Curriculum schedule*Time: Every Tuesday and Thursday in 10~15 week (1012 Section) Classroom: Wentian 509

Special Topic on Environmental Science and EngineeringMay 5May 7May 12May 14May 19May 21Teacher: Yi LiTeacher: Xuyin YuanTeacher: Lixiao NiTeacher: Xiaodong LiuTeacher: Yixian SongTeacher: Yong GuoAdvance in water resource ManagementsSoil characteristics and soil pollutionAdvance in wastewater treatmentWater environmental model and inverse problemApplicant of isotopes in environmental tracer study Application of photocatalysis in environmentMay 26May 28June 2June 4June 9Teacher: Songhe ZhangTeacher: Jing ZhangTeacher: Deqiang ChenTeacher: Yiping LiTeacher: Jingyu HuangAdvance in aquatic toxicologyAdvance in water treatmentAdvance in environmental microbiologyWater diversionMonitoring of trace organic matter

Wastewater reuse in ChinaZhang Wenlong & Li Yi College of Environment2015.5.3Advance in Water Resource Management

Outline BackgroundPresentSituation of wastewater reuse in China FutureOptimization for wastewater reuse in ChinaIssues on wastewater reuse refining and recommendations* PastHistory of wastewater reuse in China

*1. BackgroundTwo-thirds of 669 cities in China have water shortagesMore than 40 % of rivers are severely polluted and 80 % of lakes suffer from eutrophicationWater consumption per unit of Gross Domestic Product is three times the world average About 300 million rural residents lack access to safe drinking waterThe rapid development of industrialization and urbanization and natural water distribution significantly aggravates Chinas water crisisWater crisis in china (By 2010)

The effluent could pollute natural water*The way for alleviating water shortageWater diversionSouth-to-North water diversion, Yangtze-Taihu Water DiversionDevelopment of unconventional water resources Wastewater reuse, Desalination Wastewater reuse1. BackgroundConventional treatmentRiver feedingIndustry utilizationCity miscellaneousOthersregenerationwastewaterunconventional water resourceStable resourcePollutants reduction Advantages of wastewater reuseAbundant reuse wayWeather protected

*Water resource expanding Pollutants reductionConventional pollutants: COD, N, PEmerging pollutants: EDCs, antibiotic, PPCPsHow to wastewater reuse in China?MAX (Water resource, pollutants reduction and economy )1. BackgroundWastewater reuse ratioReused wastewater/Water supply

* 2.PresentSituation of wastewater reuse in China

*Total scale2.83 billion tonsWastewater reuse ratio9%BeijingTianjinHebeiTianjinLiaoningJilinHeilongjiangNeimengguShanghaiJiangsuZhejiangAnhuiHubeiFujianHenanJiangxiShandongHunanGuangdongGuangxiHainanChongqingSichuanGuizhouQinghaiYunnanShannxiGansuNingxiaXinjiang

**BeijingTianjinHebeiTianjinJilinHeilongjiangNeimengguShanghaiJiangsuZhejiangAnhuiHubeiFujianHenanJiangxiShandongHunanGuangdongGuangxiHainanChongqingSichuanGuizhouQinghaiYunnanShannxiGansuNingxiaXinjiangLiaoning

GroundwaterrechargeIndustryIrrigationCity miscellaneousRiver feedingNorthern ChinaThe NorthwestThe SouthwestEastern ChinaCentral ChinaSouthern ChinaThe SouthwestChina

Chart1

0.082833.24.833.9

0.932.146.32.618.1

051.80.032.345.8

1.839.2256.827.3

2.436.610.65.544.9

03.85.34.486.5

0.53.913.50.981.2

0.729.822.94.542.1

Utilization approaches of wastewater reuse in China in 2010 (%)

