ppt mahesh

← Older posts

Asynchronous Chip

Posted on February 3, 2009 by admin

Download Full Article asynchronous-chip

Breaking the bounds of the clock on a processor may seem a daunting task to those brought up through a typical engineering program. Without the clock, how do you organize the chip and know when you have the correct data or instruction? We may have to take this task on very soon.

Clock speeds are now on the gigahertz range and there is not much room for speedup before

physical realities start to complicate things. With a gigahertz powering a chip, signals barely

have enough time to make it across the chip before the next clock tick. At this point, speedup the

clock frequency could become disastrous. This is when a chip that is not constricted by clock

speed could become very valuable.

Interestingly, the idea of designing a computer processor without a central controlling clock is

not a new one. In fact, this idea was suggested as early as 1946, but engineers felt that this

asynchronous design would be too difficult to design with their current, and by today’s

standards, clumsy technology.

Today, we have the advanced manufacturing devices to make chips extremely accurate. Because

of this, it is possible to create prototype processors without a clock. But will these chips catch

on? A major hindrance to the development of clock less chips is the competitiveness of the

computer industry. Presently, it is nearly impossible for companies to develop and manufacture a

clock less chip while keeping the cost reasonable. Until this is possible, clock less chips will not

be a major player in the market.

Download Full Article asynchronous-chip

Posted in Electronics Seminar topics, Seminar Topics | Tagged Electronics Seminar topics, Engineering Project topics, engineering seminar topics, Latest Engineering Seminar Topics, Latest Seminar Topics, Recent seminar topics, Seminar Topics | 5 Comments

3-D ICs

Posted on February 3, 2009 by admin

Download Full Article 3-d-ics

There is a saying in real estate; when land get expensive, multi-storied buildings are the

alternative solution. We have a similar situation in the chip industry. For the past thirty years,

chip designers have considered whether building integrated circuits multiple layers might create

cheaper, more powerful chips.

Performance of deep-sub micrometer very large scale integrated (VLSI) circuits is being

increasingly dominated by the interconnects due to increasing wire pitch and increasing die size.

Additionally, heterogeneous integration of different technologies on one single chip is becoming

increasingly desirable, for which planar (2-D) ICs may not be suitable.

The three dimensional (3-D) chip design strategy exploits the vertical dimension to alleviate the

interconnect related problems and to facilitate heterogeneous integration of technologies to

realize system on a chip (SoC) design. By simply dividing a planar chip into separate blocks,

each occupying a separate physical level interconnected by short and vertical interlayer

interconnects (VILICs), significant improvement in performance and reduction in wire-limited

chip area can be achieved.

In the 3-Ddesign architecture, an entire chip is divided into a number of blocks, and each block

is placed on a separate layer of Si that are stacked on top of each other.

2. MOTIVATION FOR 3-D ICs

The unprecedented growth of the computer and the information technology industry is

demanding Very Large Scale Integrated ( VLSI ) circuits with increasing functionality and

performance at minimum cost and power dissipation. Continuous scaling of VLSI circuits is

reducing gate delays but rapidly increasing interconnect delays. A significant fraction of the total

power consumption can be due to the wiring network used for clock distribution, which is

usually realized using long global wires.

Furthermore, increasing drive for the integration of disparate signals (digital, analog, RF) and

technologies (SOI, SiGe, GaAs, and so on) is introducing various SoC design concepts, for

which existing planner (2-D) IC design may not be suitable.

Download Full Article 3-d-ics

Posted in Electronics Seminar topics, Seminar Topics | Tagged Electronics Seminar topics, Engineering Project topics, engineering seminar topics, Latest Engineering Seminar Topics, Latest Seminar Topics, Recent seminar topics, Seminar Topics | 1 Comment

MODERN IRRIGATION SYSTEMS TOWARDS FUZZY

Posted on December 28, 2008 by admin

Download Full Article modern-irrigation-systems-towards-fuzzy

This paper proposes a new irrigation system using fuzzy logic technique by mapping the

knowledge and experience of a traditional farmer. Fuzzy logic control, which is similar to the

human way of thinking, has emerged as the most active tool in automatic control. The purpose of

fuzzy logic controller is to automatically achieve and maintain some desired state of a system

and process by monitoring system variables as well as taking appropriate control action.

