322

IndexAcca sellowiana, 242access planning, 53, 107109Acer circinatum, 120Acer saccharum, 189Achillea millefolium, 139, 266, 283AC inverter, 195AC power, 195196Actinidia deliciosa, 225active systems, 184185aerobic compost tea, 141aesthetics, 119121Agave sisalana, 294agroforestry systems alley cropping, 228 chop and drop management, 227 establishment of, 232236 forest gardening, 229231 overview of, 227228 structural forests/woodlots, 229airflow, 42, 79. See also windAkebia quinata (akebia), 205Albizia julibrissin, 218Albizia saman, 218alder, 189alfalfa, 139, 254, 266allelopathy, 222223alley cropping, 228allium, 245Alnus, 189alpacas, 262Alternanthera sissoo, 283alternative currency, 295Amaranthaceae family, 239Amaryllidaceae family, 239anaerobic teas, 141analogue climate assessment, 94analysis of site. See site analysis/assessmentanimals aquaculture, 263265 areas and facilities design, 111, 252, 256257 energy from, 181, 188 fencing systems, 257259 in fertility management, 137, 268 forage requirements, 252, 253254, 257 free-range vs. confined, 252253 grazing tractors, 253, 259 holistic management, 255

implementation planning for, 124, 125, 127 overview of, 251252, 268 profiles of, 259263 rotational grazing, 255 wildlife habitat, 265268 zones for, 100, 101, 104annual crops crop rotation/families, 239240 vs. perennial, 221 sheet mulching for, 143 soil fertility, 132, 137 succession planting, 234 system design, 52, 98, 100, 111, 236240 timing, 238239Antheum graveolens, 240aphids, 266Apiaceae family, 239, 266Apios americana, 283Apocynum cannabinum, 294apple, columnar, 243apple, Fuji/Gala, 224, 226, 308apple, Pink Lady, 225apples chickens and, 92 in containers, 29 cultivar selection, 225, 226, 243 diversity key to, 26, 36, 37 pollination requirements, 224 zones for, 103104appropriate technology, 1618aquaculture, 140, 160, 263265, 268aquifers, 48Arachis glabrata, 284araza, 281Arctium lappa, 34, 240arid climates, 40, 55, 148, 152Aronia melanocarpa (aronia), 159, 160, 279Artemisia, 266artichokes, 220, 224Artocarpus heterophyllus, 205, 234, 273Arundo donax, 211asafoetida, 285ash, white, 189Asimina triloba, 137, 159asparagus, 221aspect, 4041, 7779, 91, 99assessment of site. See site analysis/assessment

323

Asteraceae family, 240, 266Aster (aster), 245, 266Aster frikartii Monch, 267autumn olive, 139Averrhoa carambola, 234avocado, 277Azadirachta indica, 205

bacteria, beneficial, 131balance, design, 121bamboo, clumping, 206bamboo, sweet shoot, 206bamboo, temperate timber, 215Bambusa lako (Timor black bamboo), 205Bambusa oldhamii (Oldham bamboo), 205Bambusa textilis (weavers bamboo), 294banana, Japanese snow, 294banana guild, 233bananas, 138, 286barns in permaculture design, 96, 100, 105, 111, 125,

256 water catchment/storage and, 71, 162Basella alba, 288base map, 7578, 97basil, 238, 293basket vine, Haitian, 294bat houses, 268battery storage, 194beans, 222, 228, 249bee balm, 266bees, 260, 261, 267beneficial insects, 38, 120, 223, 266267berries, 230, 231, 234Betula alleghaniensis, 189biochar, 141, 144biodigester/biogas digester, 176, 188biodiversity, 36biofuel, 188189, 191biological controls, 246biological resources, 2526biomass, 138, 212biophilia, 119bioregion, 36birch, yellow, 189birds, 265266blackberry, 224blackcurrant, 220blackwater recycling, 176blizzard emergencies, 304boneyards, 109

