ppt - mining metallurgy and exploration - sme
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: PPT - Mining Metallurgy and Exploration - SME](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081420/55570ba2d8b42a274d8b4ec7/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Heat Study and Modelling of Future Climatic Conditions at Coleman/McCreedy East Mine – Vale Inco
• Charles Kocsis & Stephen HardcastleCANMET-MMSL, Sudbury, Canada
• Brian KeenVale Inco, Coleman/McCreedy East Mine, Levack, Canada
![Page 2: PPT - Mining Metallurgy and Exploration - SME](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081420/55570ba2d8b42a274d8b4ec7/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Objectives
• Perform climatic survey quantify changes in TDB, TWB, RH and Barometric Pressure of the intake air from surface to the 4810L, through a Cut &Fill stoping area and to the exhaust system of the 153 Orebody
• Evaluate the heat load added to the intake air by auto-compression, strata, fans and mining equipment
• Predict the climatic conditions for the deepest operating level (5700L) within the future 170 Orebody
• Predict the climatic conditions along this future orebody’s main haulage ramp – an exhaust airway ascending from 5700L to 5100L
![Page 3: PPT - Mining Metallurgy and Exploration - SME](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081420/55570ba2d8b42a274d8b4ec7/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Methodology
• Perform a climatic survey collect data determine the heat load added to the mine environment
• Perform mine activity monitoring to differentiate between constant (i.e. strata) and transient (i.e. mining equipment) heat sources
• Develop a climatic model of the mine’s intake system and the C&F stopes on the 4810L (153 Orebody) validate simulation data against field data
• Transpose climatic model to the 5700L (future 170 Orebody) with intake airflow, BP and VRT entered for this deeper level predict climatic conditions on 5700L
• Extend climatic model to include the ramp system between 5700L and 5100L predict climatic conditions
![Page 4: PPT - Mining Metallurgy and Exploration - SME](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081420/55570ba2d8b42a274d8b4ec7/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Coleman/McCreedy East Mine• Two Alphair 11200-AMF-
6600 (880 RPM) in parallel
• Power: 1,118 kW (1500hp) each
• Two Joy 72-26-880RPM (Series 2000 )-100hp each
![Page 5: PPT - Mining Metallurgy and Exploration - SME](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081420/55570ba2d8b42a274d8b4ec7/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
No.1 Intake Shaft
Two 1120 kW (1500 hp) Alphair 1120-AMF-6600 (880RPM) in Parallel Arrangement
Two Exhaust Fans in Parallel Arrangement
![Page 6: PPT - Mining Metallurgy and Exploration - SME](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081420/55570ba2d8b42a274d8b4ec7/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Environmental Data Collection
• Eleven ACR data loggers were installed along the intake system (surface-4810L) & across the C&F production area
• These pocket units continuously recorded TDB, RH and BP, 24 hrs/day at 1-minute intervals TWB were calculated using standard equations
• An infrared (Raytek MX) was used to measure wall surface temperatures along the access drifts and stope area
• Kerstel 4000 Pocket Weather Tracker was used for spot measurements within the C&F production stopes
• Environmental data was downloaded to a mobile computer at the end of every production shift
