy'

]sbyr}}kydtdkgy lnjb ikgytsndgty kg tab n}}sk}sdntbgbyy k` rttbsngiby dg ikgpbsyntdkg'

Ub anpb nfsbno ybbg tady dg Ytsnuykg' Crt }snelntdi }sbyr}}kydtdkgy nsb nttdtroby k` n pbs

pnsdkry jdgo' _ab dgifrob ckta ytsnuykgdng ngo yblngtdi }sbyr}}kydtdkgy ngo n fkt k` ktabsy

cbydoby tabyb tuk !hryt sblblcbs uant n udob sngeb k` dg`kslntdkg tnjby }fnib dg tab ikllkg

eskrgo$' Ngo tabyb tuk gktdkgy nsb lkod dbo tk `dt Ytnfgnjbsy ob`dgdtdkg k` }sbyr}}kydtdkg& yk

tab nsb nfyk }sk}kydtdkgnf nttdtroby'

5 Kgb ing dlnedgb dt ny tab enlb cbtubbg lnytbs ngo ybspngt `skl !Fbudy& >454$' _ab ybspngt any tab fdldty k`

uant ab dy }bsldttbo tk ok' _abyb }bsldyydkgy iangeb c ady lnytbsy ytntblbgty nckrt uant dy ngo uant dy gkttab yfnpb nffkubo okdge'1 _ady fnyt nyyrl}tdkg dy dgy}dsbo c tab Ikk}bsntdpb ]sdgid}fb k` A' ]' Esdib8 Lnjb krs ikgpbsyntdkgnfikgtsdcrtdkg yria ny dy sb~rdsbo& nt tab ytneb nt uadia dt kiirsy& c tab niib}tbo }rs}kyb ks odsbitdkg k` tab tnfj

bqiangeb dg uadia kr nsb bgenebo' !Esdib& >414& }' 30$ Yklb ktabs hrytd`dintdkg iklby `skl enlb tabks&uabsb tab sntdkgnfdt k` }fnbs dy tab gbibyyns ikgodtdkg `ks `dgodge tab b``bitdpb ykfrtdkg k` n enlb' Ktabsudyb

tab enlb dy rg}sboditncfb ngo ub ingt n}}f krs dgtrdtdkgy nckrt uant udff ekdge kg nt uadia ytntb k` enlb dgkrs uksoy& d` tab nebgt dy bq}fdidtf rgikk}bsntdpb& ub nsb rgncfb tk `dgo krt uant ab dgtbgoy tk ok udta fdgerdytdi

cbanpdkrs ab }bs`ksly' _ab ikllrgdintdkg ndfy cbinryb dgtbs}sbtntdkg dy dl}kyydcfb'

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5/10


Tbt tab nsb lksb ytncfb tang ktabsy& cbinryb tab nsb inssdbo c bpbs rttbsngib k`

yklb ybgtbgib' @ks bqnl}fb& tab }sbyr}}kydtdkg tant @sngib any tab rgd~rb jdge dg !>$ dy

}snelntdi }sbyr}}kydtdkg ikgpbbo c nff k` dty ryb' D` tady }sbyr}}kydtdkg dy gkt `rf`dffbo& tab

ryb k` !>$ dy n$ dgn}}sk}sdntb dg edpbg ikgtbqt ngo c$ ub nsb rgncfb tk dgtbs}sbt dt gbdtabs ny tsrb

gks `nfyb' Uant dy dl}kstngt& c$ dy }kyydcfb kgf d` n$ dy yntdy`dbo& crt tady sbfntdkg dy gkt

yllbtsdi8 `skl n}}sk}sdntbgbyy k` tab ryb& tab dgtbs}sbtntdkg okby gkt gbibyynsdf `kffku& crt

ikgpbsybf tady lryt gbibyyns akfo ub ingt ytntb n tsrta,pnfrb k` yklbtadge kcpdkryf

dgn}}sk}sdntb'