Borago officinalis (borage), 240, 266Borassus flabellifer, 159, 215branched drain systems, 178179branching patterns, 5253, 56Brassicaceae family, 240Brassica napus var. pabularia, 240breadfruit, 32Brownea macrophylla, 139buckwheat, 144budget projections, 115116buildings. See shelterburdock, 34, 240bush cinquefoil, 206Butia capitata, 242by-product use, 2022

cacao, 234cacti, 305cactus, prickly pear, 282Cajanus cajan, 139, 279Calamus, 294Calliandra calothyrsus (red calliandra), 189, 254Calycophyllum candidissimum, 228caa brava, 211Canarium, 234Capparis spinosa (caper bush), 279Capsicum, 233Caragana arborescens, 205, 254, 280carbon sequestration, 25, 38, 56cardinal flower, 266Carica papaya, 225Carissa macrocarpa, 280carob, 254, 274carpet bugle, 225carrots, 37carrying capacity, 16Casimiroa edulis, 273Castanea, 273Castanea dentata, 215Castanea pumila, 242castor oil plant, 189Casuarina equisetifolia, 205cats, 260cattle, 254, 255, 257, 263Cavanillesia platanifolia, 294Cedrela odorata (Spanish cedar), 215Celtis occidentalis, 205Ceratonia siliqua, 254, 274Cercis canadensis, 205charge controller, 195chaya, 280

324Index

chemical controls, 132133, 244, 246cherry, black, 215cherry, Nanking, 207chestnut, American, 215chestnut, Malabar, 276chestnut dioon, 242chestnuts, 101, 242, 273chickens about, 92, 259, 260262 eating pests/spreading manure, 137, 245 forage plants for, 254, 275, 280 multifunctional structures and, 12, 216, 217 in permaculture design, 100, 111, 124, 261chill hours, 225Chilopsis linearis, 205chinampa agriculture, 160chinquapin, eastern, 242chokeberries, 279chokeberry, black, 159chop and drop system, 227, 233, 234Chrysanthemum oronarium, 240Chrysopogon zizanioides, 154, 228, 284cilantro, 240cisterns, 145, 148, 165, 218cities, 51, 73, 104, 241243, 302, 307308Citrus ichangensis C. reticulata, 242Citrus japonica, 242, 274City Repair, 302clay soil, 4344clerestory windows, 201, 202climate analogue assessment, 94 assessing your, 3940 functional systems, 2122, 23 propagating varieties to fit, 246 in Scale of Permanence, 83, 84 shelters and, 199 USDA hardiness zones, 39, 129climatogram, 39cloches, 239closed loops, 20, 2223, 31clover, red, 139clover, white, 267cluster housing, 301Cnidoscolus aconitifolius, 280cob, 212, 213, 305Coccoloba uvifera, 189coconut, 191, 206, 274Cocos nucifera, 206, 274cohosh, black, 224cold compost, 137

Colocasia esculenta, 159colony collapse disorder (CCD), 260color, in design, 121coloration of soil, 45comfrey, 232comfrey, Russian (Bocking 14), 139, 287comfrey, variegated, 225communities, human. See social permaculturecommunity function guild, 223community land trusts, 307community niche, 32, 34community zone, 102compaction of soil, 45, 46, 47companion planting, 222223composting toilets, 174176, 300composting waste, 2122, 100, 135137, 144compost tea, 136, 141, 144compressed air technology, 184conceptual design, 90, 9296confined-range systems, 253connectedness, 1819, 20, 121123consent decision making, 298conservation land trusts, 306307consistence, soil, 45consumption self-regulation, 1516container gardens, 241, 293contour planting, 234, 235cooling systems, 218cool pantry, 249coppicing, 227, 246coral tree, 206, 254Cordyline australis (cordyline), 294Coriandrum sativum (coriander), 240corn, 205, 222, 298Cornus mas (cornelian cherry), 242Cornus sericea, 159, 206Corylus avellana, 215cottage industries, 292294cover crops, 143144cows, 254, 255, 257, 263crabapples, 249, 308craft item production, 293294Crassocephalum crepidioides, 288creative problem solving, 24, 2728credit unions, 295Crocus sativus, 284crop rotation, 239240cross-pollination, 224crown bearers, 234Cucurbitaceae family, 240cuipo, 294

