IGARSS 2011, Vancouver, Canada, 24-29 July 2011 ESA’s GMES SENTINEL-4 AND -5 | J.-L. Bézy Slide 1

J.-L. Bézy, G. Bazalgette Courreges-Lacoste, P. Ingmann, J. Langen, B. Sierk, H. Stark, B. Veihelmann

Earth Observation Directorate

ESA’s GMES SENTINEL-4 and SENTINEL-5

IGARSS 2011, Vancouver, Canada, 24-29 July 2011 ESA’s GMES SENTINEL-4 AND -5 | J.-L. Bézy Slide 2

OMI NO2 over Europe 2004-2005

KNMI/IASB/ESAImage by Pepijn Veefkind, KNMI

Outline

GMES Sentinels programme S4/S5 Mission objectives Sentinel-4 Sentinel-5 (p) Programmatic status

IGARSS 2011, Vancouver, Canada, 24-29 July 2011 ESA’s GMES SENTINEL-4 AND -5 | J.-L. Bézy Slide 3

GMES Components

GMES is an EU led initiative

Services Component – led by EC• Produces information services in response to European policy priorities in environment and security• Relies on data from in-situ and space component

In-situ component – led by EEA• Observations mostly within national responsibility, with coordination at European level

Space Component – led by ESA• Sentinels - EO missions developed specifically for GMES:• Contributing Missions - EO missions built for purposes other than GMES but offering part of their capacity to GMES (EU/ESA MSs, EUMETSAT, commercial, international)

GMES is a perfect example of a system of systems

IGARSS 2011, Vancouver, Canada, 24-29 July 2011 ESA’s GMES SENTINEL-4 AND -5 | J.-L. Bézy Slide 4

GMES dedicated missions: Sentinels

2013 A / 2015 B

Sentinel 1 – SAR imagingAll weather, day/night applications, interferometry

2013 A / 2017 B

Sentinel 3 – Ocean and global land monitoringWide-swath ocean color, vegetation, sea/land surface temperature, altimetry

2018+

Sentinel 4 – Geostationary atmosphericAtmospheric composition monitoring – flown on MTG

2013 A / 2016 B

Sentinel 2 – Multi-spectral imagingLand applications: urban, forest, agriculture,.. Continuity of Landsat, SPOT

2018+

Sentinel 5 – Low-orbit atmosphericAtmospheric composition monitoring – flown on MetOp-SG(S5 Precursor launch in 2014)

IGARSS 2011, Vancouver, Canada, 24-29 July 2011 ESA’s GMES SENTINEL-4 AND -5 | J.-L. Bézy Slide 5

Environmental issues of changing atmospheric composition

Climate Change and the Greenhouse Effect

Nutrification of coastal waters and freshwater lakes;

eutrophication

Stratospheric Ozone Depletion and enhanced surface UV

Acid Rain

Los Angeles Smog or "summer" smog London Smog

Aerosols in and downwind of regions of high population

Enhanced aerosol and photo-oxidant levels due to biomass burning

Increase in background tropospheric ozone

Intercontinental transport of pollutants and aerosols

Stability of the Atmospheric Oxidation Efficiency Information services needed for

- Monitoring- Forecasting- Assessment- Mitigation

IGARSS 2011, Vancouver, Canada, 24-29 July 2011 ESA’s GMES SENTINEL-4 AND -5 | J.-L. Bézy Slide 6

Air pollution and its effect on human health

Source: EU programme CAFE, CAFE Scenario Analysis Report Nr. 2. (Amann et al., 2004)

Loss in life expectancy in months attributable to anthropogenic PM2.5 [months]

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

Aus

tria

Bel

gium

Cze

ch R

ep.

Den

mar

k

Est

onia

Fin

land

Fra

nce

Ger

man

y

Gre

ece

Hun

gary

Irel

and

Italy

Latv

ia

Lith

uani

a

Luxe

mbo

urg

Mal

ta

Net

herla

nds

Pol

and

Por

tuga

l

Slo

vaki

a

Slo

veni

a

Spa

in

Sw

eden UK

Tot

al E

U-1

5

Tot

al N

MS

Tot

al E

U-2

5

2000 CLE 2020 MFR 2020

“Air pollution is a major environmental risk to health and is estimated to cause approximately 2 million premature deaths worldwide per year.”

