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TRANSCRIPT
Stress, Coping, and Health
The RelationshipBetween Stress and Disease
• Contagious diseases vs. chronic diseases – Biopsychosocial model– Health psychology
• Health promotion and maintenance
– Discovery of causation, prevention, and treatment
Stress: An Everyday Event
• Major stressors vs. routine hassles– Cumulative nature of stress– Cognitive appraisals
Major Types of Stress
• Frustration: blocked goal• Conflict: incompatible
motivations– Approach-approach– Approach-avoidance– Avoidance-avoidance
• Change: having to adapt– Social Readjustment
Rating Scale– Life Change Units
• Pressure– Perform/conform
Overview of the Stress Process
Responding to Stress Emotionally
• Emotional Responses– Annoyance, anger, rage– Apprehension, anxiety,
fear– Dejection, sadness, grief– Positive emotions
• Emotional response and performance– The inverted-U-
hypothesis
Responding to Stress Physiologically
• Physiological Responses– Fight-or-flight response– Selye’s General Adaptation Syndrome
• Alarm • Resistance• Exhaustion
Responding to Stress Behaviorally
• Behavioral Responses– Frustration-aggression
hypothesis– catharsis– defense mechanisms
• Coping– Reappraisal– Confronting problems– Using humor– Expressing emotions– Managing hostility
Effects of Stress:Behavioral and Psychological
• Impaired task performance
• Burnout• Psychological
problems and disorders
• Positive effects
Effects of Stress: Physical
• Psychosomatic diseases• Heart disease
– Type A behavior - 3 elements
• strong competitiveness• impatience and time
urgency• anger and hostility
– Emotional reactions and depression
• Stress and immune functioning– Reduced immune activity
Factors Moderating the Impact of Stress
• Social support– Increased immune functioning
• Optimism– More adaptive coping– Pessimistic explanatory style
• Conscientiousness– Fostering better health habits
• Autonomic reactivity– Cardiovascular reactivity to stress
Firefighter Specific Stressors
• Reliance on teamwork• Low job control• Sleep disturbances/Shift work• Boredom• Coworker conflict• Management-Labor conflict• Second jobs• Marital/Family spillover
Firefighter Stress Reactions
• Apprehension/Dread• Intrusive thoughts• No hope• Sleep difficulties• Gastrointestinal symptoms• Throat and mouth symptoms
At-Risk Firefighters• Research reveals 2 distinct profiles for at-risk
firefighters– Profile 1 (somaticizers) Reported greater frequency
and intensity of physical symptoms• Head/neck/facial tension• Gastrointestinal distress• Cardiopulmonary complaints
– Profile 2 (psychological stress) Reported higher levels of
• Apprehension/dread• Anger• Generalized anxiety• Agitated depression
Implications for treatment
• Identify high-risk firefighters– No penalty or stigmatization
• Potential interventions– Psychoeducation
• Work redesign• Coping skills training• Relaxation training• Conflict-resolution training• Leadership training• Sleep hygiene education
Coping Skills
• Problem-focused coping– Taking direct action– Planning– Suppression of competing
activities– Restraint coping– Seeking social support
• Emotion-focused coping– Focusing on and venting
emotions– Behavioral disengagement– Mental disengagement– Positive reappraisal– Denial– Acceptance– Turning to religion