AP US HISTORY 1.7

01. Henry David Thoreau did all the following EXCEPT (A) wrote "that if a man does not keep pace with his companions, perhaps it is because he hears a different drummer" (B) believed "that government is best which governs not at all" (C) exercised an influence on Gandhi's concept of passive resistance (D) refused to pay his Massachusetts poll tax on the ground that it advanced the cause of slavery (E) opposed abolitionism as being disruptive.

02. In the Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions, Thomas Jefferson and James Madison asserted that (A) the states, not the Supreme Court, were the final judges of the limits of federal power (B) the states were creations of the federal government (C) the federal judiciary was the sole arbiter of the constitutionality of federal and state laws (D) the "implied powers" of the Constitution gave the president the power to enforce the Alien and Sedition Acts (E) a "dual presidency" modeled on ancient Rome's consulship would serve to protect the states from the federal government.

03. John C. Calhoun's political theory that the states were the only proper judges of whether the federal government had exceeded the powers delegated to it was known as the doctrine of (A) judicial review (B) preemption and graduation (C) nullification (D) abolitionism (E) checks and balances.

04. Identify the following: "...the American continents...are henceforth not to be considered as subjects for future colonization by any European powers...... and the "policy [of the United States] in regard to Europe ... is not to interfere in the internal concerns of any of its powers..." (A) Washington's "Farewell Address" (B) Preamble to treaty with France for the purchase of Louisiana (C) Monroe Doctrine (D) Washington's "Proclamation of Neutrality" (E) Treaty of Ghent ending the War of 1812.

05. At the Seneca Falls Woman's Rights Convention organized by Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth Cady Stanton in 1848, the delegates (A) organized a political party to nominate candidates for public office (B) unanimously endorsed the ratification of an amendment to the Constitution giving women the right to vote in national elections (C) accepted the prevailing wisdom that women were endowed with weaker intellectual abilities than men (D) issued the pamphlet, Treatise on Domestic Economy, instructing women on how to make their homes more efficient and more moral (E) declared that "all men and women are created equal" and that "the history of mankind is a history of repeated injuries and usurpations on the part of man toward woman..."

06. To most Americans in the 1840s and 1850s, the idea of Manifest Destiny meant (A) God had "manifestly" destined the American people for a hemispheric career (B) slavery should not be allowed to spread into the new territories (C) efforts should be undertaken to educate the Indians (D) the United States was destined to become involved in a war with Great Britain (E) Roman Catholics should not be allowed to immigrate to the United States.

07. In 1914, President Woodrow Wilson sent General John J. Pershing into Mexico with the purpose of ending raids on United States soil and capturing (A) Pancho Villa (B) Porfirio Diaz (C) Francisco Madera (D) Venustinano Carranza (E) Victorians Huerta.

08. In 1831, Nat Turner organized and led a slave insurrection in Southhampton County, Virginia, that resulted in (A) the gradual and compensated emancipation of the majority of slaves in Virginia (B) Increased miscegenation between the white and slave populations of the slave states (C) the immediate emancipation and eventual transportation of Nat Turner and his followers to Santo Domingo (D) Congress passing a stringent fugitive slave law (E) the Southern states expanding their militia systems and strengthening the slave codes.

09. At the Hartford Convention which was held from December 15, 1814, to January 5, 1815, the Federalist delegates did all the following EXCEPT (A) manifested their discontent with the War of 1812 (B) asserted the doctrine of states' rights (C) recommended a constitutional amendment which would require a two-thirds vote of Congress to declare war and admit new states (D) renominated DeWitt Clinton, governor of New York, for president (E) attempted to secure financial assistance from Washington because the shores of New England were being blockaded by British squadrons.

10. Following the assassination of the Archduke Franz Ferdinand in June 1914,Austria declared war on (A) Russia (B) Bosnia (C) Germany (D) Serbia (E) Herzegovina.

11. The nation that perhaps suffered the MOST devastation in World War I was (A) France (B) Italy (C) Germany (D) Great Britain (E) Russia.

12. The case of Nicola Sacco and Bartolomco Vanzetti in the 1920s best illustrated (A) America's "Return to Normalcy." (B) the lack of compassion toward immigrants (C) the treatment of Italians (D) the reckless vigilante spirit that existed in the Southern states (E) the extent of the "Red Scare."