Index325

culantro, 285cultural controls, 246Curcuma longa, 285currant, Blanka white, 220currant, red, 282curtain drain, 152cuttings, 247, 248cycle of energy, 31Cydonia oblonga, 159Cymbopogon flexuosus, 233Cyperus papyrus, 294Cytisus Zeelandia, 138

daffodil, 232dahlia, 221daylily, 286DC power, 195196dead mulches, 142143, 144decision making, group, 297298decoy crops, 265deer fencing, 257, 258desert willow, 205design. See permaculture designdesign by exclusion, 106107digestate, 176dill, 240, 247Dioon edule, 242Diospyros kaki Izu, 242disaster planning, 1213, 296, 303306disease prevention, 225, 245246disturbed landscapes, 3335, 244diversion drains, 154diversity, 2627, 36, 131, 295296division, propagation by, 247, 248dogbane hemp, 294dogs, 260, 261dogwood, red twig, 159, 206donkeys, 262263Douglas-firs, 249dragonflies, 266drainline heat exchangers, 181drip irrigation, 55dry wells, 152ducks, 260durian, 159Durio zibethinus, 159dynamic accumulators, 138dynamic governance, 297dynamic stability, 36

earthquake-prone zones, 304earth tubes, 218earthworks, 152156earthworms, 131eaves, sizing of, 202ecological concepts biodiversity, 36 bioregion, 36 ecosystem services, 38 importance of understanding, 32 monocultures/polycultures, 3637 niche, 3233 succession, 3336ecological context climate, 3940 human settlement pattern, 5052 microclimates, 4042 soil, 4347 watershed, 4850ecological ethics, 14economic permaculture, 13, 291296, 306, 309ecosynthesis, 245ecosystem services, 38edges, 2930, 53efficient energy planning, 9192, 173Elaeagnus multiflora, 139, 281Elaeagnus umbellata, 139Elaeis guineensis, 189elderberry, American, 267electric energy, 191196electric fencing, 258, 259Eleocharis dulcis, 159elevation, 7779 , 107embodied energy, 16emergent properties, 22energy. See also nonelectric energy analyzing flows of, 7981 from animals, 181, 188 audits/conservation of, 191192, 219 cycle and recycle, 31, 182 efficient energy planning, 9192, 173 embodied, 16 laws of thermodynamics, 2021 patterns in nature, 5255 renewable energy systems, 191196 solar income, 183 solar power, 99, 115, 197environmental hazards, 132133, 219, 244Equisetum, 139erosion, 38, 50, 149151, 154Eryngium foetidum, 240, 285

326Index

Eryngium maritimum, 266Erythrina, 254Erythrina variegata Tropic Coral, 206espalier, 241establishment guild, 224ethics, 1218, 67, 291292, 295Eucalyptus deglupta (rainbow eucalyptus), 215Eugenia stipitata, 281Eugenia uniflora, 243euphorbias, 305Euphoria longan, 234evaporative coolers, 218extensions and offsets technique, 76

Fabaceae family, 240Fargesia robusta, 206farm zone, 100feijoa, 242fencing systems, 109, 208209, 257259, 268ferrocement, 165, 166fertigation, 140, 144fertility management, soil. See soil fertility

managementfertilizer, 130, 137, 140, 141, 268Ferula asafoetida, 285fiber production, 293294field notes, 6465filbert, 215Filipino fence, 208209financial permaculture, 291296, 306, 309fire blight, 225fire danger, 79, 92, 219, 305firetree, Brazilian, 139first flush diverter, 163fish farms, 160, 264265flame tree, Panama, 139flood-prone areas, 304, 305flow diagrams, 9596foamflower, 267food and plant systems. See also agroforestry

systems; annual crops; perennial crops; soil fertility management

design considerations, 222227 forest gardening, 229231 fuel from, 189, 191 functional relationships, 2122, 23 implementation planning for, 123, 127 landscape management, 243249 overview of, 220221, 271 plant propagation, 246250 plant selection, 272

polycultures, 2627, 3637, 222, 229 processing and storage, 249250, 304 raised beds, 133, 137, 152, 172, 236237 soil health, 132133 urban, 241243 zones, 100101food waste management, 135, 136, 144, 180forage, 252, 253254, 257forest gardening, 229231forests, structural, 229forest succession, 3335forest systems. See agroforestry systemsfowl, 254, 263fractals, 56Fraxinus americana, 189free-range management, 252253freshwater lens, 152friable soil, 45fruit trees chill hours for, 226 on chinampas, 160 establishment, 113, 232 forest gardening, 229, 230 growing method considerations, 28, 29 guilds, 225 maintenance planning, 123124 patterns, 55, 56 profiles of, 273278 pruning, 246 resilience through diversity, 26 soil health, 132133 as street trees, 242 succession planting, 234 wildlife pests, 265 zone for, 100fuki, 287functional hybrid ecology, 245functional interconnections, 2223fungi, beneficial, 131132, 133

gabions, 305Gantt chart, 114geese, 260, 261generalists, 32Genista pilosa Procumbens, 281Ginkgo biloba (ginkgo), 225ginseng, 224Gleditsia triacanthos, 218, 254Gliricidia sepium, 139, 189, 206, 233global precedents, 95goal statement, 6971