Dg tady }fnib& ub gbbo tk lnjb n yfdeat bt pbs dl}kstngt lkod`dintdkg k` tab gktdkg k`

ikllkg eskrgo' Ub yndo tant dt dy tab ybt k` tab yansbo cbfdb`y k` tab nebgty dg tab ikgpbsyntdkg'

Dt ybbly tant dt dy tkk ytskge tk yn tady' Dlnedgb tant yklbkgb dy fdge tk kr' Ab ibstndgf okby

gkt cbfdbpb dg uant ab yny& cbinryb d` ab ano cbfdbpbo dg uant ab yndo& ab ukrfo tnjb tab

}sk}kydtdkg ab cbfdbpb ny tsrb dg nff k` ady okqnytdi nftbsgntdpby !Adgtdjjn& >403& }' ?4$' Sntabs

ab }sbtbgoy tk cbfdbpb dg dt& ydgib ab jgkuy pbs ubff tant ab tbffy n fdb' Crt dg ady }sbtbgib& ab nt

fbnyt lryt niib}ttady }sk}kydtdkg tk cb tsrb`ks tab }rs}kyb k` ikgpbsyntdkg' _ab niib}tngib dy

tab }sk}kydtdkgnf nttdtrob uadia okby gkt sb~rdsb tab nebgt tk tnjb dt ny tsrb dg nff tab nftbsgntdpby

ab ikgydobsy tady }sk}kydtdkg dy tsrb kgf dg }kyydcfb uksfoy uadia nsb `ks y}bnjbs tab fdpb

k}tdkgy nt tab }sbybgt ytneb k` ikgpbsyntdkg' _ab }sk}kydtdkg yanff cb tsbntbo tady un hryt `ks

yklb sbnykg& b' e'}fnggdge& dffrytsntdkg ksydl}fd`dge n ikllrgdintdkg'

Dg ebgbsnf& tabyb niib}tngiby nsb tab ebgrdgb }nsty k` tab ikllkg eskrgo' Ngo

}sbyr}}kydtdkgy nsb nttdtroby tkunsoy tabyb niib}tngiby' _abyb niib}tngiby& ny ubff ny cbfdb`y&

nsb yansbo' Yk tk lnjb dt ifbns8 }snelntdi }sbyr}}kydtdkgy nsb cbfdb`y nckrt uant dy n }nst k` n

ikllkg eskrgo uant dy lrtrnff niib}tbo `ks tab }rs}kyb k` ikgpbsyntdkg' ]snelntdi

}sbyr}}kydtdkg dy }sk}kydtdkgnf nttdtrob k` ybikgo ksobs& cbinryb dt dy tab nttdtrob tkunsoy

ngktabs nttdtrob'

Gku& ub ing `dgnff ob`dgb tab }snelntdi }sbyr}}kydtdkg8

Ob`' ? !]snelntdi }sbyr}}kydtdkg$8 Ng nebgt }snelntdinff }sbyr}}kyby tant

d`` ab niib}ty tant & ab cbfdbpby tant ktabs niib}ty& tant ngo ab cbfdbpby tant

ktabs cbfdbpb tant ab niib}ty '

?' ]sk}kydtdkg& ikgtbqt ngo tsrta dg ksodgns fngerneb

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6/10


Ub anpb nfsbno rybo tab gktdkg k` }sk}kydtdkg' Gku& dt dy tdlb tk ob`dgb dt ngo fkkj nt dt ifkybs'

Ub udff ytnst udta }sbfdldgns ob`dgdtdkg& uadia dy tk cb lkod`dbo dg tady ian}tbs8

Ob`' 2'> !]sk}kydtdkg$8 ]sk}kydtdkg dy n `rgitdkg `skl }kyydcfb uksfoy dgtk tsrta,

pnfrby' !Jsd}jb& >409& }' 1?$

_ady dy }skcncf tab ydl}fbyt niikrgt ub ing anpb& k` ikrsyb d` ub ok gkt ungt tk tnjb

