ppt wireless
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Wireless Power Transmission
Presented by
Rakesh K.K.
4NM07EC080Department of Electronics and CommunicationEngineering
NMAM Institute of Technology, Nitte
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Overview
What is wireless powertransmission(WPT)?
Why is WPT?
History of WPT Types of WPT
Techniques to transfer energy wirelessly
Advantages and disadvantages
Applications
Conclusion
References
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What is WPT?
The transmission of energy from oneplace to another without using wires
Conventional energy transfer is using
wires
But, the wireless transmission is made
possible by using various technologies
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Why not wires?
As per studies, most electrical energytransfer is through wires.
Most of the energy loss is during
transmission On an average, more than 30%
In India, it exceeds 40%
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Why WPT?
Reliable
Efficient
Fast
Low maintenance cost
Can be used for short-range orlong-range.
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History
Nikola Tesla in late 1890s
Pioneer of induction techniques
His vision for World Wireless System The 187 feet tall tower to broadcast
energy
All people can have access to free
energy
Due to shortage of funds, tower did not
operate
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History (contd)
Tesla was able to transfer energy fromone coil to another coil
He managed to light 200 lamps from a
distance of 40km The idea of Tesla is taken in to
research after 100 years by a team led
by Marin Soljai from MIT. Theproject is named as WiTricity.
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Energy Coupling
The transfer of energy
Magnetic coupling
Inductive coupling
Simplest Wireless Energy coupling isa transformer
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Types and Technologies of
WPT Near-field techniques
Inductive Coupling
Resonant Inductive Coupling
Air Ionization
Far-field techniques
Microwave Power Transmission (MPT)
LASER power transmission
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Inductive coupling
Primary and secondary coils are notconnected with wires.
Energy transfer is due to Mutual
Induction
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Inductive coupling (contd)
Transformer is also an example Energy transfer devices are usually air-
cored Wireless Charging Pad(WCP),electric
brushes are some examples On a WCP, the devices are to be kept,
battery will be automatically charged.
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Inductive coupling(contd)
Electric brush also charges usinginductive coupling
The charging pad (primary coil) and
the device(secondary coil) have to bekept very near to each other
It is preferred because it is
comfortable. Less use of wires
Shock proof
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Resonance Inductive
Coupling(RIC) Combination of inductive coupling and
resonance
Resonance makes two objects interact
very strongly Inductance induces current
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How resonance in RIC?
Coil provides the inductance
Capacitor is connected parallel to the
coil
Energy will be shifting back and forthbetween magnetic field surrounding
the coil and electric field around the
capacitor Radiation loss will be negligible
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Block diagram of RIC
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An example
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WiTricity
Based on RIC
Led by MITs Marin Soljai
Energy transfer wirelessly for a
distance just more than 2m.
Coils were in helical shape
No capacitor was used
Efficiency achieved was around 40%
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WiTricity (contd)
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WiTricity Some statistics
Used frequencies are1MHz and 10MHz
At 1Mhz, field strengths
were safe for humanAt 10MHz, Field
strengths were more than
ICNIRP standards
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WiTricity now
No more helical coils
Companies like Intel are also working
on devices that make use of RIC
Researches for decreasing the fieldstrength
Researches to increase the range
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RIC vs. inductive coupling
RIC is highly efficient
RIC has much greater range than
inductive coupling
RIC is directional when compared toinductive coupling
RIC can be one-to-many. But usually
inductive coupling is one-to-one Devices using RIC technique are
highly portable
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Air Ionization
Toughest techniqueunder near-field energytransfer techniques
Air ionizes only whenthere is a high field
Needed field is2.11MV/m
Natural example:Lightening
Not feasible for practicalimplementation
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Advantages of near-field
techniques No wires No e-waste Need for battery is
eliminated Efficient energy
transfer using RIC Harmless, if field