IGARSS 2011, Vancouver, Canada, 24-29 July 2011 ESA’s GMES SENTINEL-4 AND -5 | J.-L. Bézy Slide 7

The Current Capabilities

Research missionsSCIAMACHY (Envisat) – OMI (Aura), Scisat, Mopitt (Terra), Gosat

Operational missionsGOME-2, IASI (MetOp), OMPS, CRIS (JPSS)

High temporal and spatial resolution (more cloud free-views) space-based measurements of tropospheric (PBL) composition for application to air quality

High spatial/high precision monitoring of climate gases (CO2, CH4 and CO) and aerosol monitoring with sensitivity to the PBL

High vertical resolution measurements in the UT/LS region for ozone and climate applications

Main gaps in current / planned operational system

GOME-2

SCIAMACHYOMI

S4/S5

80 km

7 km

IGARSS 2011, Vancouver, Canada, 24-29 July 2011 ESA’s GMES SENTINEL-4 AND -5 | J.-L. Bézy Slide 8

Mission Implementation

• Sentinel 4 will be a realised aso a UVN spectrometer embarked on the MTG-S platformso utilisation of TIR data from the IR sounder onboard the same platforms o utilisation of imager data from the MTG-I platforms

• Sentinel 5 will consist of o A UVNS spectrometer embarked on the post-EPS platforms o utilisation of data from the post-EPS IR sounder (IASI NG)o utilisation of post-EPS imager data (METimage)o utilisation of multi-directional polarisation imager if implemented

Mission concept for climate protocol monitoring (lower troposphere) and air quality applications

Implementation of S-4 and S-5 on Eumetsat platforms

IGARSS 2011, Vancouver, Canada, 24-29 July 2011 ESA’s GMES SENTINEL-4 AND -5 | J.-L. Bézy Slide 9

Level 2 Products

SWIRVIS NIRUVOzone vertical profile (O3)

Tropospheric ozone (O3)

Sulphur dioxide (SO2)

Albedo

Total ozone (O3)

Aerosol

Formaldehyde (HCHO)

Bromine monoxide (BrO)

Rayleigh scat. (cloud), aerosol abs.

Nitrogen dioxide (NO2)

Glyoxal (CHOCHO)

O2-O2 (cloud)

Water vapour and cloud (eff. scatt. height)

O-A (cloud, aerosol)

Methane (CH4)

Aerosol profile

Carbone monoxide (CO)

Sentinel-4

1600400 600 800500 700 1800 2000 2200300200 2400

Sentinel-5

Wavelength (nm) Priority A Priority B

IGARSS 2011, Vancouver, Canada, 24-29 July 2011 ESA’s GMES SENTINEL-4 AND -5 | J.-L. Bézy Slide 10

Level 2 Products

SCIAMACHY

PARASOLOMI

MOPPIT SCIAMACHY

Source: ONTRAQ study. (P. Levelt 2009)

Concentration maps for Asia

Air quality and tropospheric composition ona global, regional and urban scale

Courtesy: J.P. Veefkind (KNMI)

Courtesy: H. Eskes, KNMI

IGARSS 2011, Vancouver, Canada, 24-29 July 2011 ESA’s GMES SENTINEL-4 AND -5 | J.-L. Bézy Slide 11

The Instrument Challenge

DOAS analysis of satellite spectra

Irradiance and Radiance Measurement Derived Reflectance

Note how small the NO2 features are, about 0.5% signal strength of the total signal

Contributors to these Spectral Features are: polarisation scrambler, coatings, gratings, sun diffuser, straylight, gain change, …

< 0.05 %!

3 nm

IGARSS 2011, Vancouver, Canada, 24-29 July 2011 ESA’s GMES SENTINEL-4 AND -5 | J.-L. Bézy Slide 12

Sentinel-4: GEO atmospheric mission

Europe coverage in 1 hr

IGARSS 2011, Vancouver, Canada, 24-29 July 2011 ESA’s GMES SENTINEL-4 AND -5 | J.-L. Bézy Slide 13

S4 Images Acquisition

Only illuminated areas are acquired (SZAmax=92°)

24 daily acquisitions

IGARSS 2011, Vancouver, Canada, 24-29 July 2011 ESA’s GMES SENTINEL-4 AND -5 | J.-L. Bézy Slide 14

S4 Requirements

Spatial resolution: 8 km at 45°N Coverage: Europe + Sahara Repeat Cycle: 1 hr Low sensitivity to polarisation (1%) Low level of spectral features (0.05%) High radiometric accuracy: < 3%

Spectral bands

Band ID

Wavelength range [nm]

Spectral resolution [nm]

Spectral sampling ratio

UV-VIS 305 - 500 0.5 3

NIR 750 - 775 0.12 3

VIS NIRUV

400 600 800500 700300

Wavelength (nm)

IGARSS 2011, Vancouver, Canada, 24-29 July 2011 ESA’s GMES SENTINEL-4 AND -5 | J.-L. Bézy Slide 15

S4 Instrument Overview

Ground

swath

Satellite motion

Telescope

Slit

Collimator

Dispersing element

Re-imaging lens

2D array detector

x

λ

Spectral radiance

λ

Imaging Spectrometer

Pushbroom in E/W direction

N/S FOV: 3.85°

E/W FOR: 11.2°

2 grating spectrometers

UV-VIS: 305 – 500 nm

NIR: 750 – 775 nm

CCD detectors cooled at 210 K

Scan mirror: E/W scan

N/S: - compensation of MTG yaw flip manoeuvre around equinox

- seasonal shift in latitude (up to 10 deg)