}sk}kydtdkgy ny }sdldtdpb kchbity' Crt uant `ks ry dy n }sdldtdpb bgtdt dy tab }kyydcfb uksfo' _ady

dy kgb k` tab lklbgty k` ytnfgnjbsdng kstakokq' Niiksodge tk !Ytnfgnjbs& >45=$& dt dy yr``didbgt

`ks krs }rs}kyby tk edpb kgf dg`kslnf ngo ykst k` }sb,tabksbtdinf niikrgt k` }kyydcfb uksfoy'

Ngo tant dy skreaf ydldfns tk tab kgb k` Jsd}jby cnybo kg tab gktdkg k` ikrgtbs`nitrnf

ydtrntdkgy& d' b' yklb ydtrntdkg k}}kydtb tk nitrnf kgb !b' e' d` kr osdgj n ik``bb sdeat gku& dg

ikrgtbs`nitrnf ydtrntdkg kr nsb gkt okdge yk$8

!>$ Ebgbsnff& tadgey nsbg%t %`krgo krt% nckrt n ikrgtbs`nitrnf ydtrntdkg& tab nsb

ytd}rfntbo: !3$ }kyydcfb uksfoygbbo gkt cb edpbg }rsbf ~rnfdtntdpbf& ny d` ububsb fkkjdge nt tabl taskrea n tbfbyik}b' !Jsd}jb& >41=& }}' ?42=$

D ukrfo fdjb tk ytntb tkebtabs udta Jsd}jb ngo Ytnfgnjbs tant }kyydcfb uksfoy gbbo tk cb pdbubo

hryt ny n }rsbf obyisd}tdpb n}}nsntry `ks tab ytro k` fngerneb ngo takreat'

Gku& tabsb ing cb ng niibyydcdfdt sbfntdkg ob`dgbo dg tab fkedi k` }sbyr}}kydtdkgy' _ady

sb`fbity ng dl}kstngt `nit& tant tab rybsy k` ksodgns fngerneb nsb cbdgey udta fdldtbo ikegdtdpb

in}nidt' Ub ingt lngneb tk ek taskrea nff k` tab }kyydcfb uksfoy tk `dgo tab tsrta k` uant dy

yndo& ub nsb nfuny okdge yk sbfntbo tk yklb fdldtbo ikgtbqt& obyisdcbo ny tab ybt U& uadia

edpby ry tab }kyydcfb uksfoy tant nsb tab kchbity k` krs lrtrnf dgtbsbyt dg ybnsia `ks tsrta' _ab

~rbytdkg nsdyby8 nsbgt ub kcfdebo tk sbob`dgb tab }sk}kydtdkg& d` ub nsb y}bnjdge k` tab tsrta dg

ksodgns fngerneb; Ub jgku pbs ubff tant ub ing ikgytsrit tab `kslnf fngerneby tant ing cb

dgtbs}sbtbo tkunsoy dg`dgdtb ybt k` }kyydcfb uksfoy' Crt dy dt nob~rntb tk ok tady dgtbs}sbtntdkg `ks

ksodgns fngerneb; Dygt dt tkk lria tk yn; D yn tant dt dy dgnob~rntb& ydgib ksodgns fngerneb&

ny ub yndo hryt n lklbgt nek& dy }bs`kslbo c ikegdtdpbf fdldtbo y}bnjbsy uakyb b}dytbldi

ytntby nsb }nst k` tab ikgtbqt sbfbpngt `ks obtbsldgdge uant }sk}kydtdkg dy cbdge bq}sbyybo dg

ibstndg odyikrsyb' _ab ikgtbqt,dgob}bgobgt dgtbs}sbtntdkg tab dgtbs}sbtntdkg sbfntdpb tk dg`dgdtb

ybt k` yllbtsdinff sbniancfb }kyydcfb uksfoy dy dg `nit dgtbs}sbtntdkg k` fngerneb& uadia

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7/10


gkcko anpb bpbs y}kjbg& cbinryb dt dy tab dgtbs}sbtntdkg k` tab fngerneb& uadia okby gkt gbbo