Index327

goats, 137, 254, 259, 262gobo, 240goji, 254goldenseal, 224gooseberry, Red George, 220goumi, 139, 281grafting, 247, 248249grass, vetiver, 154, 228, 284grasses, running, 222gravity-fed water, 99, 155, 167170grazing tractors, 253, 259greenhouses capturing heat, 216, 217 designing space for, 107, 111, 118, 126 heating, 2122, 24, 180, 181, 217greenroof gardens, 210, 241greens, 21, 23greywater systems, 174, 177179, 181grid patterns, 5455ground covers, 143, 230, 231, 288289groundnut, 283groundwater, 48group decision making, 297298growing season length, 225226, 238239growth self-regulation, 1516Guadua angustifolia (guadua), 215guava, pineapple, 242guerilla gardening, 308guilds, 223224, 234, 236

hackberry, 205hala, 294hardiness zones, 39, 129hardy geranium, 120hawthorn, 160hazel, 215heating systems, 181, 216217hedgerows, 257258, 266Helianthus tuberosus, 189Hemerocallis, 286herbicides, 244herbs, 39, 57, 231Hibiscus acetosella (cranberry hibiscus), 240hierarchies, 53Hippophae rhamnoides, 206hog fencing, 257, 258holistic design, 1819, 20holistic management, 255home power systems, 192197home system maintenance, 123honeybees, 38, 251, 260

honeylocust, thornless, 218honeylocusts, 254hoopvine, 294horseradish tree, 275horses, 259, 262263horsetail, 139, 143hosta, 221hot compost, 136, 137hot water heaters, 115, 187188, 190hgelkultur bed, 180human settlement factors, 14, 2324, 5051, 81,

9495human waste (humanure), 173177, 300hydrologic cycles, 145146hydrolysate, 141

implementation planning, 113117, 125127indigenous cultures, 94, 160indoor-outdoor zone, 102infiltration rate, 47infiltration swales, 152154, 167, 234insectary plants, 120insects, beneficial, 263, 266, 267insulation, 210211, 219integrated pest management (IPM), 245246intensive solutions, 25interconnections, 1819, 20, 2223intuition, 95invasive species, 243245ipe, 215Ipomoea batatas, 233, 289ironwood, 205irrigation conservation and, 171 design for, 55, 99, 168 fertigation via, 140 maintenance planning, 123 recycling water from, 31 using greywater, 177179 water sources, 147, 148, 155, 156, 166, 176

jaboticaba, 206, 234, 243, 276jackfruit, 205, 234, 273jack pump, 147, 169Jatropha curcas, 189Jerusalem artichoke, 189Jubaea chilensis, 275Juglandaceae family, 222jujube, 278Juniperus scopulorum (Rocky Mountain

juniper), 206

328Index

kale, 119, 224kale, red Russian, 240katuk, 282keyline design, 149151keyline plow, 151keypoint, 149Kill A Watt, 192kiwis, 122, 225Kppen Climate Classification System, 39kudzu, 244kumquat, oval, 242, 274

Lablab purpureus Lignosa (lablab bean), 206Lactuca indica, 240ladybugs, 266Lamiaceae family, 266lamium, 225land acquisition, 306309landscape maintenance. See maintenance and

managementlandslide-prone zones, 304land trusts, 306307Larix laricina, 189lavender, 245layers, 229231leasing land, 307legal considerations, 84, 173, 303lemon balm, 266lemongrass, 233lending circles, 295lettuce, Indian, 240lettuces, 238, 249Leucaena leucocephala (leucaena), 254Levisticum officinale, 266lingonberry, 289Litchi sinensis (litchi), 234livestock profiles, 262263living fencing, 257258living mulches, 143, 144living systems zones, 103104llamas, 262Lobelia cardinalis, 266local exchange trading systems (LETS), 295local laws, 84, 173, 303, 309local precedents, 9495locust, black, 189, 254loi system, 158159; 160161Lolium perenne, 215, 254longan, 234loose soil, 45lovage, 266