13. W.C. Handy, Joe "King" Oliver, and "Jelly Roll" Morton were known for their accomplishments in (A) jazz (B) baseball (C) the civil rights movement (D) boxing (E) football.

14. The Reconstruction Finance Corporation and the Home Loan Bank Act of 1932 were enacted during what United States president's administration to help ease the effects of the Great Depression? (A) Herbert Hoover (B) Franklin D. Roosevelt (C) Calvin Coolidge (D) William H. Taft (E) Harry S. Truman.

15. Abraham Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation (A) freed the slaves in the border states and the District of Columbia (B) freed the slaves only in those areas still in rebellion in the South (C) freed the slaves only in those areas of the South occupied by the Union army (D) authorized Union officers to free slaves only if the masters were compensated (E) provided for the resettlement of freed slaves in Africa.

16. McCarthyism in the 1950s was an attempt to reveal (A) communist infiltration in the United States government (B) corruption in the Truman administration (C) the plot to sell weapons to belligerent nations (D) misuse of corporate funds for political purposes (E) the dangers of nuclear energy.

17. How many times was Franklin Roosevelt elected president? (A) 3 (B) 4 (C) 5 (D) 6 (E) 7.

18. The jury in the 1735 trial of John Peter Zenger for the seditious libel of New York's governor (A) found Zenger guilty of fostering "an ill opinion of the government." (B) declared that the governor could censor the press (C) asserted that restrictions on the freedom of the press were unconstitutional (D) could not reach a verdict and dismissed the charges against Zenger (E) acquitted Zenger of libel because his criticism of the governor had been true.

19. The FIRST permanent European settlement in North America was (A) Jamestown, in what is now Virginia (B) New Orleans, in what is now Louisiana (C) Santa Fe, in what is now New Mexico (D) St. Augustine, in what is now Florida (E) Mobile, in what is now Alabama.

20. The headright system adopted in the Virginia colony (A) determined the eligibility of a settler for voting and holding office (B) toughened the laws applying to indentured servants (C) gave fifty acres of land to anyone who could transport himself to the colony (D) encouraged the development of urban centers (E) prohibited the settlement of single men and women in the colony.

21. Roger Williams believed thatI. religious dissenters should be expelled from any colony.Il. the state should not impose any authority in matters of faith.III. ministers should assume more authority in governmental matters.IV. colonists had no right to land until it was purchased from the Indians.

(A) I and II only (B) II and III only (C) II and IV only (D) I, II, and III only (E) I, II, III, and IV.

22. In the 16th century which nation dominated the exploration and colonization of the Americas? (A) France (B) England (C) Spain (D) Portugal (E) Italy.

23. Who wrote the pamphlet, Common Sense, that introduced a new element into the colonial debate with Britain by attacking not only King George III but also the idea of monarchy? (A) Thomas Paine (B) John Locke (C) Thomas Jefferson (D) Patrick Henry (E) Benjamin Franklin.

24. John Locke asserted all the following principles in his contract theory of government EXCEPT: (A) property ought never be taken from people without their consent (B) human liberty can never be secure when arbitrary power of any kind exists (C) if the king violates the rights of the people, the people have the right of revolution (D) government is an unnecessary evil and should be replaced by voluntary cooperation among individuals and groups (E) man's happiness and security are the ends for which government came into existence.

25. By 1730, blacks were a majority of what mainland English colony's population? (A) Virginia (B) Maryland (C) South Carolina (D) Georgia (E) North Carolina.

26. The 1925 Scopes trial in Dayton,Tennessee (A) concerned the struggle to tax church property in Tennessee (B) was an effort by the state of Tennessee to ban the use of snakes in religious services (C) focused on the efforts of the Protestant fundamentalists to impose prohibition on the state (D) demonstrated the rural fundamentalist belief that the theory of evolution was a subversive attempt to destroy the meaning of the Bible (E) supported the efforts of the Ku Klux Klan to prevent southern European immigrants from settling in the state.