The aim of this work is to develop an intelligent control using fuzzy logic approach for irrigation

of agricultural field, which simulates or emulates the human being’s intelligence. The status of

any agricultural field, in terms of evapotranspiration and error may be assumed as input

parameters and the decision is made to determine the amount of water required for the area to be

irrigated, well in advance. This leads to use effective utilization of various resources like water

and electricity and hence becomes a cost effective system for the expected yield.

INTRODUCTION

In the past few years, there has been an increasing interest in the application of the fuzzy set

theory to many control problems. For many complex control systems, the construction of an

ordinary model is difficult due to nonlinear and time varying nature of the system. Fuzzy Control

has been applied in traditional control systems, which yields promising results, It is applied for

the processes, which yields promising results, it is applied for the processes, which are too

complex to be analyzed by conventional techniques or where the available information is

uncertain. In fact, fuzzy logic controller (FLC) is easier to prototype, simple to describe and

verify, can be maintained and also extended with grater accuracy in less time. These advantages

make fuzzy logic technology to be used for irrigation system also.

NEED FOR MODERN IRRIGATION SYSTEM

Water and electricity should be optimally utilized in an agricultural like India. The development

in the filed of science and technology should be appropriately used in the field of agriculture for

better yields. Irrigation has traditionally resulted in excessive labour and nonuniformity in water

application across the filed. Hence, an automatic irrigation system is required to reduce the

labour cost and to give uniformity in water application across the field.

PHYSIOLOGICAL PROCESSING

In the irrigation system, plant take-varying quantities of water at different stages of plant growth.

Unless adequate and timely supply of water is assured, the physiological activities taking place

within the plant are bound to be adversely affected, thereby resulting in reduced yield of crop.

The amount of water to be irrigated in an irrigation schedule depends upon the

evapotranspiration(ET) from adjacent soil and from plant leaves at that specified time. The rate

of ET of a given crop is influenced by its growth stages, environmental conditions and crop

management. The consumptive use or evapotranspiration for a given crop at a given place may

vary through out the day, through out the month and through out the crop period. Values of daily

consumptive use or monthly consumptive use are determined for a given crop and at a given

place. It also varies from crop to crop. There are several elimatological factors, which will

influence and decide the rate of evaporation. Some of the important factors of elimate

influencing the evaporation are radiation, temperature, humidity and wind speed. In this work,

the input variables chosen for the system are evapotranspiration and rate of change of

evapotranspiration called as error

Download Full Article modern-irrigation-systems-towards-fuzz

Posted in Electronics Seminar topics, Seminar Topics | Tagged Computer Engineering seminar topics, Electronics Seminar topics, Engineering Project topics, engineering seminar topics, Free Computer Seminar topics, Free Engineering Projects, Latest Engineering Seminar Topics, Latest Seminar Topics, Mechanical Engineering Seminar topics, Recent seminar topics, Seminar Topics, seminartopics, Technical Project Ideas, Technical Project topics, Technical Seminars | 4 Comments

INFORMATION SECURITY USING STEGANOGRAPHY


Download Full Article information-security-using-steganography

We propose a new method for strengthening the security of information through a combination

of signal processing, cryptography and steganography. Cryptography provides the security by

concealing the contents and steganography provides security by concealing existence of

information being communicated. Signal processing adds additional security by compressing and

transforming the information. The proposed method, viz. Steganography Based Information

Protection Method (SBIPM), consists of scanning, coding, encryption, reshaping, cover

processing and embedding steps.