Sheet1

North China102410

the northwest25258

northeast33122

East China52397

Central China21477

South China33811

the Southwest14055

Sheet1

2010

Sheet2

2071

591

112

1909

593

89

156

Sheet2

2010km

Sheet3

104

37

55

94

30

12

11

Sheet3

2010

Sheet4

581

102

347

263

526

113

15

Sheet4

/

2010

Sheet5

AA

0.080.901.82.400.50.7

2832.151.839.236.63.83.929.8

33.246.30.032510.65.313.522.9

4.82.62.36.85.54.40.94.5

33.918.145.827.344.986.581.242.1

Sheet5

*343Mostly included in wastewater treatment plants**BeijingTianjinHebeiTianjinJilinHeilongjiangNeimengguShanghaiJiangsuZhejiangAnhuiHubeiFujianHenanJiangxiShandongHunanGuangdongGuangxiHainanChongqingSichuanGuizhouQinghaiYunnanShannxiGansuNingxiaXinjiangLiaoning

***BeijingTianjinHebeiTianjinJilinHeilongjiangNeimengguShanghaiJiangsuZhejiangAnhuiHubeiFujianHenanJiangxiShandongHunanGuangdongGuangxiHainanChongqingSichuanGuizhouQinghaiYunnanShannxiGansuNingxiaXinjiangLiaoning

* Coagulation and sedimentationFiltrationBiofilterMembrane treatmentOzonationDisinfectionOthers

** Coagulation and sedimentationFiltrationBiofilterMembrane treatmentOzonationDisinfectionOthers

Unit technologies used in the 343 reclaimed wastewater treatment plants*

Technologies Quantity of RWTPProportion%Coagulation sedimentation283, 82.5%Traditional process22164.4lime-base process4814.0ActifloTM144.1Filtration218, 63.6%Deep Bed filtration17049.6rotating disc filtration92.6Cloth-base filtration257.3Disc filtration144.1Biofilter51, 14.9%biological aerated filter349.9denitrifying biofilter102.9Active sand denitrification filter72.0Membrane treatment78, 22.7%microfiltration288.2ultrafiltration102.9nanofiltration41.2reverse osmosis133.8MBR236.7Ozonation57, 16.6%Ozonation5716.6Disinfection343, 100.0%liquid chlorine13940.5NaClO4412.8ClO26117.8UV8725.4O3247.0Others69, 20.1%New thehnologies6920.1

* 3.PastHistory of wastewater reuse in China

3.Past: History of wastewater reuse in China*The sixth Five-Year Plan period The Seventh Five-Year Plan period The Eighth Five-Year Plan period The Ninth Five-Year Plan period The Eleventh Five-Year Plan period The Tenth Five-Year Plan period Wastewater reuse was first time included in the national science and technology programs by the Ministry of Construction (dissolved) .Technology of Water Pollution Control and Urban Wastewater Resourcization Technology of Wastewater Purification and ResourcizationKey Technology of Wastewater Treatment and Water IndustryTechnology and Demonstration of Wastewater ResourcizationKey Technology of urban wastewater reuse for landscape environment

3.1 Emerging stage*The end of emerging stage198419721957Wastewater irrigation was firstly included in the national scientific research planA positive and cautious approach and a tentative water quality standard for wastewater irrigation A bench-scale test on wastewater reclamation were carried out in Dalian. It was the first attempt involving the improved quality of reclaimed water in ChinaA pilot project on wastewater reclamation were successfully carried out in Dalian.

*3.2 Demonstration stageSeventh1985-1990Secondary effluent from Jizhuangzi wastewater treatment plant in Tianjin was firstly using for landscape environmentA trial implementation of reclaimed wastewater was promulgated in Beijing in 1987. first local regulationWater Quality Standards of Scenic River was developed in Tianjin.Eighth1991-1995Ninth1996-2000ProjectsPoliciesStandardsA series of projects using reclaimed wastewater in landscape irrigation and replenish environmental water were carried out.Interim Measures of Urban Reclaimed Water Facilities Management was promulgated in 1995. first national regulationThe price of reclaimed wastewater was set as 1 Yuan per cubic meter by Beijing for the first time in China.Reclaimed wastewater was used for industries in Tianjin.Reclaimed wastewater was used for groundwater recharge in Beijing.Encouragement of wastewater reuse was included in Jiangsu Water Resources Management Regulations in 1997.