27. During the colonial period, most of the attempts to abolish slavery were led by (A) Anglican bishops (B) Quakers (C) the yeomen farmers of the South (D) the free black population of New England (E) Methodist ministers.

28. At the beginning of the 18th century, how did the English colonies differ from the Spanish colonies in the Americas? (A) Spain permitted its colonies a greater degree of self-government (B) While private investment was responsible for the development of the Spanish colonies, royal money was primarily responsible for the development of the English colonies (C) The compact pattern of Spanish settlements sharply contrasted with the English pattern of far-flung settlements (D) Unlike the Spanish, the English allowed settlers from a variety of nationalities and dissenting sects (E) The Spanish colonies were more responsive to the new circumstances of the Americas than the English colonies.

29. The new constitutions adopted by the states during the American Revolution vested power in theI. courtsII. legislaturesIll. Governors

(A) I only (B) II only (C) III only (D) I and II (E) II and III.

30. The measure passed by the Confederation Congress prohibiting slavery in the Western territories above the Ohio River was the (A) Northwest Ordinance (B) Articles of Confederation (C) Proclamation of 1763 (D) Treaty of Paris, 1783 (E) Homestead Act.

31. The Declaration of Independence as adopted by the Second Continental Congress on July 4, 1776 (A) criticized the king for encouraging the slave trade (B) reflected the belief that property owners, men and women, should be allowed to vote (C) shifted the burden of colonial criticisms from the king to Parliament (D) declared that the divine right of kings was the ultimate source of authority (E) maintained that the people could overthrow a government not based on the consent of the governed.

32. In countering the cry of the American colonists of "no taxation without representation," the British developed the concept that every member of Parliament represented the interests of the entire empire. This was known as (A) actual representation (B) direct representation (C) virtual representation (D) royal prerogative (E) popular sovereignty.

33. In which of the following areas of America did the French mostly settle? (A) Hudson Bay (B) Chesapeake Bay (C) St. Lawrence Valley and the West Indies (D) Hudson Valley (E) Delaware Valley.

34. The Connecticut Compromise solved the Constitutional Convention's deadlock over(A) taxation (B) the regulation of foreign trade (C) the requirements for voting in national elections (D) representation in Congress (E) the presidential veto.

35. The Continental Congress adopted the Articles of Confederation in November 1777, but the states did not ratify them until March 1781. This delay was caused by (A) the reluctance of New England merchants to give the central government the power to regulate foreign commerce (B) the opposition of Southern planters to giving the central government the authority to impose tariffs (C) the issue of whether the Confederation Congress or the states would administer the lands in the West (D) disputes over the claims to Indian lands within the states (E) the debate over the powers of the judicial branch of the central government.

36. Under the Articles of ConfederationI. the national government did not have the power to impose taxes on the citizens of the state.II. the states were to retain their individual sovereignty and each, regardless of population,

was to have one vote in the Confederation Congress.III. there was to be no single, separate, powerful executive.IV. an amendment required the approval of all the states. (A) I only (B) II only (C) I and II only (D) I, II, and IV only (E) I, II, III and IV.

37. The Bill of RightsI. delegated to the federal government all the rights not specifically given to the states.II. extended the franchise to all white male adult property owners.III. guaranteed the right to freedom of speech, press, and religion.IV. established a viable two-party political system.

(A) I only (B) II only (C) III only (D) I, III and IV only (E) I, II, III, and IV.

38. In Federalist Number 10, James Madison argued that (A) political parties would harm the nation (B) a republican form of government could not work in a nation as large as the United States (C) liberty and order could not be protected in a large republic (D) there should be an educational and property qualification for voting (E) the very size and diversity of the nation would make it impossible for any single faction to form a majority which could dominate the nation.

39. Which of the following authors is NOT correctly paired with a novel or short story that he wrote? (A) Herman Melville: Moby Dick (B) James Fenimore Cooper: Conspiracy of Pontiac (C) Nathaniel Hawthorne: The Scarlet Letter (D) Washington Irving: Rip Van Winkle (E) Edgar Allen Poe: The Fall of the House of Usher.