High performance on board calibration sources (diffusers, lamp, LED)

Geostationary orbit, at about 0° longitude

Embarked on MTG-Sounder Satellite and operated by EUMETSAT

IGARSS 2011, Vancouver, Canada, 24-29 July 2011 ESA’s GMES SENTINEL-4 AND -5 | J.-L. Bézy Slide 16

S4 Instrument Overview

Earth

On axis refractive telescope (Ø 80 mm)

2-axis-gimbal mirror

Calibration assembly

UV-VIS SpectrographNIR

Spectrograph

IGARSS 2011, Vancouver, Canada, 24-29 July 2011 ESA’s GMES SENTINEL-4 AND -5 | J.-L. Bézy Slide 17

Sentinel-5 Requirements

Spectral bands

Spatial resolution: 15 km in UV1 – 7 km in other bands Daily global coverage Low sensitivity to polarisation (0.5%) Low level of spectral features (0.05%) High radiometric accuracy: < 2%

Band ID

Spectral range(nm)

Spectral resolution

(nm)

Spectralsampling

Ratio

UV-1 270-300 1 ≈ 3

UV-2 300-350 0.5 ≈ 3

UV-VIS 350-500 0.5 ≈ 3

NIR-1 710-750 0.4 ≈ 3

NIR-2 750-7750.4 (T) – 0.06 (G)

≈ 3

SWIR-1 1590-1675 0.25 ≈ 2.5

SWIR-3 2305-2385 0.25 ≈ 2.5

SWIRVIS NIRUV

400 600 800500 700300200 1600 1800 2000 2400Wavelength (nm)

IGARSS 2011, Vancouver, Canada, 24-29 July 2011 ESA’s GMES SENTINEL-4 AND -5 | J.-L. Bézy Slide 18

S5 instrument overview

Imaging grating Spectrometer

Pushbroom in along track direction

Wide swath: 2,650 km (FOV: 108.4°)

Up to 6 grating spectrometers (4 UVN – 2 SWIR)

Immersed gratings used for SWIR-1/3

High performance on board calibration sources

sun-synchronous Low Earth Orbit platform at 832 km mean altitude

Sentinel-5 embarked on post-EPS, operated by EUMETSAT

Swath ~ 2650 km

FOV108 deg

Courtesy of SRON

IGARSS 2011, Vancouver, Canada, 24-29 July 2011 ESA’s GMES SENTINEL-4 AND -5 | J.-L. Bézy Slide 19

The need for a Sentinel-5 Precursor

The need for a Sentinel-5 Precursor1. Continuity of dataResearch missions (here Sciamachy, OMI, TES, Mopitt) stop ≤ 2014.

Sentinel-5 on post-EPS not before ~2018.

MetOp data do not satisfy S5 requirements:

• CO and CH4:

No measurement by GOME-2; IASI data have little PBL sensitivity.

• Coarse spatial resolution

2. Transition to operational scheme• Afternoon orbit required for AQ forecast (MetOp: 9:30h).• Use synergy S5 precursor – MetOp to start into observation of diurnal

variation, as needed for AQ monitoring. (Will be picked up by S4 later).

Sentinel 5p will be a realised as a single-satellite atmospheric chemistry mission carrying a UVNS spectrometer, aiming at providing a gap-filler, within the 2014-2020 timeframe

IGARSS 2011, Vancouver, Canada, 24-29 July 2011 ESA’s GMES SENTINEL-4 AND -5 | J.-L. Bézy Slide 20

Programmatics

Sentinel 4

Contract awarded to Astrium GmbH for €150 million to develop and build two instruments

Sentinel 5 precursor

Feasibility studies of the platform on-going; development phase planned for end 2011

Payload is developed by NSO (TROPOMI) with ESA contributions (SWIR, …)

Sentinel 5

Feasibility studies on-going; development phase planned for 2013

302520151005 35 40

MetOp A, B, C (09:30 LTDN)

MetOp-SG (09:30 LTDN) , incl. S5/UVNS

ENVISAT (10:00 LTDN)

S5p (13:35 LTAN)

MTG-I 1MTG-I 2

MTG-I 3MTG-I 4

MTG-S 2, incl. S4/UVNMTG-S 1, incl. S4/UVN

GEO

LEO

IGARSS 2011, Vancouver, Canada, 24-29 July 2011 ESA’s GMES SENTINEL-4 AND -5 | J.-L. Bézy Slide 21

Air pollution is a significant cause of health problems and environment damages worldwide

Sentinel-4 and -5 will monitor the Earth's atmosphere as part of the Europe Union's Global Monitoring for Environment and Security (GMES) programme

Mission will be embarked on MTG-S and MetOp-SG satellites for a launch in 2018+ and will be operated by EUMETSAT

Summary

IGARSS 2011, Vancouver, Canada, 24-29 July 2011 ESA’s GMES SENTINEL-4 AND -5 | J.-L. Bézy Slide 22 KNMI/IASB/ESAwww.temis.nl

Thank you