ppt. lec intracranial spinal tumor
TRANSCRIPT
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CNS TUMORCNS TUMOR
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GliomaGlioma
** Stem cells are unspecialized immature cells that can ** Stem cells are unspecialized immature cells that can renew themselves through cell division for long periods of renew themselves through cell division for long periods of time.time.
** A glioma is a type of tumor that start in the brain or ** A glioma is a type of tumor that start in the brain or spine. It is called a glioma because it arises from glial cells. spine. It is called a glioma because it arises from glial cells. The most common site of gliomas is the brain. The most common site of gliomas is the brain.
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IntracranialIntracranial IntraspinalIntraspinal
Types of CNS tumorTypes of CNS tumor
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Main Types of Brain Tumor
Primary – tumor starts in the brain Types of Primary Tumor 1. Benign - do not contain cancer cells 2. Malignant- do contain cancer cells.
Metastatic – Tumor starts somewhere else in the body.
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Cell Types and Associated Tumors of the Central Nervous Cell Types and Associated Tumors of the Central Nervous SystemSystem..
Cell Type Function Associated Tumors
Astrocyte
Provides nutrition, insulation,and structural support for neurons
Astrocytoma Pilocytic astrocytoma Diffuse astrocytoma Anaplastic astrocytoma GlioblastomaOligoastrocytomaPleomorphic xanthoastrocytomaSubependymal giant-cellastrocytoma
NeuronConducts electrical signalswithin neural systems
GangliogliomaGangliocytomaCentral neurocytoma
Oligodendrocyte
Provides insulation to neuronal axons to facilitate signal conduction
OligodendrogliomaOligoastrocytoma
Ependymal cell Forms lining of the ventricularSystem
Ependymoma
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GLIOMASGLIOMASClassificationClassification::AstrocytomasAstrocytomas
from astrocyte, invasive, slow growing in the brain and spinal from astrocyte, invasive, slow growing in the brain and spinal cord cord
Glioblastoma MultiformeGlioblastoma Multiforme extremely malignant, highly vascular tumors that arise extremely malignant, highly vascular tumors that arise
fromfrom undifferentiated astrocytomasundifferentiated astrocytomas
OligodendrocytomasOligodendrocytomas from oligodendroglia, avascular, encapsulated, malignantfrom oligodendroglia, avascular, encapsulated, malignant
form is form is oligodendroblastomaoligodendroblastoma
EpendymomaEpendymoma from ependymal cells, more common in children, from ependymal cells, more common in children,
malignant form is called malignant form is called ependymoblastomaependymoblastoma..
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GradingGrading
Low-grade Well-differentiated (benign) with a better prognosis .
High-grade
Undifferentiated (malignant) with worst prognosis.
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WHO grading system for astrocytomaWHO grading system for astrocytoma GRADE 1
Least malignant and slowest to grow. If they are surgically totally
removed they can be associated with long term remission .
GRADE 2 Have more malignant cells in them, they grow faster and
have the tendency to recur, often more cancerous than the first time .
GRADE 3 Malignant cells undergoing mitosis, infiltrating and may recur
at a higher grade .
GRADE 4 Tumors are very malignant and are often difficult to treat ,
also known as Glioblastoma Multiforme, usually requires operation to
take as much tumor as possible followed by radiation therapy and
sometimes chemotherapy
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Another Grading Another Grading SystemSystem
GRADE I
GRADE II
GRADE III
GRADE IV
Earlier Stages
Advanced Stages
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LocationLocation
Supratentorial Above the tentorium, in the
cerebrum, most common in adults .
Infratentorial Below the tentorium, in the cerebellum, most common in
children .
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Source: the New England Journal of Medicine, Published January 25, 2005
Neural stem cells are multipotent and self- renewing, have been isolated
from the subventricular zone ,
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Subcortical white matter
Dentate gyrus
B. Germinal Region of the Adult Human Brain
CA3
CA1
CA3
the New England Journal of Medicine, Published January 25, 2005
Principal neurons
GLIAL PROGENITOR CELLS — self-renewing precursors capable of producing astrocytes
and oligodendrocytes
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NEOPLASTIC TRANSFORMATION .
ACCUMULATE ADDITIONAL MUTATION
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INTRASPINAL TUMORSINTRASPINAL TUMORSClassified according to location in relation to the Classified according to location in relation to the dura and spinal corddura and spinal cord
Extradural- arising from the extradural space
Intradural - originating within the neural tissue .
1 .Extramedullary arising from the blood vessels, meninges or nerve
roots, forming an intradural tumor
Neurofibromas (Nerve sheath tumor) grow in the nerve root that extends into the
extradural space
Meningiomas tumor originates from the dura matter and
arachnoid membranes
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22 . .IntramedullaryIntramedullary
tumors arising from within the substance tumors arising from within the substance ofof
the spinal cord itselfthe spinal cord itself
ExEx . .
Ependymomas, Astrocytomas, Ependymomas, Astrocytomas, Glioblastomas, Oligodendrogliomas, Glioblastomas, Oligodendrogliomas,
GanglioneuromasGanglioneuromas , ,
Medulloblastomas, HemangiomaMedulloblastomas, Hemangioma , ,
HemangioblastomasHemangioblastomas
INTRASPINAL TUMORSINTRASPINAL TUMORSClassified according to location in relation to the Classified according to location in relation to the dura and spinal corddura and spinal cord
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RISK FACTORRISK FACTOR
Genetics
- Cells contain genetic material called chromosomes . - Controls growth of the cells .
- When the genetic material becomes abnormal it can loose its ability to control its growth.
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Infections Diet:
Nitrate C Exposure to Chemicals:
Formaldehyde Vinyl Chloride
Acrylonitrile
RISK FACTORSRISK FACTORS
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Multi hit hypothesis Cellular telephones
Exposure to high tension wires Hair dyes
Head trauma
RISK FACTORSRISK FACTORS
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CausesCauses
Radiation therapy
Unknown
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PathophysiologyPathophysiology
INTRACRANIAL TUMOR
INTRASPINAL TUMOR
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Nursing DiagnosisNursing Diagnosis
Ineffective breathing pattern r/t denervation of the intercostals Impaired tissue perfusion r/t damage of SNS .Impaired physical mobility r/t loss of muscle control/function .Altered Sensory Perception r/t neuromuscular deficit with
loss of sensory reception and transmission .Impaired Urinary Elimination r/t loss of nerve conduction
above the level of reflex arc .
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DiagnosticsDiagnostics
Bone Scan PET scan CT- guided needle biopsy Open biopsy