Lupinus (lupine), 139, 232Lycium barbarum, 254

Maclura pomifera, 206macronutrients, 130madero negro, 139, 189, 206, 233madroo, 228mahogany, Honduran, 215maintenance and management animals, 252259, 268 chop and drop system, 227 invasive/opportunistic species, 243245 pests and diseases, 245246 planning for, 123124 109, 243249 propagation, 246249 soil health, 132, 229Malus domestica Scarlet Sentinel/Golden

Sentinel, 243Mangifera indica (mango), 234Manilkara zapota, 243maple, sugar, 189maple, vine, 120mapping basics, 7275marigolds, 222master plan, 9799, 110111materials, 116, 209215mature guild, 224, 234, 236meanders, 5354measuring your site, 7275mechanical controls, 246Medicago sativa, 139, 254, 266Melissa officinalis, 266Mesquite, honey, 254methane fuel, 176microclimates, 4043, 57, 99, 207micronutrients, 131mimicking nature, 2526, 33, 95minutes per inch (MPI) calculations, 47mission statement, 6971Monarda, 266monkeypod, 218monocultures, 3637, 222, 229Moringa oleifera (moringa), 275morning glory, 143, 244Morus, 275Morus alba, 254, 275mosquitoes, 266, 267mugwort, 266mulberries, 254, 275mulberry, Illinois Everbearing, 220mulberry, white, 254, 275

Index329

mulch, 142143, 144, 238mules, 262263multiple functions, 2324, 216217Musa, 286Musa basjoo, 294mushrooms, 28, 53, 133, 231, 236mutual support guild, 223, 224mycorrhizal fungi, 132Myrciaria cauliflora, 206, 234, 243, 276Myrrhis odorata, 267, 286

Narcissus, 232narra, 207, 218Nasturtium officinale, 139, 159Nastus elatus, 206Natal plum, 280native plants, 94, 226227nature patterns, 5257, 95. See also ecological

conceptsneem, 205Nelumbo nucifera, 159net-and-pan system, 55nettle, stinging, 139networks, 5455New Zealand flax, 294niche, 3235niche differentiation, 223nitrogen-fixers, 131, 134, 137138, 143, 223noise disturbances, 81nonelectric energy active systems, 184185 biological systems, 188191 overview of, 183184 passive systems, 186188 solar income, 183 woodstove functions, 190nonliving systems, 103nopales, 282no-till gardening, 238nutrient density, 224nutrients in soil, 130131, 134nut trees, 101, 104, 123124, 229, 230, 234

oak, bur, 206oaks, 215off-grid power systems, 194197oil production, 189, 191Olea europaea, 276olives, 43, 276onions, 222onsite vegetation, 42

opportunistic species, 243245Opuntia ficus-indica, 282orchards. See fruit treesorientation, 4142, 79, 99, 198202Osage orange, 206Overbeck jet, 53oxen, 263

Pachira aquatica, 276paddy systems, 160161palm African oil, 189, 191 Chilean wine, 275 date, 277 jelly, 242 toddy/Palmyra, 159, 215Pandanus tectorius, 294papayas, 225papyrus, 294parallel economics, 291292parsley, 139, 240Passiflora edulis (passion fruit), 206, 209passive solar, 41, 42, 200202patchwork forest, 35pattern language, 57patterns in nature, 5257pau darco, 215pawpaw, 137, 159peaches, 224, 241pear, columnar European, 243pear, Harrow Delight/Honeysweet, 225pears, 160, 225peas, 238pea shrub, Siberian, 205, 254, 280pedal-powered devices, 184pee cycling, 176177people, care of, 1415pepper, chile, 233perc test, 47perennial crops vs. annual, 221 design for, 73, 100, 126, 127 herbaceous plant profiles, 283288 maintenance, 123124 soil fertility, 137 woody plant profiles, 279282perennial peanut, 284permaculture, defined, 11permaculture design. See also schematic design;

site analysis/assessment case study particulars, 63

330Index

(permaculture design continued) conceptual design, 90, 9296 detailing and working documents, 117123 efficient energy planning, 9192 implementation planning, 113117, 125127 maintenance planning, 123124 master plan example, 110111 process overview, 6062, 8991, 112 responding to feedback/mistakes, 124 site observation, 6466 vision/objectives development, 6771permaculture principles creative problem solving, 24, 2728 cycle/recycle energy, 31 diversity, 2627 edge management, 2930 ethics guiding, 1318 functional interconnection, 2223 harmonizing with nature, 29 mimicking nature/using biological resources,