*3.3 Developing stageTenth 2000-2005A series of demonstration projects were developed in Beijing, Dalian, Tianjin, and Qingdao.Wastewater reuse was written in the revised Water Law of the People's Republic of China in 2002.Urban Wastewater Reuse Category and correspondingly five national standards were established.Eleventh 2006-2010Wastewater reuse was included in the urban planning in many megacitiesThe three red lines policy was promulgated by Chinas Communist Party Central Committee and State Council in 2010.Urban Wastewater Reuse Water Quality Standard for Farmland Irrigation Water was established.ProjectsPoliciesStandards

*Figure 1 Contributions of different time periods on wastewater reuse scales and ratios in China, 2002-2015. A: Northern China, B: Northeast, C: Eastern China, D: Central China, E: Southwest, F: Southern China, G: Northwest, H: China. a: increase of wastewater reuse scale, b: increase of wastewater reuse ratio. 3.4 Spatial-temporal distribution of wastewater reuse in China

*Northern China is the China's most water-stressed region with 647.51 cubic meters per capita water resources per year. Reclaimed wastewater as the regional secondary water resource has been increasing in the past ten years. Although the ratio of wastewater reuse would slightly reduce in the next five years (i.e. form 59.74 % to 46.76 %), it is much higher that the goal of Twelfth Five-Year Plan (15%). 3.4 Spatial-temporal distribution of wastewater reuse in China

*Agricultural irrigation and scenic environment were the main pattern of wastewater reuse before 2002 in Northeast, Eastern China, Central China, and Southern China. With the rapid development of wastewater collection and treatment, as well as establishment of national reclaimed wastewater quality requirements for farmland irrigation and scenic environment, the ratio of wastewater reuse had been steadily decreasing in the past 10 years.3.4 Spatial-temporal distribution of wastewater reuse in China

*Southwest is the most water-rich region in China with more than 3000 cubic meters per capita water resources per year. However, the regional wastewater reuse ratio (4.07 %) is higher than those in Central China (1.41 %), and Southern China (0.91 %). This is due to sufficient of policies and regulations on the encouragement of wastewater reuse were promulgated by the regional governments.3.4 Spatial-temporal distribution of wastewater reuse in China

*3.4 Spatial-temporal distribution of wastewater reuse in ChinaNorthern ChinaEastern China59.74%VS10.83%10a: Increase of wastewater reuse scale, b: increase of wastewater reuse ratioThe NorthwestThe SouthwestCentral ChinaSouthern ChinaThe SouthwestChina

* 4.FutureOptimization for wastewater reuse in China

* For economic profit One of the noticeable studies as such is by Jining Chen in 2004, in which a linear programming (LP) model was applied to examine trade-offs between wastewater reuse supplies and demands, as well as the related costs and profits in China. Report on the Work of Government on 2005 Environmental protection and ecological conservation have been another central task of China. Wastewater reclamation and reuse should be one of the most important measures for point source pollution control, especially in Yangtze and Pearl River basins, where most cities are suffering from quality-related water scarcity.4. FutureOptimization for wastewater reuse in China

Sustainable design and implementation of wastewater reuse in China has to achieve an optimum compromise among water resources augmenting, pollutants reduction and positive economic profit. A systematic framework with a multi-objective optimization model was firstly developed considering the trade-offs among wastewater reuse supplies and demands, costs and profits, as well as pollutants reduction.*4. FutureOptimization for wastewater reuse in Chinatrade-offtrade-offtrade-offWenlong Zhang, Environ. Sci. Technol, 2013, 48(2), 1094-1102 (SCI, IF:5.481)

*Physical constraintsNoYesRandomly initialize the population P (0) of size N;Fast non-domination sorting on P (0);For every generation t;Select a parent population Pp (t) from P(t) using a binary tournament selection;Create a child population Pc (t) from Pp (t) through crossover and mutation operators;Combine P (t) and Pc (t) into an intermediate population Pi (t);Fast non-domination sorting on Pi (t);Place the best N individuals from Pi (t) to P (t+1);End loop4.1 Methodology and DataObjective functionsMethodologyMulti-objective optimization through NSGA II.