40. The Supreme Court's decision in McCulloch v. MarylandI. weakened the implied powers of the Congress.II. asserted the principle of strict and limited construction of the Constitution.III. confirmed the Hamiltonian or "loose" interpretation of the Constitution.IV. established the constitutionality of the Bank of the United States.(A) I only(B) I and II only(C) I, II and III only (D) III and IV only (E) I, II, III, and IV.

41. The Republican party that developed around Thomas Jefferson and James Madison in its early stages (A) supported legislation for a protective tariff (B) favored a strong central government (C) was an alliance of local and state groups greatly influenced by parochial issues and personalities (D) advocated a broad interpretation of the Constitution (E) introduced legislation creating a national bank.

42. In order to secure the support of Thomas Jefferson and James Madison for the federal assumption of state debts, Alexander Hamilton promised (A) to resign as Secretary of the Treasury (B) to sponsor legislation favoring the expansion of slavery (C) to support the locating of a permanent capital for the nation on the Potomac (D) to withdraw his proposal for the levying of a protective tariff (E) to endorse Jefferson as a presidential candidate.

43. The Whiskey Rebellion among the frontier farmers of western Pennsylvania ended when(A) Alexander Hamilton negotiated a reduced tax with the farmers (B) Congress agreed to repeal the tax (C) the Supreme Court declared the tax unconstitutional (D) Washington sent an army to put down revolt (E) Congress levied a high tariff on imported whiskey.

44. Thomas Jefferson hesitated in accepting the Louisiana Purchase because (A) it would bring the United States into conflict with the interests of Spain in North America (B) Alexander Hamilton and the Federalists opposed expanding the United States west of the Mississippi River (C) he believed the Constitution did not give him the authority to acquire new land (D) it would involve the United States in an entangling alliance with a European country (E) it would open new lands to slavery.

45. The United States policy of Lend-Lease in 1940 benefited what allied nation the most? (A) France (B) Great Britain (C) Denmark (D) Finland (E) Sweden.

46. The fascist ideology in Italy contained all of the following characteristics EXCEPT: (A) ownership of private property continued (B) a capitalistic economic system continued (C) many political parties nominated candidates (D) the state was totalitarian (E) tight government regulations existed.

47. The policy of appeasement toward Adolf Hitler in 1938 was most typified in the (A) Munich conference (B) Teheran conference (C) Potsdam conference (D) Yalta conference (E) Berlin Conference.

48. The act that proved to be the turning point of World War II was (A) Hitler's decision to invade North Africa (B) the dropping of the atomic bomb on Hiroshima (C) the invasion of Russia by Germany (D) Italy's invasion of Greece (E) the United States attack at the Battle of the Bulge.

49. Which of the following represents an 1842 treaty between the United States and Great Britain which was concerned in part with joint Anglo American efforts to suppress the African slave trade? (A) Adams-Onis Treaty (B) Webster-Ashburton Treaty (C) Clayton-Bulwer Treaty (D) Hay-Pauncefote Treaty (E) Rush-Bagot Treaty.

50. The MOST persuasive single instrument of anti-slavery propaganda written in response to the Fugitive Slave Law of 1850 was (A) Harriet Beecher Stowe's Uncle Tom's Cabin. (B) Henry David Thoreau's On Civil Disobedience (C) Hinton Rowan Helper's Impending Crisis (D) George Fitzhugh's Cannibals All (E) Frederick Douglass' My Bondage.

51. Who led a violent raid on the federal arsenal at Harper's Ferry Virginia, in an attempt to ferment a general slave revolt? (A) Nat Turner (B) William Lloyd Garrison (C) Gabriel Prosser(D) David Walker (E) John Brown.

52. Stephen A. Douglas, senator from Illinois, framed the Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854) mainly because he (A) wanted Southern support for a transcontinental railroad with a terminus at Chicago (B) opposed the doctrine of popular sovereignty (C) endorsed the Free-Soil party's creed: "free soil, free speech, free labor and free men" (D) wanted Southern support for the presidency (E) favored a transcontinental railroad being built through New Mexico.