2526 multiple functions, 2324 overview of, 1113, 22 resilience, 24, 271 small-scale/intensive solutions, 25 yield, 2425permaculture systems overview, 1822permaculture zones, 100105permits, 117Persea americana, 277persimmon, Izu dwarf, 242pesticides, 132133, 246pests, 222, 245246, 260, 261, 266, 267Petasites japonicus, 287Petroselinum crispum, 139, 240Phoenix dactylifera, 277Phormium tenax, 294photovoltaic panels, 182, 183, 195197Phyllostachys, 215physic nut, 189pigeon pea, 139, 279pigs, 262, 268pili nut, 234Pinus nigra (Austrian pine), 206Pinus pinea (Italian stone), 206pioneer species, 34Pistacia vera (pistachio), 277plant lists animal forage, 254 beneficial insects, 266267 biofuel, 189

fiber/craft items, 294 saturated soils, 159 self-seeding food annuals/biennials, 240 soil-building, 139 structural materials, 218 urban/small areas, 242243 windbreaks, 205207plant profiles ground covers, 288289 herbaceous perennials, 283288 overview and keys, 271272 shrubs/woody perennials, 279282 trees, 273278plant propagation, 246250plant systems. See food and plant systemspleaching, 257, 258plum, Santa Rosa, 220, 248plums, 224, 248pneumatic technology, 184polar climate, 40pollarding, 227, 246, 257, 258pollinators, 38, 223, 260, 267polycultures, 2627, 3637, 222, 229pomegranate, 39, 243ponds aquaculture applications, 140, 264 in earthquake-prone areas, 304 excluding greywater from, 177 for fire-prone areas, 92, 305 overview of constructing, 155156, 157 placement and design, 30, 31, 54, 93, 99, 151 water sources for, 162, 177 for water storage, 148, 164 in water use hierarchy, 146, 147Populus (hybrid poplar), 189Potentilla fruticosa, 206poultry, 245, 253, 254, 258, 260262poultry netting, 258Pouteria sapota, 243precipitation, 39predatory insects, 38, 120, 223, 266267primary succession, 33privacy screening, 2324, 81professional services, 116, 117profit and ethics, 292propagation, 246250Prosopis glandulosa, 254pruning, 246Prunus serotina, 215Prunus tomentosa, 207Pterocarpus indicus, 207, 218

Index331

public parks/lands, 104, 242pumpkins, 25, 308Punica granatum, 243pyrolosis, 141Pyrus Warren/Magness, 243

Quercus, 215Quercus macrocarpa, 206quince, common, 159, 160quinoa, 246

rabbits, 259, 261radish, daikon, 46radishes, 222rain barrels, 148, 165167rainfall averages, 39rain gardens, 156, 157, 167rainwater catchment. See also ponds in animal areas, 256 earthworks, 152156 integrated gravity-feed systems, 167170 keyline design, 149151 overview of, 148149, 162 in permaculture design, 12, 30, 100, 126 potable water from roofs, 162164, 168170 rain barrel systems, 165167 soil sponge development, 149 storage options, 145, 148, 164165raised beds, 133, 137, 152, 172, 236237random assembly, 93raspberries, 254raspberry, golden, 220rat snake, 265rattan, 294RCRA-8 test, 133reading the landscape, 6566recycling, 31, 116, 122, 144, 181, 241redbud, eastern, 205red cedar, western, 42, 294renewable energy systems, 191197repetition in design, 121resilience, 24, 271, 306resource partitioning guild, 223, 224resource sharing, 222Ribes rubrum, 282rice, 160, 228Ricinus communis, 189right livelihood, 291ripping, 151Robinia pseudoacacia, 189, 254rocket mass heater, 216, 217

rock walls, 213, 305rodent control, 260, 265, 267roofing materials, 162163rooftop gardens, 210, 241root cellars, 249root crops, 133, 231rooting hormone, 248rotational grazing, 255Rubus idaeus, 254rural communities, 50R-value, 211rye, 144ryegrass, 215, 254