![Page 8: PPT - Mining Metallurgy and Exploration - SME](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081420/55570ba2d8b42a274d8b4ec7/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Mine Activity Tracking on 4810L(#4 Mining Block)
• During 14-day survey on day-shifts, drilling, bolting/screening, explosive loading, blasting and mucking were monitored and recorded
• Data included type and location of activity, start & finish times, mining equipment used, duration of scheduled (i.e. lunch) & unscheduled (i.e. equipment breakdowns) production delays
• The operational status (On/Off) of the auxiliary fan was also recorded
• The air volumes at the flexible duct discharge to each individual C&F stope was measured for every production arrangement
Activity/Equipment Equipment Information
Drilling:Mini-Jumbo
34 kW (45 hp) diesel,37 kW electrical motor,2.2 kW compressor motor
Bolting/Screening:Jacklegs
Compressed air system
Mucking-Small LHD:moving blasted ore from the face of the 3W, 2W, 2WB stopes to the remuck bay
2.5 yd3 – 86 kW diesel
Mucking-Large LHD:moving ore from the remuck bay to the 4810 level ore pass
8 yd3 – 250 kW diesel6 yd3 – 200 kW diesel
Miscellaneous Vehicles Utility – 37 kW dieselSmall truck – 32 kW dieselFork lifts: 33 & 37 kW dieselPersonnel – 100 kW diesel
![Page 9: PPT - Mining Metallurgy and Exploration - SME](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081420/55570ba2d8b42a274d8b4ec7/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Mine Activity Tracking - Example
Task Codes: D – Drilling; GS – Ground Support; M – Mucking; L – Explosive Loading
Sub-Task Codes: DH – Drill Holes; IRB – Install Rock Bolts; MFB – Mucking from Face to Bay; MOB – Mucking from Bay to Ore pass; LH – Load Holes; WU – Wire Holes; CG – Clear and Guard; OW – Other Work; PREP – Prepare for Ground Support Activities; EI – Equipment inspection
![Page 10: PPT - Mining Metallurgy and Exploration - SME](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081420/55570ba2d8b42a274d8b4ec7/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Environmental and ActivityData Analysis
• The TDB (0C), RH (%) and BP (kPa) data were compiled into daily electronic spreadsheets
• The psychrometric TWB (0C) was calculated for each individual set of measurements
• Within the spreadsheets the collected activity information, the status of the auxiliary fans and air volumes were also compiled
• Once combined it was possible to identify in temperature and humidity graphs where and when mining activity had an impact on the U/G environment
![Page 11: PPT - Mining Metallurgy and Exploration - SME](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081420/55570ba2d8b42a274d8b4ec7/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Wet-Bulb, Dry-Bulb and RH in the C&F Production Stopes• During activities not requiring diesel/el. Equipment, stope background temp. were 28.50C & 23.50C
• During two scheduled production delays with aux. fan Off, TDB decreased from 28.5 to 26.90C & from 30 to 28.40C
• During bolting/screening (9:00-10:00) TDB, RH & WB remained fairly constant at 28.00C, 58% & 22.00C
• Elevated temp. occurred during concurrent mining activities (15:40–16:20). Most airflow directed to adjacent stope T
TD
B
DB
= 2
.9=
2.9
00 CC
TTDBDB = 3.5 = 3.500CC TTDBDB = 4.5 = 4.500CC
![Page 12: PPT - Mining Metallurgy and Exploration - SME](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081420/55570ba2d8b42a274d8b4ec7/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Average DB and WB Temperatures at the Monitoring Locations (Surface – 4810L)