53. In the Lincoln-Douglas debates between Stephen A. Douglas and Abraham Lincoln (A) Douglas issued the "Freeport Doctrine," which said that state and territorial legislatures could make slavery's existence impossible by not enacting the laws necessary for slavery (B) neither Lincoln nor Douglas was willing to alienate the South by condemning slavery (C) Lincoln defended popular sovereignty (D) both Lincoln and Douglas denounced slavery on moral grounds and advocated racial equality (E) Lincoln proposed the gradual emancipation and colonization of slaves.

54. The phrase "to the victor belongs the spoils" is closely associated with (A) George Washington's "Farewell Address" (B) General Cornwallis' surrender at Yorktown (C) the Treaty of Ghent ending the War of 1812 (D) Andrew Jackson's idea concerning patronage and rotation in office (E) George Washington's defense of his first cabinet appointments.

55. The Missouri Compromise (1820) (A) was opposed by John C. Calhoun, Henry Clay, and Daniel Webster (B) provided for the gradual and compensated emancipation of slaves in Missouri (C) altered the balance of power in the Senate in favor of the free states (D) prohibited slavery in the Louisiana territory north of 36'30" (E) was vetoed by the president, James Monroe.

56. The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (Mormons), Adventists, and Shakers originated (A) in Germany during the Protestant Reformation (B) in the manufacturing districts of England during the Industrial Revolution (C) in the colleges of New England (D) in the "Burned-Over District" of upstate New York in the 1830s (E) during the American Revolution as a protest to Anglican dogma.

57. In response to Andrew Jackson's toast: "Our Union- It must be preserved!" who toasted: "The Union, next to our liberty most dear! May we all remember that it can only be preserved by respecting the rights of the states and distributing equally the benefit and the burden of the Union"? (A) Henry Clay (B) Robert Y. Hayne (C) Daniel Webster (D) Stephen A. Douglas (E) John C. Calhoun.

58. In the presidential election of 1860, the major issue to Southern slaveowners was the (A) passage of a federal slave code (B) falling price of cotton and rising cost of slaves (C) immediate abolition of slavery (D) extension of slavery (E) admission of California as a slave state.

59. The controversy over the presidential election in 1876 between Samuel J. Tilden and Rutherford B. Hayes arose because (A) the Greenback-Labor Party's presidential candidate prevented either Tilden or Hayes from winning a majority of the electoral votes (B) no candidate received a majority of the popular vote as required by the Constitution (C) three Southern states, South Carolina, Louisiana, and Florida, submitted contested electoral votes (D) the Democratic Party withdrew its nomination of Tilden (E) Ulysses S. Grant, the incumbent president, refused to vacate the presidency to either Tilden or Hayes.

60. General Winfield Scott's "Anaconda" strategy for securing a Union victory over the Confederate StatesI. proposed a naval blockade of the European countries shipping the Confederacy military

supplies.II. proposed a naval blockade of the Confederacy's Atlantic and Gulf coastlines.III. proposed to divide and subdivide the Confederacy by gaining control of the Mississippi,

Tennessee, and Cumberland rivers.IV. was supported by the press as being prudent and brilliant.(A) I and II only (B) II and Ill only (C) III and IV only (D) I, II, and III only (E) II, III, and IV

only.

61. The "court-packing" scheme proposed by President Franklin D. Roosevelt on February 5, 1937,I. was triggered by Supreme Court decisions that undid much of the first New Deal.II. was withdrawn when a majority of the Supreme Court justices retired.III. became unneccssary when the Supreme Court began reversing previous decisions and

upholding New Deal legislation.IV. was replaced by a Judiciary bill that denied the president the power to enlarge the federal

courts but conceded badly needed procedural reforms.(A) I and II only (B) I, II, and IV only (C) I, III, and IV only (D) II, III, and IV only (E) I, II,

III and IV.

62. What vice-president, charged with accepting bribes and kickbacks while he was a county executive, pleaded nolo contendere to tax evasion charges and resigned from office? (A) Walter Mondale (B) Spiro T. Agnew (C) John D. Calhoun (D) Nelson Rockefeller (E) Richard Nixon.

63. The MuckrakersI. were crusading journalists, novelists, historians, economists, sociologists, and philosophers who exposed corruption in government and business.II. aroused the public to support consumer protection reforms, direct election of senators, municipal ownership of utilities, and the city manager system.III. were partly responsible for the success of the Progressive movement in the period before World War I. (A) I only (B) II only (C) III only (D) I and II only (E) I, II, and III.