Saccharum, 189saffron crocus, 284Sagittaria, 159Salacca edulis (salak), 159Salix, 159, 189, 215, 248, 294Salix purpurea, 278salsify, 240salvage, 116, 122, 181Sambucus canadensis, 267sandy soil, 4345sapodilla, 243sapote, mamey, 243sapote, white, 273satellite imagery, 75, 76saunas, 24, 93Sauropus androgynus, 282scale, in design, 121Scale of Permanence, 8387, 100scarification, 248schematic design access to elements, 107109 design by exclusion, 106107 drawing examples, 90, 97 importance of siting elements, 99100 master plan, 98, 110111 overview of, 9799 permaculture zones in, 100105 utility spaces/boneyard, 109Schizolobium parahyba, 139sea buckthorn, 206sea grape, 189sea holly, 266secondary succession, 34sectors, 7982, 99security considerations, 81sedum, 305seed germination, 247248

332Index

seed saving, 249self-care zone, 102self-fertile plants, 224self-sufficiency fallacies, 296shade, 23, 218, 236, 244sheep, 254, 262sheet mulching, 142, 143shelter for animals, 256257 building materials, 209215 climate appropriate, 199 energy audits of, 191192 fire hazards, 209 keyline situation for, 149151 retrofitting buildings, 219 sun and passive solar design, 200203 temperature control, 216219 village design, 298301 wind/windbreaks, 203209shrubs, 231, 279282shungiku, 240silk tree, 218silkworms, 263, 275silt soil, 4344sisal, 294site analysis/assessment base map, 7578 drawing examples, 73, 90 measurement and mapping, 7275 Scale of Permanence analysis, 8387 sector analysis, 7982 slope, aspect, elevation, 7779 summarizing your, 8586 tools/supplies for, 74, 83site observation, 6466slope, 7779, 91, 99, 234slow sand filters, 163164slugs, 236, 260, 261, 267, 268Smallanthus sonchifolius, 287small-scale solutions, 25SMART goals, 69snails, 55, 236, 264, 267snakes, 131, 265, 268snow emergencies, 304social permaculture building community, 302 community living, 296298 disaster preparedness, 303306 land acquisition, 306308 legal considerations, 303 starting points, 309 village design, 298301

work parties, 116sociocracy, 297, 298soil aspects of, 4347 assessing, 130133 components of healthy, 43, 44 erosion, 50 forest/woodlot management, 229 in implementation planning, 125 ripping lines, 151 water-holding capabilities, 149soil fertility management aquatic plants, 140 biochar, 141 composting, 135137 compost tea, 141 cover crops, 143144 fertigation, 140 mulch, 142143 overview of, 133134, 144 small animals, 137 soil-building plants, 137139soil horizons, 4547soil pH, 130soil sponges, 149soil texture, 4344Solanaceae family, 240solar systems dehydrators, 186187 hot water, 115, 187188 power from, 99, 182, 183, 192194, 197,

200202 seed dryers, 248 solar income, 183 and solar orientation, 4142, 79, 99, 198202solar tubes, 203sorghum, 144, 228specialists, 32species niche, 3233spinach, 224 Brazilian, 283 Malabar, 288 Okinawa, 288spiral patterns, 5556, 57split rail stock fencing, 257, 258spring water, 48squash, 25, 222stakeholder assessment, 6769staking, 248starfruit, 234static stability, 36stem bearers, 234

Index333

stocking rate, 252stockpiling, 304stone construction, 212, 213, 305storing food, 249250storing water, 100, 145, 148, 164169stormwater, 4850stratification, 247248straw bales, 212, 305strawberries, 224strawberry, alpine, 254straw clay, 214215street trees, 242stress, 29structural forests, 229subtropical, 40suburban neighborhoods, 51succession planting, 234, 235, 244sugarcane, 189, 191sugar crops, 191sun, mitigation of, 219sunken beds, 152sun orientation, 4142, 79, 100suntrap, 207supplies, 116Surinam cherry, 243surpluses, 15, 173, 194swales, 152154, 167, 234swamp coolers, 218sweet cicely, 267, 286sweet potato, 142, 233, 289Swietenia macrophylla, 215Swiss chard, 224, 238Symphytum officinale, 232Symphytum uplandicum, 139, 287systems thinking, 1822