}snelntdi `nitksy tk obtbsldgb dty lbngdge ngo tsrta'

Ub ing ifndl8 }sk}kydtdkgy nsb dgodpdorntbo c }snelntdi }sbyr}}kydtdkgy' Dt cbinlb

ryrnf tk niib}t tant }snelntdi `nitksy abf} tk obtbsldgb uadia }sk}kydtdkg dy bq}sbyybo& crt gkt

tk yn tant tab yklbaku ikgytsrit tabyb bgtdtdby& ny ifndly Ytnfgnjbs dg tady fkge ~rktntdkg

isridnf tk lnjb ifbns uant }kydtdkg dy tab kgb D `dgo pnfdo8

''' n sblnsj nckrt aku yblngtdiy ngo }snelntdiy `dt tkebtabs' _ab lndg tnyj k`

yblngtdiy dy tk }skpdob srfby `ks tab obtbsldgntdkg k` tab }sk}kydtdkgy bq}sbyybo

c ybgtbgiby' Ngo }sk}kydtdkgy& D anpb yndo D udff nyyrlb& nsb `rgitdkgy `skl

}kyydcfb uksfoy ''' dgtk tsrta,pnfrby' Uant tab ikgtbqt }skpdoby dy tab oklndg k`

}kyydcfb uksfoy tant }sk}kydtdkg odytdgerdya cbtubbg' Yblngtdiy dg ebgbsnf edpby

ry srfby `ks }dijdge n yrcybt k` }kyydcfb ydtrntdkgy `skl yria n oklndg' Kg tady

jdgo k` niikrgt& ikgtbqt dy gkt hryt dg`kslntdkg tant lbodntby cbtubbg rttbsngib

ngo }sk}kydtdkg: dt dy lntbsdnf krt k` uadia }sk}kydtdkgy nsb ikgytsritbo'

!Ytnfgnjbs& >444& }' >20$

_ary tab `kstaikldge lkod dintdkg dy hryt ng bqtbgydkg k` tab gktdkg k` }sk}kydtdkg'

Ob`' 2'3 !]sk}kydtdkg$8 ]sk}kydtdkg dy n `rgitdkg `skl tab }kyydcfb uksfoy

ikgtndgbo dg tab ikgtbqt dgtk tsrta,pnfrby'4

Uant dy lksb& tady bqtbgydkg yakrfo cb tsbntbo ny n ebgbsnf niikrgt k` }sk}kydtdkg& cbinryb d`

yklb ikgtbqt dy ncfb tk edpb ry ng dg`dgdtb ifnyy k` lrtrnff sbniancfb }kyydcfb uksfoy& tady inyb

dy b~rdpnfbgt tk ydtrntdkg dg Ob`' 2'>& uadia dl}fdidtf sb~rdsby tady ikgodtdkg tk cb yntdy`dbo'

Sdianso Lkgtnerb !Lkgtnerb& >45=$ dgtskoriby tuk }birfdns ngo sbfntbo gktdkgy8

}snelntdi fngerneb ngo}kdgt k` sb`bsbgib' ]snelntdi fngerneb F dy ydl}f tab fngerneb uadia

dy dgtbs}sbtbo tkunsoy yklb ikgtbqt k` ryb' Ub ing ifndl tant ksodgns fngerneb dy k` tady t}b'

_ab ikgtbqt k` ryb Lkgtnerb fncbfy c Ongn Yiktty tbsl}kdgt k` sb`bsbgib'

@ks bqnl}fb& d` tab kgf dgobqdinf `bntrsby k` F ubsb tab }sbybgib k` tbgyb

k}bsntksy ngo tab `dsyt }bsykg %D%& tabg n }kdgt k` sb`bsbgib ldeat cb ng ksobsbo