Scanning, coding, encryption steps make the information unintelligible sothat one cannot extract

plain message. Embedding make the message invisible so that one cannot detect it. Reshaping

spreads the message so that embedded message can be detected from distorted steganos by

authorized receivers. Cover processing makes detection of embedded message more difficult

since the distortion is either due to noise addition or due to message embedding. Simulation and

steganlysis results show the method provides high security and the information is safe from

various attacks.

INTRODUCTION

Now a days, various modes of communication like LAN, WAN and INTERNET are widely used

for communicating information from one place to another around the globe. Such

communication networks are open which any one can access easily. They are regularly

monitored and an intercepted. In steganography, a message is embedded in a cover media in an

invisible manner so that one could not suspect about its existence.

In this paper we present a substitution based information protection method where we combine

cryptographic, steganographic and signal processing concepts together for achieving security.

The method is known as Steganography Based Information Protection method. In this

method we substitute the information bit in randomly selected pixels at random places within

LSB region.

STEGANOGRAPHY TECHNIQUE

Steganography is the art and science of communicating in a way which hides the the existence of

the secret message communication. It aims to hide information /covered writing. Information to

be protected is hidden in another data known as cover or carrier. Data containing hidden message

are called as Steganos or Stegos. Steganos look like cover data and it is difficult to differentiate

between them. Steganography based communication over easily accessible platforms to prevent

leakage of information.

Download Full Article information-security-using-steganography


m_Voting


Download Full Article m-voting

My voting goes mobile ….

Newton did see an apple falling down.. Of what?? For what?? Why??

It is falling…

We do visualize the drop of success in the Election System of India…

Of what?? For what?? Why?? It is so …

Yes it is the patriotistic, socialistic, humanistic, economistic, thinking of us that lead to visualize

& analyze the election system (voting process) and project a viable solution of voting through

(Mobile) CELLULAR PHONES guarded by Finger print sensors by the new mobile language of

SMS. YAHOOO! Crazy … might be … but it isn’t.

Motion is the basic physical property of anything in this hi-tech info era. Time is a precious thing

and correct information is the most precious thing. Merging all these together we look in for

easier, cost effective, time managing way of casting my vote thro’ my Cell Phone with a finger

print sensor.

Why looking in for a finger print sensor in a Mobile phone?? Of course it is the security that we

add to all the confidential communications which goes natural and highly secured. A finger print

guarded cell phone can afford a lot in the forthcoming technocrats like M-commerce, M-

governance, M-voting, and M-security.

Thus, by our concept of Finger print guarded cell phones can serve better in all corners of

communication especially for voting process.

Download Full Article m-voting


Fuzzy logic


Download Full Article fuzzy-logic

Fuzzy logic is an outcome of merging the techniques of traditional rule based expert system, set

theory and control theory, which is essentially based on mathematical models of the controlled

process.

The concept of this paper is to control the illumination of a light source by using the fuzzy logic.

Here the error and error rate are input parameters and the voltage is the output. Theses are all

normalized in the form of intersecting triangular membership functions with seven linguals each.

The rules are formed by the knowledge.

At a time four rules are fired, and the maximum of their output is taken. The value is defuzzified

by the method named center of the area or center of gravity.

The defuzzified voltage is denormalised and made as a pulse to be given to a power control

circuit using phase control method.

The pulse produced proportionally to give the power to the circuit, the illumination is again

sensed and given to the controlling unit

1. INTRODUCTION

1.1. An Overview of the Paper : -

In some situations in industries and also for some research processes, constant illumination is to

be maintained. For example , to study the photosynthetic process constant illumination is to be

maintained throughout twenty four hours. But the sun, the natural source for photosynthetic

process, does not give light for twenty four hours. so we have to use an artificial supplementary

light source.

Depending upon the changes in the illumination intensity of the sun light, due to reasons beyond

control, the artificial light source acts as an automatically adjusted supplementary light source

acts with the natural sun light, the resultant light intensity is maintained constant.

While there are so many techniques available, to have an automatic controller, the system adopts

the fuzzy logic technique, the emerging technique being adopted for industry appliances, to

control the artificial light source.

