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 THE PERCEPTUAL PROCESS

PERCEPTION 

the process of receiving informtion !o"t n# m$ingsense of the %or ro"n# "s'

Perception !egins %hen environment& stim"&i re receive#thro"gh o"r senses' (ost stim"&i tht !om!r# o"r sensesre screene# o"t) the rest re orgni*e# n# interprete#'

SELECTIVE ATTENTIONis the process of tten#ing to some informtion receive# !+o"r senses n# ignoring other informtion' Se&ectivettention is in,"ence# !+ chrcteristics of the person oro!-ect !eing perceive#. prtic"&r&+ si*e. intensit+. motion.repetition. n# nove&t+'

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(ODEL O/ THE PERCEPTUAL PROCESS

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PERCEPTUAL ORGNIZATION ANDINTERPRETATION

CATEGORICAL THINKING

orgni*ing peop&e n# o!-ects into preconceive# ctegoriestht re store in o"r &ong0term memor+'

 Things re often gro"pe# together on the !sis of theirsimi&rit+ or pro1imit+ to others' Another form of percept"&

gro"ping is !se# on the nee# for cognitive c&os"re. s"ch s2&&ing in missing informtion !o"t %ht hppene#' A thir#form of gro"ping occ"rs %hen %e thin$ %e see tren#s inother%ise m!ig"o"s informtion'

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(ENTAL (ODELS

vis"& or re&tion& imges in o"r min# tht represents

the e1tern& %or'

3e re&+ on ment& mo#e&s to m$e sense of o"renvironment thro"gh percept"& gro"ping) the mo#e&s2&& in the missing pieces. inc&"#ing the c"s&connection mong events' The most importnt %+ to

minimi*e the percept"& pro!&ems %ith ment& mo#e&sis to constnt&+ 4"estion them'

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SEL/ CONCEPT5 SOCIAL SEL/SOCIAL IDENTITY 

#e2ning o"rse&ves in terms of gro"ps to %hich %e !e&ong orhve n emotion& ttchment'

Gro"ps se&ecte# %hen esi&+ i#enti2e#. +o"r mem!ership is the

e1ception. the gro"p hs high stt"s

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STEREOT6PING

Assigning traits t !"!#" $as"% n s&ia#

&at"gr' ("($"rs)i!

*)' !"!#" st"r"t'!":

Ctegoric& thin$ing

Innte #rive to comprehen# n# pre#ict others7!ehvior

S"pports se&f0enhncement n# soci& i#entit+

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STEREOT6PING THROUGHCATEGORIZATION. HO(OGENIZATION.DI//ERENTIATIONSoci& i#entit+ n# se&f0enhncement reinforce stereot+ping

thro"gh5

CATEGORI+ATION PROCESS

Ctegori*e peop&e into gro"ps

HO,OGENI+ATION PROCESS

Assign simi&r trits %ithin gro"p) #i8erent trits to othergro"ps

DIFFERENTIATION PROCESS

 Assign &ess fvor!&e ttri!"tes to other gro"ps

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PRO9LE(S 3ITH STEREOT6PING

Pr$#"(s -it) st"r"t'!ing

Overgener&i*es : #oesn7t represent ever+one in thectegor+

9sis of s+stemic n# intention& #iscrimintion

O."r&(ing st"r"t'!" $ias"s

Di;c"&t to prevent stereot+pe ctivtion

Possi!&e to minimi*e stereot+pe pp&iction

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ATTRI9UTION THEOR6

ATTRIBUTION PROCESS

the percept"& process of #eci#ing %hether n o!serve#!ehvior or event is c"se# &rge&+ !+ the person

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ATTRI9UTION ERRORS

/UNDA(ENTAL ATTRI9UTION ERROR

the ten#enc+ to see the person rther thn thesit"tion s the min c"se of the person7s !ehvior'

SELF SERVING BIAS

the ten#enc+ to ttri!"te o"r fvor!&e o"tcomes to

intern& fctors n# o"r fi&"res to e1tern& fctors'

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SEL/ /UL/ILLING PROPHEC6

the percept"& process in %hich o"r e1pecttions

!o"t nother person c"se tht person to ct in %+ tht is consistent %ith those e1pecttions'

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CONTINGENCIES O/ SEL/0/UL/ILLINGPROPHEC6

Se&f0f"&2&&ing prophecies re more po%erf"& "n#er some

con#itions thn others' The se&f0f"&2&&ing0prophec+ e8ect isstronger t the !eginning of re&tionship. or %hen sever&peop&e

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OTHER PERCEPTUAL ERRORSHALO EFFECT

o"r gener& impression of person "s"&&+ !se# on oneprominent chrcteristic %hich co&o"rs o"r perception ofother chrcteristics of tht person'