• Greatest temp. increase occurred between surface – intake to 4810L (TDB=+10.60C, TWB=+6.90C ) mainly due to auto-compression
• Booster fan delivering air to the 4810L produced TDB=+1.30C in the intake air
• The 150hp aux. fan delivering air to the mining block produced TDB=+2.50C
• TDB decreased along the aux. duct
(TDB=-0.50C) some of the fan heat was transferred to the 48” steel duct
• Within the stope area, on average TDB decreased by -2.50C. However TWB
increased by 0.40C evaporative cooling in the production area
LOCATION TDB
(C)ΔTDB
(C)TWB
(C)ΔTWB
(C)
Surface Intake 18.4 - 15.7 -
4810 Level Intake - Loc.10 29.0 +10.6 22.6 +6.9
48” Aux. Duct Intake - Loc.1 30.3 +1.3 22.9 +0.3
48” Aux. Duct after Fan - Loc.3 32.8 +2.5 23.1 +0.2
36” Auxiliary Duct - Loc.5 32.3 -0.5 22.9 -0.2
Aux. Pipe Discharge - Loc.7 31.9 -0.4 23.4 +0.5
Stope Face (3W/2W/2WB) - Loc.8
29.4 -2.5 23.8 +0.4
Stope Return - Loc.6 29.4 0 23.9 +0.1
Access Drift Return - Loc.4 29.4 0 23.9 0
Ventilation Drift Return - Loc.2 29.4 0 23.5 -0.4
Footwall Drift to RAR - Loc.9 29.1 -0.3 24.0 +0.5VRT4810L = 26.5 0C
![Page 13: PPT - Mining Metallurgy and Exploration - SME](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081420/55570ba2d8b42a274d8b4ec7/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
The Monitored EnvironmentalConditions in the Production Area
• Environmental monitoring data showed that TDB, TWB, RH changed quickly according to the mining activities
• Any elevated TDB and TWB returned to stope background conditions with the completion of the activity
• These changes were local as TDB and TWB remained fairly constant at the exhaust of the mining block (TDB=0.40C, TWB=0.90C)
• The highest TDB and TWB occurred during concurrent mining activities in adjacent C&F stopes (drilling & mucking)
• Working conditions in the production stopes were a function of the air volume delivered to each individual stope
![Page 14: PPT - Mining Metallurgy and Exploration - SME](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081420/55570ba2d8b42a274d8b4ec7/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Climatic Modelling - #4 Mining Block (4810L)
• The climatic model of the #4 mining block (153 Orebody) developed using ClimsimTM
• Model based upon mine layouts and the following rock properties:
– VRT @ 1,466.5m (4810L) = 26.50C
– Geothermal Step: 63 m/0C
– Rock Conductivity 5.6 W/m0C
– Diffusivity: 2.5 x 10-6 m2/s
• Model developed by combining all airway segments from surface to 4810L and the C&F stopes
• Simulations showed some difficulties in replicating TDB/TWB in individual stopes with air volume being continually adjusted
• As a result & to allow simulation of concurrent activities in adjacent stopes, a “block” model combining all C&F stopes (2W, 2WB, 3W) was developed
VRT was provided by Vale Inco obtained from measurements in boreholes
![Page 15: PPT - Mining Metallurgy and Exploration - SME](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081420/55570ba2d8b42a274d8b4ec7/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Example of Ventilation Parameters & Heat Sources used in the 4810L Model
• Air volume delivered by the auxiliary fan through the 1.2 m steel duct: Vd = 27.5 m3/s
• Combined air volume directed to the production stopes through flexible fabric ducts: Vs = 11.5 m3/s
• Depth = 1,466 m; Barometric Pressure: BP = 118 kPa
• Mini-Jumbo power characteristics: PElectrical = 37 kW; PDiesel = 34 kW; PCompressor= 2.2 kW
• Diesel LHD power characteristics: 2.5 yd3 (86 kW); 6.0 yd3 (200 kW); 8.0 yd3 (250 kW)