64. The MOST effective Progressive political reformer who experimented with programs in his state was (A) Theodore Roosevelt (B) Woodrow Wilson (C) Robert La Follette (D) William Howard Taft (E) Eugene V. Debs.

65. Helen Hunt Jackson's book entitled A Century of Dishonor (1880) recounted (A) American imperialism and its effects on the middle class (B) discriminatory practices employed by the United States government against African-Americans (C) the atrocities of the Spanish-American War (D) the long record of broken treaties and injustices against American Indians (E) the abuses involving big business trusts in America.

66. The Populist Party in the 1890s had a great economic and political impact on the United States mainly due to (A) the elimination of the Income tax (B) its platform that raised the issue of uncontrolled industrial capitalism (C) James B. Weaver's advocacy of complete government ownership of all railroads (D) the free gold issue (E) its fight against the presidential veto.

67. When World War I broke out in Europe, public sentiment in the United States sympathized mainly with the (A) Triple Entente (B) League of Nations (C) United Nations (D) Triple Alliance (E) Great Alliance.

68. For the most part, prior to American entry into World War I, the war was (A) being won by the Central Powers (B) being won by the Allied Powers (C) a stalemate (D) fought mainly in Great Britain (E) a total disaster for Germany.

69. President Woodrow Wilson's idealism led to (A) international acceptance of the Fourteen Points (B) conflicts with European leaders (C) the creation of the United Nations (D) the Treaty of Versailles (E) conciliation between France, Great Britain, and Germany.

70. The 19th Amendment, added to the United States Constitution in 1920, did which of the following? (A) limited the president to two terms (B) created the federal income tax (C) outlawed the sale and transportation of alcoholic beverages (D) enfranchised women (E) ended prohibition.

71. The agreement that was signed in 1928 by over sixty nations renouncing war was known as the (A) Versailles Treaty (B) Warsaw Pact (C) Four Power Treaty (D) European Compact (E) Kellogg-Briand Pact.

"All men are created equal ... and they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable rights ... among these are life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness; that to secure these, governments are instituted among men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed; that whenever any form of government become destructive of these ends, it is the right of the people to alter or abolish it..."

72. The above passage from the Declaration of Independence reflects (A) the divine right monarchy theory of government (B) the principle of anarchism (C) John Locke's contract theory of government (D) the impact of Thomas Paine's essay, The Rights of Man, on Thomas Jefferson (E) Thomas Jefferson's belief in Calvinism.

73. A small group of Spanish "conquistadores" were able to subdue the Aztec Empire becauseI. smallpox, measles, and famine weakened the Aztecs.II. they were able to ally with tribes fighting the spread of Aztec power.III. the Spanish invasion was seen as a fulfillment of Aztec prophecies.IV. Montezuma was unsure of how to deal with the Spanish.(A) I and II only (B) II and III only (C) III and IV only (D) II, III and IV only (E) I, II, III and

IV.

74. The enclosure movement which had been going on since the 16th century in England helped prepare the way for English colonization in North America by (A) improving the standard of living of the English factory worker (B) displacing farmers and creating a class of unemployed who could migrate to the colonies (C) encouraging religious toleration between the Catholics and Protestants (D) increasing the demand for skilled farmers in England (E) forcing Queen Elizabeth to negotiate a treaty with Phillip II of Spain allowing English ships unhindered access to North America.

75. The English colony at Jamestown (A) was developed on a high plateau overlooking the James River (B) was settled mostly by farmers from the rural areas of England (C) nearly collapsed because the colonists refused to cooperate, searched for gold instead of planting crops, and antagonized the Indians (D) survived the "starving time" by forging a temporary alliance with the Spanish (E) was abandoned.

76. The Maryland Act of Toleration (1649)I. was passed in response to the charge that the colony was intolerant toward Protestantism.II. was developed when it appeared that Roman Catholics would be outvoted by Protestants in

the colony.III. was repealed when the Puritans gained control of the colony.IV. provided for execution of those not accepting the Trinity.(A) I and II only (B) I, II, and III only (C) I, II, and IV only (D) I, III, and IV only (E) I, II, III and IV.