Tabebuia impetiginosa, 215tamarack, 189Tamarindus indica (tamarind), 278taro, 159, 160, 161technology, appropriate, 1618temperate climate, 40temperate fruit tree guild, 232temperature, local averages, 3940temperature control, shelter, 216219terraces, 156, 157, 160tessellations, 5455thatch roof, 214themes, design, 121Theobroma cacao, 234thermal band, 42thermal mass, 210211, 216

thermosiphon, 188, 190, 264three-bin composting system, 135, 136Thuja plicata, 42, 294Thymus (thyme), 267Tiarella cordifolia, 267timber trees, 215, 229timelines, 113115tomatoes, 249tools, 116tornado-prone areas, 305towns, 51tractors, small animal, 253, 259traditional cultures, 94Tragopogon porrifolius, 240transitional ethic, 1618, 181Transition movement, 302trap cropping, 222trees. See also agroforestry systems; fruit trees forest succession, 3335 nut, 101, 104, 123124, 229, 230, 234 profiles of, 273278 shade from, 202, 218 soil health, 132 street, 242 timber, 215, 229 windbreaks, 203208 woodlots, 132, 229trellises, 202triangulation, 7677Trichostigma octandrum, 294Trifolium pratense, 139Trifolium repens, 267triple bottom line, 292tropical banana guild, 233tropical climate, 40, 73, 233, 234, 239tsunami-prone areas, 304turkeys, 262turmeric, 285turnips, 222type 1 errors, 91

urbanite beds, 236urban neighborhoods, 51, 73, 104, 241243, 302,

307308urine excluder, 174urine recycling, 176177Urtica dioica, 139USDA hardiness zones, 39, 129utility spaces, 109

Vaccinium vitis-idaea, 289value-added products, 292294

334Index

vegetables. See food and plant systemsVenturi effect, 203vertical growing, 241village design, 298301village life, 51vine maple, 120vines, 230, 231Viola (violets), 288vision statement, 6971volcanic regions, 305

walnut, black, 222walnuts, 191, 222, 226wapato, 159waste systems food and yard, 180 greywater, 177179 heat, 181 human waste, 173177, 300 overview of, 172173 salvage, 181water buffalo, 263water catchment. See rainwater catchmentwater chestnut, Chinese, 159water conservation, 171watercress, 139, 159water filtration, 38, 163164water infiltration rate, 47water jackets, woodstove, 190water lotus, 159watermelons, 221, 239water-powered pumps, 184watersheds, 36, 4850water storage. See also ponds cisterns, 145, 148, 165, 218 in earthquake-prone areas, 304 excluding greywater from, 177 in integrated gravity-feed systems, 167170 options overview, 148, 164165 rain barrels, 148, 165167 zone for, 100water systems. See also irrigation; rainwater

catchment accessing drainage, 79 backup systems, 24 conservation methods, 171 earthworks, 152156

flood-prone areas, 304, 305 hiring experts, 116 integrated gravity-feed systems, 167170 keyline design, 149151 net-and-pan, 55 recycling, 31 soil sponges, 149 understanding, 145147 wetland management, 156161water towers, 170waterwheels, 184wattle and daub technique, 160, 212, 214wave patterns, 5354wetland management, 156161wetlands, blackwater engineered, 176wilderness areas, 50, 101wildfire-prone areas, 305wildlife habitat design, 79, 265268willow, 159, 160, 189, 215, 248, 294willow, purple osier, 278wind design and patterns of, 79, 99 existing structures and, 219 power from, 184, 185, 192194 windbreak design, 43, 203209wireworm, 222wolfberry, 254wood, round, 212, 213wood-chip clay, 214215woodlots, 132, 229wood shelters, 212woodstoves, 190, 216woodwaxen, trailing silky-leaf, 281working documents, 117118worm bins, 135, 136, 144wormwood, 266

yacon, 287yard waste management, 180yarrow, 120, 139, 245, 266, 283yields, 1516, 2425Yucca (yucca), 294yuzu citrus, 242

Ziziphus jujuba, 278zones, permaculture 100105zoning considerations, 84, 303

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