![Page 16: PPT - Mining Metallurgy and Exploration - SME](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081420/55570ba2d8b42a274d8b4ec7/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Model Simulated TDB and TWB for the Active #4 Mining Block (4810L)
• Comparing simulation vs. average measured data only major difference is TDB/TWB at the face
• Simulations were set to represent concurrent activities in two adjacent stopes
LOCATIONTDB (C)
SimulatedMeasured
ΔTDB (C)SimulatedMeasured
TWB (C)SimulatedMeasured
ΔTWB (C)SimulatedMeasured
48” Aux. Duct Intake – Location 1
30.330.3
_ 22.922.9
_
48” Aux. Duct after Fan – Location 3
32.932.8
+2.6+2.5
23.923.1
+1.0+0.2
Auxiliary Pipe Discharge – Location 7
31.931.9
-1.0-0.4
23.523.4
-0.4+0.5
Stope Face (3W/2W/2WB) –Location 8
33.029.4
+1.1-2.5
24.223.8
+0.7+0.4
Stope Return – Location 6
30.029.4
-3.00
24.323.9
+0.1+01
Access Drift Return – Location 4
29.929.4
-0.10
24.323.9
00
Ventilation Drift Return – Location 2
29.529.4
-0.40
24.123.5
-0.2-0.4
Footwall Drift to RAR – Location 9
29.129.1
-0.4-0.3
24.024.0
-0.1+0.5
![Page 17: PPT - Mining Metallurgy and Exploration - SME](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081420/55570ba2d8b42a274d8b4ec7/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Climatic Modelling – Future 170 Orebody (5700L)
• The 4810L (Depth = 1,467m) climatic model was transposed to the 5700L (Depth = 1,738m) of the 170 Orebody
• Air volumes through the auxiliary ducting system, equipment & auxiliary fan heat sources were similar as within 4810L
• VRT entered according to the deeper 5700L (VRT5700L=30.8 0C)• However, to determine the starting TDB and TWB and barometric
pressure of the intake air to the 5700L additional modelling work was required
![Page 18: PPT - Mining Metallurgy and Exploration - SME](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081420/55570ba2d8b42a274d8b4ec7/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Determining TDB, TWB and BP Through Climatic Modelling
43.6 m(143’)
1248 m(4094’)
3830’Level
Surface
# 1 Intake Shaft
Q = 486 m 3/s (1,030 kcfm )
Q = 349 m 3/s (739.5 kcfm)
Q = 217 m 3/s(460 kcfm )
Q = 165 m 3/s(350 kcfm)
Q = 165 m 3/s (350 kcfm)
Q = 71 m 3/s (150 kcfm)
Q = 165 m 3/s (350 kcfm)
288 m (945’)
259 m (850’)
131 m (430’)96 m (315’)
96 m (315’)
5.8 m diam.k = 0.0076 kg/m 3 (41 lb * min2 / ft4)
13’ diam. boreholek = 0.0055 kg/m 3 (30 lb * min2 / ft 4)
18’ x 17’ transfer driftk = 0.0129 kg/m 3 (70 lb * min 2 / ft4)
16’ x 17’ transfer driftk = 0.0129 kg/m 3 (70 lb * min 2 / ft4)
Q = 217 m 3/s(460 kcfm)
13’ diam. boreholek = 0.0055 kg/m 3 (30 lb * min2 / ft 4)
15.2 m (50’)
22.8 m (75’)
18’ x 17’ transfer driftk = 0.0129 kg/m 3 (70 lb * min2 / ft4)
Q = 165 m 3/s(350 kcfm )
13’ diam boreholek = 0.0055 kg/m 3 (30 lb * min2 / ft4)
2 Surface Fans in Parallel ArrangementP = 3,633 Pa (14.6”) Power = 2 x 1,118.5 = 2,237 kW
5475’ Level
5700’Level
5160 ’Level
4215’ Level
3970’ Level
Intake fresh Air System from Surface to the bottom of the 5700 Level FAR
18’ diam. Alimakk = 0.0129 kg/m 3
(70 lb * min2 / ft 4)L = 74.7 m (245”)
2 Booster Fans I Parallel ArrangementP = 1,244Pa (5.0 in. wg) Power = 2 x 298 kW (400hp)
16’ x 16’ transfer driftk = 0.0129 kg/m 3 (70 lb * min2 / ft4)
43.6 m(143’)
1248 m(4094’)
3830’Level
Surface
# 1 Intake Shaft
Q = 486 m 3/s (1,030 kcfm )
Q = 349 m 3/s (739.5 kcfm)
Q = 217 m 3/s(460 kcfm )
Q = 165 m 3/s(350 kcfm)
Q = 165 m 3/s (350 kcfm)
Q = 71 m 3/s (150 kcfm)
Q = 165 m 3/s (350 kcfm)
288 m (945’)
259 m (850’)
131 m (430’)96 m (315’)
96 m (315’)
5.8 m diam.k = 0.0076 kg/m 3 (41 lb * min2 / ft4)