4 Dt dy nfyk hryt n pnsdntdkg kg tab niikrgt edpbg dg !Jsd}jb& >409$'

5


8/10


}nds ikgydytdge k` n }bsykg ngo n sbnf grlcbs& rgobsytkko sby}bitdpbf ny tab

y}bnjbs ngo tab lklbgt k` rttbsngib' !}' 354$

_ady ub yakrfo rgobsytngo ny n pbs ydl}fb obyisd}tdkg k` ikgtbqt k` tab rttbsngib ng ksobsbo

ybt k` }snelntdi dgodiby sbfbpngt `ks dgtbs}sbtntdkg' Crt dt dy bgkrea `ks `kffkudge }rs}kyb8 ub

ing ybb yklb cnydi ikgtbqt,ob}bgobgib k` }snelntdi fngerneb' Ub yakrfo ifndl tant tab

}snelntdi fngerneb dy bpbs ksodgns fngerneb& ydgib tk obg tab ikgtbqt,ob}bgobgi k` gntrsnf

fngerneb dy tk obg dty lkyt dgtsdgydi `bntrsb'

Ytnfgnjbsy }sk}kynf yreebyty n yfdeatf od``bsbgt tsbntlbgt' ]kdgt k` sb`bsbgib dy ob`dgbo

ny tab nlkrgt k` dg`kslntdkg ikgpbbo c }snelntdi }sbyr}}kydtdkgy k` tab nebgty dg odyikrsyb'

Sntabs ny ng ksobsbo ybt k` dgodiby ub tsbnt dt ny n ybt k` }sk}kydtdkgy lrtrnff sbikegdxbo ny tab

ikllkg eskrgo' Bpbg n tdlb ks n }fnib k` tab rttbsngib dy tab }nst k` tady dg`kslntdkg ubc

rgobsfdge ikllrgdintdkg' Akubpbs& dt dy okrct`rf d` rgobs gkslnf ikgodtdkgy , tabsb yakrfo

cb yklb nebgt uak uny rgncfb tk }sbyr}}kyb tab sdeat pnfrby k` tady `bntrsby k` tab rttbsngib'

Yk nff }snelntdi `nitksy yakrfo cb sbfntbo tkebtabs dg tady pdbu c lbngy k` cbdge }sbyr}}kybo

c lblcbsy k` tab odyikrsyb'

2' Ebgbsnf niikrgt k` tsrta,obtbsldgntdkg pdn }snelntdi }sbyr}}kydtdkg

_ab ikllrgdintdkg ytnsty kg n edpbg ikllkg eskrgo ikl}kybo c yansbo cnijeskrgo cbfdb`

nckrt uant dy lrtrnff niib}tbo' _abyb }snelntdi }sbyr}}kydtdkgy ob`dgb tab sngeb k` }kyydcfb

uksfoy uadia nsb sbniancfb ngo tary tab ikgtbqt ybt dy ob`dgbo' Kg tabl ngo kgf tabl tab

}sk}kydtdkgy cbdge nyybstbo dg n ikrsyb k` tab ikgpbsyntdkg nsb ob`dgbo tkk' Yk yklb }kyydcfb

uksfoy nsb srfbo nt tab cbedggdge k` ikgpbsyntdkg tab nsb gkt tab inyb' Dg noodtdkg& lkyt k`

tab rttbsngiby dg tab odyikrsyb tsdeebs yklb ktabs }sbyr}}kydtdkgy ny ubff' _ab gbu }dbib k`

dg`kslntdkg bgtbsy tab ikgtbqt ngo iangeby tab ikllkg eskrgo tary tab sngeb k` }kyydcfb

uksfoy kg uadia tab }sk}kydtdkgy nsb ob`dgbo& dy sbob`dgbo' Uabg tab }rs}kyb k` ikgpbsyntdkg dy

sbniabo& tabsb dy kgf kgb nftbsgntdpb uadia dy }kyydcfb dg sby}bit tk tady }rs}kyb ngo nebgty

iklb tk tab tsrta' _absb ikrfo sndyb ktabs nftbsgntdpby gku& crt bnia kgb `skl tady lklbgt udff

ikgtndg tab dg`kslntdkg ni~rdsbo `skl }sbibodge ikllrgdintdkg' _ady ub yakrfo tnjb ny tab

ebgbsnf niikrgt k` tsrta,obtbsldgntdkg pdn }snelntdi }sbyr}}kydtdkg'