*On-site Survey : 254 reclaimed wastewater treatment plants in 33 cities were surveyed.

Statistical reports: MWR, MEP, MHUD, SETC, NBS.

literature investigation: related technical parameters on wastewater reuseData4.1 Methodology and Data

*4.2 Optimization of wastewater reuse in BeijingThe solution reddened is selected as the best solution with the wastewater reuse scale of 984.27 MCM and BOD5 reduction of 9585.18 tons, and economic profit of 610.36 million RMB YuanPareto optimal solutions for wastewater reuse in Beijing

*Approximately 71.4 % of optimal wastewater reuse scale had been achieved for Beijing.The result indicates that the driving forces of water resources augmenting and water pollution control play more important roles than positive economic profit during wastewater reuse expanding in Beijing.Beijing Jingcheng reclaimed water co., Ltd sold approximate 500 MCM of reclaimed wastewater but lost more than 30 MRY in 2007.Wastewater reuse scales and allocations of Beijing 4.2 Optimization of wastewater reuse in Beijing

*Pareto optimal solutions for wastewater reuse in Jiangsu province4.3 Optimization of wastewater reuse in JiangsuThe solution reddened is selected as the best solution with the wastewater reuse scale of 1.28 BCM and BOD5 reduction of 12800 tons, and economic profit of 0.72 billion RMB Yuan

*Almost 99 % of reclaimed wastewater was allocated to industrial reuse.In Jiangsu province, especially in the southern region, a large amount of industrial effluents are discharged into urban WWTPs due to the large-scale township and village enterprises (i.e. Sunan model).Such a reclaimed wastewater allocation with high proportion of industrial reuse is in agreement with the principles of sustainable water resources management.4.3 Optimization of wastewater reuse in JiangsuWastewater reuse scales and allocations of Jiangsu province

*BeijingJiangsuFor the regions suffering from quantity-related water scarcity reclaimed wastewater should be intensively used in municipal, domestic, and recreative sectors, while for the regions suffering from quality-related water scarcity reclaimed wastewater should be focused on industrial users.Reclaimed wastewater allocations in Beijing and Jiangsu province4.3 Optimization of wastewater reuse in Jiangsu

Wastewater reuse scale15.39 BCM4.4 Optimization of wastewater reuse in China

BOD5 reduction176309.77 tonsTons4.4 Optimization of wastewater reuse in China

economic profit9675.47 MRYMillion RMB Yuan4.4 Optimization of wastewater reuse in China

Current volumes of reclaimed wastewater for municipal uses and landscaping have been up to 68.31 % and 88.25 % of the optimal values, respectively, while for agricultural irrigation and industry, only 23.25 % and 14.894.4 Optimization of wastewater reuse in China

*The wastewater reuse ratio calculated by Chen was 6.3%.The wastewater reuse ratio is now up to 10.8%.The wastewater reuse ratio calculated in this study could be up to 35.06 %.The driving forces of water resources augmenting and water pollution control play more important roles than positive economic profit during wastewater reuse expanding in China.4.4 Optimization of wastewater reuse in China

*5.ProblemIssues on wastewater reuse refining and recommendations

*5. Issues on wastewater reuse refining and recommendationsTable 1. History of wastewater reclamation and reuse in China

*5. Issues on wastewater reuse refining and recommendations

5 Issues on wastewater reuse refining and recommendations*

Thanks for attention

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