13’ diam. boreholek = 0.0055 kg/m 3 (30 lb * min2 / ft 4)
18’ x 17’ transfer driftk = 0.0129 kg/m 3 (70 lb * min 2 / ft4)
16’ x 17’ transfer driftk = 0.0129 kg/m 3 (70 lb * min 2 / ft4)
Q = 217 m 3/s(460 kcfm)
13’ diam. boreholek = 0.0055 kg/m 3 (30 lb * min2 / ft 4)
15.2 m (50’)
22.8 m (75’)
18’ x 17’ transfer driftk = 0.0129 kg/m 3 (70 lb * min2 / ft4)
Q = 165 m 3/s(350 kcfm )
13’ diam boreholek = 0.0055 kg/m 3 (30 lb * min2 / ft4)
2 Surface Fans in Parallel ArrangementP = 3,633 Pa (14.6”) Power = 2 x 1,118.5 = 2,237 kW
5475’ Level
5700’Level
5160 ’Level
4215’ Level
3970’ Level
Intake fresh Air System from Surface to the bottom of the 5700 Level FAR
18’ diam. Alimakk = 0.0129 kg/m 3
(70 lb * min2 / ft 4)L = 74.7 m (245”)
2 Booster Fans I Parallel ArrangementP = 1,244Pa (5.0 in. wg) Power = 2 x 298 kW (400hp)
16’ x 16’ transfer driftk = 0.0129 kg/m 3 (70 lb * min2 / ft4)
18’ diam. Alimakk = 0.0129 kg/m 3
(70 lb * min2 / ft 4)L = 74.7 m (245”)
2 Booster Fans I Parallel ArrangementP = 1,244Pa (5.0 in. wg) Power = 2 x 298 kW (400hp)
16’ x 16’ transfer driftk = 0.0129 kg/m 3 (70 lb * min2 / ft4)
Simulations TDB = 35.3 0C; TWB = 24.4 0C; BP = 123 kPa
![Page 19: PPT - Mining Metallurgy and Exploration - SME](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081420/55570ba2d8b42a274d8b4ec7/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Simulated TDB and TWB for the Future Mining Block on the 5700L
• Intake TDB/TWB at the 5700L increased by TDb = 5.00C & TWB = 1.50C due to additional booster fans (4215L) and auto-compression TDB now exceeds VRT = 30.80C
• The highest TDB & TWB in the production area would occur at the combined return from the stopes, namely 33.60C and 25.70C (for concurrent mucking & drilling in adjacent stopes)
LOCATIONTDB (C)5700L4810L
ΔTDB (C)5700L4810L
TWB (C)5700L4810L
ΔTWB (C)5700L4810L
48” Aux. Duct Intake – Location 1
35.330.3
_ 24.422.9
_
48” Aux. Duct after Fan – Location 3
37.832.9
+2.5+2.6
25.423.9
+1.0+1.0
Auxiliary Pipe Discharge – Location 7
36.231.9
-1.4-1.0
25.023.5
-0.4-0.4
Stope Face (3W/2W/2WB) –Location 8
TDB & TWB was much dependant to the air volume delivered to the individual C&F stopes
Stope Return – Location 6
33.630.0
-3.9-3.0
25.724.3
0+0.1
Access Drift Return – Location 4
33.429.9
-0.2-0.1
25.724.3
00
Ventilation Drift Return – Location 2
33.129.5
-0.3-0.4
25.624.1
-0.1-0.2
Footwall Drift to RAR – Location 9
32.829.1
-0.3-0.4
25.624.0
0-01
![Page 20: PPT - Mining Metallurgy and Exploration - SME](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081420/55570ba2d8b42a274d8b4ec7/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
• The 5700L model was extended to include two sections of the main haulage ramp (5700L - 5475L) and (5475L - 5100L)
• These two sections were considered worst-case-operational conditions
• Example of data used for the 5700L – 5475L ramp section:– Volume of air through this section: 71 m3/s– Intake airflow conditions from previous segment:
TDB=32.80C; TWB=25.60C
– Equipment: Two 2.5 yd3 LHD (2 x 86.5 kW); One 6yd3 LHD (231 kW); Two diesel trucks (2 x 223.5 kW)
• Total diesel power: 851 kW
Climatic Modelling – Main Haulage Ramp
![Page 21: PPT - Mining Metallurgy and Exploration - SME](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081420/55570ba2d8b42a274d8b4ec7/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Climatic Modelling – Main Haulage Ramp
• Climatic simulations along the (5700L - 5475L) section of the ramp predicted: TDB = 36.8 0C & TWB = 27.2 0C