N}}bgodq8 Sb`bsbgtdnf ngo nttsdcrtdpb ryb k` ob`dgdtb obyisd}tdkg

1


9/10


@kffkudge ybitdkg dy n csdb` inyb ytro' Lktdpntdkg tk dgtskorib dt dg tady }n}bs dy tk dffrytsntb

kr tab obtbsldgntdkg k` tsrta,pnfrb pdn }snelntdi }sbyr}}kydtdkg dg `fnesngtd' D ak}b tant tab

udff }skpdob yklb }bsyrnydpb hkc ny ubff' D udff ckssku `ks tady }rs}kyb n `nlkry inyb k` Jbdta

Okgbffnggy niikrgt k` nttsdcrtdpb ngo sb`bsbgtdnf ryb k` ob`dgdtb obyisd}tdkg !Okgbffng& >400$'

Skcbst Ytnfgnjbs nok}ty ady ykfrtdkg k` tady }rxxfb dg !Ytnfgnjbs& >45=$ ngo D udya tk }sbybgt dt

ny tab ebgrdgb inyb k` tab }abgklbgkg l tnfj odyiryby'

Uant dy tab sb`bsbgtdnf+nttsdcrtdpb ryb k` tab ob`dgdtb obyisd}tdkg; Okgbffng bq}fndgy tady

odytdgitdkg ny `kffkuy8

N y}bnjbs uak ryby n ob`dgdtb obyisd}tdkg nttsdcrtdpbf dg ng nyybstdkg ytntby

yklbtadge nckrt uakbpbs ks uantbpbs dy tab yk,ngo,yk' N y}bnjbs uak ryby n

ob`dgdtb obyisd}tdkg sb`bsbgtdnff dg ng nyybstdkg& kg tab ktabs ango& ryby tab

obyisd}tdkg tk bgncfb ady nrodbgib tk }dij krt uakl ks uant ab dy tnfjdge nckrt

ngo ytntby yklbtadge nckrt tant }bsykg ks tadge' !Okgbffng& >400& }' 312$

Ob`dgdtb obyisd}tdkg dy tab t}dinf bqnl}fb k` yk inffbo}sbyr}}kydtdkg tsdeebs n fbqdinf dtbl

ks fdgerdytdi ikgytsritdkg uadia dy sby}kgydcfb `ks tab }sbyr}}kydtdkg' !Jnolkg& 3==>& }' >=$

_ant lbngy uabsbpbs tab tsdeebs kiirsy& tab }sbyr}}kydtdkg dy ikgpbbo ny ubff '>=

_njb `ks dgytngib ybgtbgib

!5$ _ab lng dg tab }rs}fb trstfbgbij yadst dy cnfo'

_ab ob`dgdtb obyisd}tdkg dg !5$ yakrfo cb rybo ckta sb`bsbgtdnff ngo nttsdcrtdpbf' Dg tab `kslbs&

tab obyisd}tdkg }dijy krt tab kgb ngo tab kgf kgb dgodpdornf yria tant dy ubnsdge tab }rs}fb

trstfbgbij' Crt dg tab inyb k` tab fnttbs& gk odytdgit dgodpdornf dy sb~rdsbo tk cb }dijbo krt dt dy

nckrt ngkgb uak `dty tab obyisd}tdkg'

Dg ytnfgnjbsdng }ditrsb& tady ydtrntdkg dy sb`fbitbo dg od``bsbgt ikgytbffntdkgy k` ikgtbqt'

Sb`bsbgtdnf ryb k` tab ob`dgdtb obyisd}tdkg nfuny dgpkfpby n }sbyr}}kydtdkg k` rgd~rb ynfdbgt

dgodpdornf uadia y}bnjbs dgtbgoy tk sb`bs tk' _ant lbngy tant tab srfb `ks }dijdge r} tab bgtdt

nckrt uadia dy tab obyisd}tdkg dy dgiks}ksntbo dgtk tab ikllkg eskrgo ngo tary& ny ub yndo& dy

dgobbo tab }nst k` ikgtbqt !Ytnfgnjbs& >45=$ Kg tab ktabs ango& nttsdcrtdpb ryb sb~rdsby kgf tab