77. During the 17th century, French settlements in North America were primarily (A) permanent fishing villages shipping fish to the Catholic countries of Europe (B) ship building centers located near the sources of naval stores (C) places of refuge for French Huguenots wanting to practice their religion (D) commercial agricultural centers depending upon the exporting of wheat and corn (E) forts and trading stations serving the fur traders.

78. The French and Indian War weakened the ties that bound the English colonies in North America to the British Empire by (A) shattering the myth of British invincibility (B) bolstering colonial self-esteem (C) encouraging the colonists to think of themselves more as Americans than English or British (D) eliminating the Spanish from North America (E) (A), (B) and (C).

79. The Scotch-Irish immigrants to the English colonies in North America(A) were usually prosperous and well-educated professionals (B) felt little loyalty to either the English government or the Anglican Church (C) were predominantly Roman Catholic (D) tended to settle in the cities and towns along the Atlantic seaboard (E) quickly became active in and supportive of colonial governments.

80. Indentured servants were usually (A) slaves who had been emancipated by their masters (B) free blacks forced to sell themselves into slavery by economic conditions (C) paroled prisoners bound to a lifetime of service in the colonies (D) persons who voluntarily bound themselves to labor for a set number of years in return for transportation to the colonies (E) the sons and daughters of slaves.

81. The 16th and 17th centuries-economic theory which held that a state should limit its foreign imports and preserve a favorable balance of trade was (A) supply-side economics (B) laissez-faire (C) free trade (D) physiocracy (E) mercantilism.

82. General Charles Cornwallis' surrender at Yorktown resulted largely from the (A) failure of the British to capture and hold Charleston as a base of operations (B) French fleet winning control of the Chesapeake Bay (C) mass desertion of Hessians from the British army (D) arrival of fresh Spanish soldiers to reinforce Washington's army (E) the defection of Benedict Arnold at West Point.

83. The French formally recognized American independence and made an open treaty of alliance with the Americans as a result of the (A) defection of Benedict Arnold to the British in 1780 (B) defeat of General Cornwallis at Cowpens and his turn northward (C) increasing strength of the Tories in the Southern colonies (D) defeat of the Hessians at Trenton (E) surrender of Burgoyne at Saratoga.

84. As a result of his role as mediator in the Russo-Japanese War peace in 1905, Theodore Roosevelt (A) received the Nobel Peace Prize in 1906 (B) won the presidential election of 1912 (C) antagonized the Chinese government that nearly resulted in war with the United States (D) created a cold war atmosphere between the United States and Russia (E) signed the Treaty of Sakhalin Island that ended the war.

85. The Virginia Plan presented to the Constitutional Convention by Governor Edmund Randolph on behalf of the Virginia delegation (A) urged the delegates to scrap their instructions to revise the Articles of Confederation and to submit an entirely new document to the states (B) provided for a unicameral national legislature (C) proposed the election of a "National Executive" by a direct vote of the people (D) eliminated all property requirements for either voting or holding office (E) failed to provide for a national judiciary.

86. In opposing ratification of the Constitution, Anti-FederalistsI. contended that the Constitutional Convention had exceeded its instructions and the

document was illegal.II. demanded a bill of rights to protect individuals from the central governmentIII. stressed that the Constitution was counterrevolutionary because it undermined the

prerogatives of state and local government.IV. found the ratification process highly irregular and illegal under the Articles of

Confederation.(A) I and II only (B) II and Ill only (C) III and IV only (D) II, III and IV only (E) I, II, III, and IV.

87. In An Economic Interpretation of the Constitution, Charles A. Beard argued (A) the continued existence of the United States as a world power depended upon acceptance of the Constitution (B) the men who wrote the Constitution were selfish men who wanted to protect their own interests (C) the Constitution was sponsored by debtors in an effort to reduce the powers of government over them (D) the men who wrote the Constitution were not wealthy but were yeomen farmers, mechanics, and small businessmen (E) the opponents of the Constitution held their wealth primarily in property, government securities, and other kinds of paper wealth.