PRI,ACY EFFECT

%e 4"ic$&+ form n opinion of peop&e on the !sis of the 2rstinfo %e receive !o"t them'

RECENCY EFFECT

the most recent informtion #omintes o"r perception ofothers'

FALSE CONSENSUS EFFECT

overestimting the the e1tent to %hich others hve !e&iefsn# chrcteristics simi&r to o"r o%n

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GANENDRA7S

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DIC>67S

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A3ARENESS O/ PERCEPTUAL 9IASES

One of the most o!vio"s n# %i#e&+ prctice# %+s to

re#"ce percept"& !ises is !+ $no%ing tht the+e1ist'

  Ho%ever. %reness hs on&+ &imite# e8ect' /ore1mp&e. tr+ing to correct misinformtion !o"t#emogrphic gro"ps hs &imite# e8ect on peop&e %ith#eep&+ he pre-"#ices ginst those gro"ps'

A&so. se&f0f"&2&&ing prophec+ trining informs mngers!o"t this percept"& !is n# enco"rges them toengge in more positive rther thn negtive se&f0f"&2&&ing prophecies. +et reserch hs fo"n# thtmngers contin"e to engge in negtive se&f0f"&2&&ingprophecies fter the+ comp&ete the trining progrm'

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I(PRO?ING SEL/0A3ARENESS

A more po%erf"& %+ to minimi*e percept"& !ises is

to he&p peop&e !ecome more %re of !ises in theiro%n #ecisions n# !ehvior

3e nee# to "n#erstn# o"r !e&iefs. v&"es. n#ttit"#es to !e more open0min#e# n# non-"#gment&to%r# others'

9"t ho% #o %e !ecome more se&f0%re@

 One form& proce#"re. c&&e# the Imp&icit Assocition Test

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The open area inc&"#esinformtion !o"t +o" tht is$no%n !oth to +o" n# toothers'

The blind  re refers toinformtion tht is $no%n toothers !"t not to +o"' /ore1mp&e. +o"r co&&eg"es mightnotice tht +o" re se&f0conscio"s n# %$%r# %hen

meeting the compn+ chiefe1ec"tive. !"t +o" re "n%reof this fct'Informtion $no%n to +o" !"t"n$no%n to others is fo"n# inthe hidden area'

/in&&+. the unknown areainc&"#es +o"r v&"es. !e&iefs.n# e1periences tht ren7t$no%n to +o" or others'

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 The min o!-ective of the ohri 3in#o% is to increse the

si*e of the open re so tht !oth +o" n# co&&eg"es re%re of +o"r percept"& &imittions' This is prt&+ccomp&ishe# !+ re#"cing the hi##en re thro"gh#isc&os"reBinforming others of +o"r !e&iefs. fee&ings. n#e1periences tht m+ in,"ence the %or$ re&tionship'Theopen re &so increses thro"gh fee#!c$ from others

!o"t +o"r !ehvior' This informtion he&ps +o" to re#"ce+o"r !&in# re. !ec"se co%or$ers often see things in+o" tht +o" #o not see' /in&&+. the com!intion of#isc&os"re n# fee#!c$ occsion&&+ pro#"ces reve&tions!o"t informtion in the "n$no%n re'

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 (EANING/UL INTERACTION

  Se&f0%reness n# m"t"& "n#erstn#ing cn &so

improve thro"gh meningf"& interction' This sttement is !se# on the contct h+pothesis.%hich sttes tht. "n#er certin con#itions. peop&e%ho interct %ith ech other %i&& !e &ess pre-"#ice# orpercept"&&+ !ise# ginst ech other'

(eningf"& interction #oes more thn re#"ce o"rre&ince on stereot+pes' It &so potenti&&+ improvesempth+ to%r# others. tht is. the e1tent to %hich%e "n#erstn# n# re sensitive to the fee&ings.tho"ghts. n# sit"tions of others

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LEARNING IN ORGANIZATIONS

LEARNING

A re&tive&+ permnent chnge in !ehvior

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LEARNING IN ORGANIZATIONS

LEARNING THROUGH REINFORCE,ENTS

9ehvior mo#i2ction

A/B/Cs:

Antece#ents. 9ehvior. Conse4"ences

CONTINGENCIES OF REINFORCE,ENTS:

Positive. P"nishment. Negtive. E1tinction

SOCIAL LEARNING Lerning !+ o!serving

SOCIAL LEARNING THEORY:

9ehvior mo#e&ing. Lerning !ehvior conse4"ences.

Se&f0reinforcement

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LEARNING IN ORGANIZATIONS

LEARNING THROUGH E0PERIENCES

(ost tcit $no%&e#ge n# s$i&&s re c4"ire# thro"ghe1periences s %e&& s o!servtion

= Engge

F= re,ect form

= e1perimenttion

Lerning orienttion

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GANENDRA7S