}sbyr}}kydtdkg tant yklb rgy}bid`dbo bgtdt `dty tab obyisd}tdkg `ks tab ynjb k` tab ytntblbgt !5$

>= Dg ikgtbqt k` tnfj nckrt tab }snelntdi }sbyr}}kydtdkg& dt lbngy tant rgobs gkslnf ikgodtdkgy tab y}bnjbs

}sbyr}}kyb tady dg rttbsdge edpbg ybgtbgib dgifrodge yria n tsdeebs'

4


10/10


cbdge bdtabs tsrb ks `nfyb' Yk ub nsb ytdff dg gbbo tk `dgo yklb dgodpdornf& uadia yntdy`dby tady

obyisd}tdkg& ngo gk dgodiby uadia kgb uny lbngt ks bpbg d` yklb dy lbngt nt nff nsb }skpdobo'

Aku dt dy udta tsrta,pnfrb; Ubff& dt ob}bgoy kg uant dy }sbyr}}kybo' D` tabsb dy

}sbyr}}kybo n ibstndg sb`bsbgt k` tab obyisd}tdkg& !5$ udff cb tsrb d` ngo kgf d` tady sb`bsbgt

bqdyty' Uant dy tab lkyt dl}kstngt `bntrsb k` tady niikrgt& tady ybgtbgib ing cb tsrb bpbg d` tab

sb`bsbgt dg `nit okby gkt ubns tant }rs}fb }dbib k` ifktaby' Uant lnttbsy dy ady cnfogbyy' D` tabsb

dy n cnfo dgodpdornf ngo dt dy kcpdkry `ks nebgty tant y}bnjbs ukrfo fdjb tk sb`bs tk adl tant

lbngy tant dt dy }sbyr}}kybo uak dy tab sb`bsbgt tab ybgtbgib !5$ dy tsrb bpbg d` tab }bsykg okby

gkt `dt tab obyisd}tdkg' _ab ynlb }sk}kydtdkg dy cbdge nyybstbo ckta d` ab dy ubnsdge tab }rs}fb

trstfbgbij yadst ks gkt' Crt tab }sbyr}}kydtdkg , uak dy tab sb`bsbgt , dy sb~rdsbo `ks lnjdge tady

ytntblbgt tsrb' D`& kg tab ktabs ango& tab obyisd}tdkg dy rybo nttsdcrtdpbf& !5$ dy tsrb d` tab

}sbyr}}kydtdkg tant yklbtadge dy ubnsdge }rs}fb trstfbgbij dy tsrb'

_ady dy }kyydcfb kg tab nyyrl}tdkg tant sb`bsbgib dy tab }snelntdi }abgklbgkg'

Ytnfgnjbs yny dt ifbns bgkrea8 ''' sb`bssdge dy yklbtadge okgb c }bk}fb udta tbsly& ngo gkt c

tbsly tablybfpby' !Ytnfgnjbs& >45=$ Dt `kffkuy `skl tady tsbntlbgt udta ob`dgdtb obyisd}tdkgy

tant rttbsngiby dgpkfpdge tab gkrg }asnyby nsb ebgbsnff}snelntdinff nlcderkry uant dy yndo

c tabl dy tab lnttbs k` ryb& tary tab lnttbs k` uant dy }sbyr}}kybo' >>

>> Ngktabs bqnl}fb k` }snelntdinff nlcderkry ytntblbgt dy Dt ln cb tant ]' Dt ing cb bdtabs tab bq}sbyydkg k`lkonf }sk}kydtdkg ks tab bq}fdidt ytntblbgt tant ] dy gkt }sbyr}}kybo'

>=

pragmatic presupposition as truth-determinant in ordinary language

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