Download Full Article fuzzy-logic


FUZZY BASED WASHING MACHINE


Download Full Article fuzzy-based-washing-machine

Fuzzy Logic has played a pivotal part in this age of rapid technological development .In this

paper we have elaborated on the automation process used in a washing machine. This paper has

focused on the two subsystems of the washing machine namely the sensor mechanism and the

controller unit. It also discuss on the use of singletons for fuzzy sets. This paper also highlights

the use of a fuzzy controller to give the correct wash time. The use of fuzzy controller has the

advantage of managing time, increasing equipment effiency and diagnosing malfunctions.

1.INTRODUCTION:

Classical feedback control theory has been the basis for the development of simple automatic

control systems .It is easily comprehensible principle and relatively simple implementation has

been the main reason for its wide applications in industry. Such fixed-gain feedback controllers

are insufficient, however to compensate for parameter variations in the plant as well as to adapt

to changes in the environment. The need to overcome such problems and to have a controller

well-tuned not just for one operating point for a whole range of operating points has motivated

the idea of an adaptive controller.

HOW DOES FUZZY LOGIC WORK?

In order to illustrate some basic concepts in fuzzy logic consider a simplified example of a

thermostat controlling a heater fan illustrated in fig.1.The room temperature detected through a

sensor is input to a controller which outputs a control force to adjust the heater fan speed.

Download Full Article fuzzy-based-washing-machine


ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE SUBSTATION CONTROLLER


Download Full Article 94artificial-intelligence-substation-controller

Controlling a substation by a fuzzy controller speeds up response time diminishes up the

possibility of risks normally related to human operations. The automation of electric substation is

an area under constant development Our research has focused on, the Selection of the magnitude

to be controlled, Definition and implementation of the soft techniques, Elaboration of a

programming tool to execute the control operations. it is possible to control the desired status

while supervising some important magnitudes as the voltage, power factor, and harmonic

distortion, as well as the present status. The status of the circuit breakers can be control by using

a knowledge base that relates some of the operation magnitudes, mixing status variables with

time variables and fuzzy sets .The number of necessary magnitudes to a supervise and to control

a substation can be very high in the present research work, many magnitudes were not

included .To avoid the extensive number of required rules nevertheless , controlling a substation

by a fuzzy controller has the advantage that it can speed up the response time and diminish the

possibility of risks normally related to human operations.

AI AUTOMATES SUBSTATION CONTROL

Introduction

Electric substations are facilities in charge of the voltage transformation to provide safe and

effective energy to the consumers. This energy supply has to be carried out with sufficient

quality and should guarantee the equipment security. The associated cost to ensure quality and

security during the supply in substations is high. Automatic mechanisms are generally used in

greater or lesser scale, although they mostly operate according to an individual control and

protection logic related with the equipment itself and not with the topology of the whole

substation in a given moment.

The automation of electric substation is an area under constant development. Nevertheless, the

control of a substation is a very complex task due to the great number of related problems and,

therefore, the decision variables that can influence the substation performance. Under such

circumstances, the use of learning control systems can be very useful.

Many papers on applications of artificial intelligence (AI) techniques to power system have been

published in the last year. The difficulties associated with the application of this technique

include:

1. Selection of the magnitude to be controlled

2. Definition and implementation of the soft techniques

3. Elaboration of a programming tool to execute the control operations

4. Selection, acquisition and installation of the measurement and control equipment

5. Interface with this equipment and

6. Applications of the controlling technique in existent substations.

Our research has focused on the first three points, and the interest of the present work is to

expose the obtained result and to present them for discussion. The objective is to show that it is

possible to control the status of circuit breakers (CB) in a substation making use of a knowledge,

mixing status variables with time variables and fuzzy sets.

Even when all the magnitudes to be controlled cannot be included in the analysis (mostly due to

the great number of measurements and status variables of the substation and, therefore, to the

rules that would be required by the controller), it is possible to control the desired status while

supervising some important magnitudes as the voltage, power factor, and harmonic distortion, as

well as the present status.