88. The Battle of New Orleans in 1815I. resulted in the emergence of Andrew Jackson as a military hero.II. ended the possibility of a British Empire on the lower Mississippi River.III. strengthened the Federalist Party's grip on the national government.IV. assured the ratification of the treaty ending the war without notable changes by the British.(A) I and II only (B) II and III only (C) III and IV only (D) I, II, and III only (E) I, II and IV

only.

89. The greatest support for the War of 1812 came from (A) New England merchants who blamed the decline of foreign trade on Great Britain (B) Roman Catholics who wanted to bring the Catholic population of Quebec into the Union (C) the agricultural areas of the South and West (D) military leaders who wanted to end the Spanish presence in the trans-Mississippi West (E) the areas of New England and the Middle States where, commerce and international trade were primary occupations.

90. In his Farewell Address of 1796, George Washington (A) indicated his belief that political panics were necessary for the survival of democracy (B) urged the nation to avoid permanent alliances of any kind with foreign powers (C) denounced American isolationism in world affairs (D) endorsed the presidential candidacy of Alexander Hamilton (E) condemned Thomas Jefferson's presidential aspirations.

91. The Non-Aggression Pact of 1939 was made between what two leaders? (A) Hitler, Churchill (B) Mussolini, Hitler (C) Roosevelt, Stalin (D) Mussolini, Churchill (E) Stalin, Hitler.

92. The United States Supreme Court ruled in Brown v. Board of Education (1954) thatI. segregation in public schools was unconstitutional.Il. the schools of Topeka, Kansas must integrate.III. Plessy v. Ferguson was unconstitutional.IV. separate was not equal.(A) I and II only (B) II and Ill only (C) III and IV only (D) I, II and III only (E) I, II, III, and IV.

93. In Dred Scott v. Sanford, the Supreme Court ruled that (A) the Missouri Compromise violated the Constitution (B) slaves were federal citizens and therefore could bring suit in federal courts (C) slavery was a nationwide institution and was excluded only where states specifically abolished it (D) Congress had the right to bar slavery from any territory (E) Dred Scott was free.

94. Through his concept of precision-made interchangeable parts, what man paved the way for mass production and the perfection of the assembly line? (A) Phineas Miller (B) Samuel Slater (C) Elias Howe (D) Robert Fulton (E) Eli Whitney.

95. In the 1850s, an economic cause of increasing sectional conflict was the decreasing importance of (A) cotton exports (B) wheat exports (C) the Mississippi River (D) New York City as a port (E) indigo exports.

96. Before the radicalization of the antislavery movement in the 1830s, most of those who opposed slavery agreed that the best solution to the problem was (A) to declare all slaves to be indentured servants with a term of service of ten years (B) to compensate the slaveowners for the immediate emancipation of their slaves (C) to colonize freed slaves in Africa (D) to impose economic sanctions on slaveowners (E) to provide for the emancipation of the children of slaves.

97. The Compromise of 1850 (A) prohibited slavery in the District of Columbia (B) banned the interstate slave trade (C) avoided the issue of fugitive slaves (D) provided for the admission of California as a slave state (E) organized Utah and New Mexico as territories with no reference to slavery in either, hence open to popular sovereignty.

98. In the presidential campaign of 1860, Abraham Lincoln ran on a platform that (A) reaffirmed the Republican party's support of John Brown (B) proposed the immediate abolition of slavery in the states (C) supported the passage of a fugitive slave code (D) promised to protect the rights of each state "to order and control its own domestic institutions" (E) avoided the issue of slavery in the states and territories.

99. In the presidential election of 1860, Abraham Lincoln (A) received strong support from the Southern yeomen farmers opposed to slavery (B) constantly reassured Southern slaveowners that he was not opposed to the extension of slavery (C) won a majority of the popular vote (D) failed to win a majority of the popular vote, but he won in the Electoral College (E) ran against Jefferson Davis and Stephen A. Douglas.

100. In undertaking to reconstruct the defeated Confederate states, it was President Andrew Johnson's view that they (A) had committed "state suicide" by seceding from the Union (B) were to be treated as conquered territory (C) had never actually been out of the Union (D) should be made to indemnify the government for the cost of the war (E) should never be readmitted to the Union.