• TWB would only exceed the mine’s design criteria (TWB = 25.5 0C) if all mining equipment would operate at the same time for prolonged period of time
• Predicted TDB & TWB in the upper section (5475L - 5100L) had lower temperatures due to a higher air volume throughout this section
![Page 22: PPT - Mining Metallurgy and Exploration - SME](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081420/55570ba2d8b42a274d8b4ec7/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Climatic Simulation Summary – 170 Orebody and Haulage Ramp
• Temperature conditions predicted for the intake air to the 5700L would be: TDB=35.3 0C and TWB=24.4 0C
• Changes between surface conditions (18.4 0C/15.7 0C) and 5700L TDB=+16.9 0C & TWB=+8.7 0C are mainly due to heat generated by auto-compression and main/booster fans
• During concurrent activities (11.5 m3/s), the highest temperature conditions would occur at the common return location from the C&F stopes: TDB=33.6 0C & TWB=25.7 0C
• Along the return airways the predicted temperatures decrease to TDB=32.8 0C/TWB=25.6 0C
• Across the 5700L, heat generated by auto-compression, fans and machinery is rejected into the cooler surrounding rock (VRT=30.80C)
• For the 5700L - 5475L section of the main haulage ramp under worst-case-scenario conditions TDB/TWB was predicted to reach 36.8 0C and 27.2 0C – if all potential equipment operate
![Page 23: PPT - Mining Metallurgy and Exploration - SME](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081420/55570ba2d8b42a274d8b4ec7/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
CONCLUSIONS
• A climatic model of a C&F mining area for the active 153 Orebody (4810L) was successfully developed based on mine layouts and the auxiliary ventilation setup
• Output data generated through simulations were compared and validated vs. measured data (environmental & activity monitoring)
• Environmental and activity monitoring showed concurrent mucking and drilling activities generating some of the highest temperatures
• Elevated temperatures also occurred when auxiliary ventilation was not immediately adjusted to meet changes in production activity (TDB=+9.40C/TWB=+3.50C)
• The climatic condition within the future 170 Orebody were predicted using the 4810L model transposed to the 5700L airflow intake TDB/TWB, BP, VRT entered for that deeper level (5700L)
![Page 24: PPT - Mining Metallurgy and Exploration - SME](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081420/55570ba2d8b42a274d8b4ec7/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
CONCLUSIONS – Continued
• Climatic simulations of the future 170 Orebody showed that with the simplified working area TWB = 25.50C would not be exceeded
• However, TWB could be exceeded in the individual C&F stopes depending on the mining activities and air volume delivered to the individual stopes
• The only area where TWB would be exceeded is along the 5700L – 5475L section of the haulage ramp – if all potential equipment would operate simultaneously
• Study showed that providing appropriate auxiliary ventilation distribution able to meet various operating requirements has the greatest role in maintaining adequate environmental conditions
![Page 25: PPT - Mining Metallurgy and Exploration - SME](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081420/55570ba2d8b42a274d8b4ec7/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Acknowledgement
The authors would like to thank Vale Inco for their permission to present this work and recognize the Ventilation and Engineering Staff of Coleman/McCreedy East Mine for their support and cooperation in collecting data and technical information