strengths under
safety levels Maintenance cost
is less
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Disadvantages
Distance constraint
Field strengths have to be under
safety levels
Initial cost is high
In RIC, tuning is difficult
High frequency signals must be the
supply
Air ionization technique is not feasible
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Far-field energy transfer
Radiative
Needs line-of-sight
LASER or microwaveAims at high power transfer
Teslas tower was built for this
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Microwave Power
Transfer(MPT) Transfers high power from one place
to another. Two places being in line of
sight usually
Steps: Electrical energy to microwave energy
Capturing microwaves using rectenna
Microwave energy to electrical energy
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MP T (contd)
AC can not be directly converted tomicrowave energy
AC is converted to DC first
DC is converted to microwaves usingmagnetron
Transmitted waves are received at
rectenna which rectifies, gives DC asthe output
DC is converted back to AC
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LASER transmission
LASER is highly directional, coherent
Not dispersed for very long
But, gets attenuated when it
propagates through atmosphere
Simple receiver
Photovoltaic cell
Cost-efficient
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Solar Power Satellites (SPS)
To provide energy to earths
increasing energy need
To efficiently make use ofrenewable energy i.e., solar energy
SPS are placed in geostationary
orbits
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SPS (contd)
Solar energy is captured usingphotocells
Each SPS may have 400 million
photocells Transmitted to earth in the form of
microwaves/LASER
Using rectenna/photovoltaic cell, theenergy is converted to electrical
energy
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Rectenna
Stands for rectifying antenna
Consists of mesh of dipoles and
diodes
Converts microwave to its DCequivalent
Usually multi-element phased array
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Rectenna in US
Rectenna in US receives 5000MW ofpower from SPS
It is about one and a half mile long
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Other projects
Alaska21
Grand Bassin
Hawaii
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LASER vs. MPT
When LASER is used, the antennasizes can be much smaller
Microwaves can face interference (two
frequencies can be used for WPT are2.45GHz and 5.4GHz)
LASER has high attenuation loss and
also it gets diffracted by atmosphericparticles easily
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Advantages of far-field energy
transfer
Efficient
Easy
Need for grids, substations etc are
eliminated
Low maintenance cost
More effective when the transmitting
and receiving points are along a line-of-sight
Can reach the places which are
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Applications
Near-field energy transfer Electric automobile charging
Static and moving
Consumer electronics
Industrial purposes
Harsh environment
Far-field energy transfer
Solar Power Satellites Energy to remote areas
Can broadcast energy globally (in future)
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Conclusion
Transmission without wires- a reality Efficient
Low maintenance cost. But, high initial cost
Better than conventional wired transfer Energy crisis can be decreased
Low loss
In near future, world will be completelywireless
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References
S. Sheik Mohammed, K. Ramasamy, T. Shanmuganantham,Wireless power transmission a next generation powertransmission system, International Journal of Computer
Applications (0975 8887) (Volume 1 No. 13)
Peter Vaessen, Wireless Power Transmission, LeonardoEnergy, September 2009
C.C. Leung, T.P. Chan, K.C. Lit, K.W. Tam and Lee Yi Chow,Wireless Power Transmission and Charging Pad
David Schneider, Electrons unplugged, IEEE Spectrum,May 2010
Shahrzad Jalali Mazlouman, Alireza Mahanfar, BozenaKaminska, Mid-range Wireless Energy Transfer Using
Inductive Resonance for Wireless Sensors Chunbo Zhu, Kai Liu, Chunlai Yu, Rui Ma, Hexiao Cheng,
Simulation and Experimental Analysis on Wireless EnergyTransfer Based on Magnetic Resonances, IEEE VehiclePower and Propulsion Conference (VPPC), September 3-5,2008
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References(contd)
Andr Kurs, Aristeidis Karalis, Robert Moffatt, J.D. Joannopoulos, Peter Fisher and MarinSoljai, Wireless Power Transfer via StronglyCoupled Magnetic Resonances, Science, June2007
T. R. Robinson, T. K. Yeoman and R. S. Dhillon,Environmental impact of high power densitymicrowave beams on different atmosphericlayers,
White Paper on Solar Power Satellite (SPS)
Systems, URSI, September 2006 Richard M. Dickinson, and Jerry Grey, Lasers
for Wireless Power Transmission
S.S. Ahmed, T.W. Yeong and H.B. Ahmad,Wireless power transmission and its annexure to
the grid system 10/30/2012 Wireless Power Transmission 40
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THANK YOU!