Download Full Article 94artificial-intelligence-substation-controller


FACILITY LAYOUT DESIGN USING GENITIC ALGORITHM


Download Full Article 96facility-layout-design-using-genitic-algorithm

Any major industry’s success depends invariably on the location of its bases, production centers

and warehouses. Thus locating the sites before establishing these units is done by facility

location and planning unit of the industry. For greater profits the facilities should be located at an

optimum distance from the market , raw material procurement sites utilities like water , sand etc.

For these problems involving layout a number of algorithms are in use like ALDEP,CORELAP,

CRAFT etc. But since the location of facilities have become very complex due to greater

constraints these days a determined search of a good algorithm begins. This can be achieved by

using GENETIC ALGORITHMS. This type of evolutionary algorithms have made the

computational effort fast and accurate.

1 Introduction

Material handling and layout related costs have been estimated to be about 20%-50% of the total

operating expenses in manufacturing. To stay competitive in the market these high overhead

costs have to be reduced considerably. One way of doing this is to develop an efficient facility

layout. The secondary benefit of doing so is in reducing the large Work-In-Process inventory and

justifying the costly long-term investment. Developing an efficient layout is primarily finding the

most efficient arrangement of n facilities in m locations (m >= n).

Traditionally the layout problem has been presented as a Quadratic Assignment problem (QAP).

The layout problem can also be termed as one-dimensional or two-dimensional problem

corresponding to the single-row or multi-row patterns of layout. It is well known that QAP is

NP-complete category due to the combinatorial function involved and cannot be solved for large

layout problems. An alternative model for the QAP that consists of absolute values in the

objective function and constraints that can be used for continuous formulations instead of

discrete. The efficiency of these models however depends upon the efficient integer

programming algorithms.

2 PROBLEM FORMULATION

The facility layout problem has been termed as Quadratic Assignment Problem (QAP) because

the objective function is a second-degree polynomial function of the variables, and the

constraints are identical to the constraints of the assignment problem. The objective of the QAP

is to find the optimal assignment of n facilities to n sites in order to minimize the material

handling cost expressed as the product of workflow and the travel distance.

Download Full Article 96facility-layout-design-using-genitic-algorithm

Posted in Electronics Seminar topics, Seminar Topics | Tagged Computer Engineering seminar topics, Electronics Seminar topics, Engineering Project topics, engineering seminar topics, Free Computer Seminar topics, Free Engineering Projects, Latest Engineering Seminar Topics, Latest Seminar Topics, Mechanical Engineering Seminar topics, Recent seminar topics, Seminar Topics, seminartopics, Technical Project Ideas, Technical Project topics, Technical Seminars | 1 Comment

Wireless Communication with Wi-Fi


Download Full Article 98wireless-communication-with-wi-fi

WiFi …Think of it as an eighteen-wheeler screaming down the pike, carrying the future of

computing with it. The driver is friendly. You can stick out your thumb and hitch a ride, or be

left in the dust. WIFI, in the broadest sense is a term used for a specific protocol to network your

computer to another computer or network.

It allows you to connect to the Internet from your couch at home, a bed in a hotel room or a

conference room at work without wires with a speed several times faster than the fastest cable

connection. We have attempted to review all the major aspects of wireless networking and the

802.11x protocol corresponding to Wi-Fi .The paper deals with the basic concepts of wireless

networking and goes into the in-depth of 802.11x protocol which forms the backbone of the

upcoming technology, Wi-Fi. Seamless networking is neither a compromise anymore nor a

showpiece of high end business markets. The wave of the future is already sweeping through.

Over the past decade, two trends have been clearly identifiable in the area of personal

computing; first, computers have gotten smaller and much more portable. Secondly, the internet

has increasingly become a bigger part of the daily routines of many people, especially college

students. The combination of these two trends have paved the way for the introduction of a fast

and reliable wireless networking infrastructure so that people can use their portable computers

without being restrained by cables.

Download Full Article 98wireless-communication-with-wi-fi


ppt mahesh

Documents